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Anthropology 1 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of fossils

A

trees and remains of ancient organisms

the remains of once living organisms

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2
Q

what are the conditions for fossilization

A

not exposed
buried quickly
oxygen free
where scavengers cannot access & bacteria free

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3
Q

what are conditions that will NOT lead to fossilization

A

remains are left exposed for a long period of time

because scavengers will eat

and maggots will quickly consume the flesh

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4
Q

what are some examples of of ways that an organisms can be buried quickly upon death

A

under soil sediments deposited by water

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5
Q

how is the geological timescale information obtained?

A

By placing all past life forms - as rep. by organisms - on the geographical timescale - paleo’s record major changes and events in the evolution of plants and animals

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6
Q

what is stratigraphy

A

Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers and layering. It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.

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7
Q

what is the geological timescale

A

Geologic Time Scale, also often known as GTS, is a method of determining when certain animals lived and their relationships to each other by examining rock layers and the fossils they contain.

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8
Q

when was the cenozoic era?

A

65 mya

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9
Q

what are the 7 epochs within the cenozoic era?

A

These are the 7 epochs within the cenozoic era and in order

1 - Holocene

2 - Pleistocene

3 - Pliocene

4 - Miocene

5 - Oligocene

6 - Eocene

7 - Paleocene

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10
Q

what are the two types of fossils

A

sedimentary ( common)

volcanic rock

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11
Q

holocene time frame in book

A

0 - 0.12 million years

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12
Q

pleistocene timeframe

A

0.12 million years - 2.6 million years

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13
Q

pliocene timeframe

A

2.6 - 5.3 million years

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14
Q

Miocene timeframe

A

5.3 - 23 million years

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15
Q

Eocene

A

34 - 56 mya

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16
Q

paleocene

A

56 - 66 mya

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17
Q

who is the first recognized tool user?

A

austrolopithecus garhi

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18
Q

what is cenozoic

A

era lasting from 66 mya until the present encompassing the radiation and proliferation of mammals such as humans and other primates

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19
Q

what is mesozoic

A

second major era of geologic time, 230 - 66 mya, characterized by the emergence and extinction of dinosaurs

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20
Q

what is paleozoic

A

first major era of geologic time, 545 - 66 mya, characterized by the emergence and extinction of dinosaurs

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21
Q

what is the criteria for radiometric dating

A

The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay.

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22
Q

what is characteristics define a hominin

A

bipedal locomotion
nonhoning chewing
preceded speech
material culture

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23
Q

what are the 7 distinguishing characteristics that are associated with bipedalism in the skeleton

A

foramen magnum is positioned on the bottom of the skull

the spine is s shaped

ilium is short from frornt to back

legs are long relative to the body trunk and arms

knees are angled inward

foot has a longitudinal arch

big toe is not opposable

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24
Q

what is the difference between honing and nonhoning chewing

A

primates have honing chewing, which means their large canines cut their food

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25
Q

what makes a hominin a hominin

A

nonhoning chewing

bipedal locomotion

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26
Q

what are anatomical characteristics of bipedalism

A

foramen magnum on the bottom of the skull

s-shaped spine

short pelvis front to back

long legs

knees angled torward midline of the body

double-arched foot , including a well-developed longitudinal arch

nonopposable big toe

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27
Q

what are anatomical characteristics of nonhoning chewing

A

blunt, nonprojecting canine

small canine relative to size of other teeth

no diastema

wear on tips of canines and of third premolars

cusps on lower third premolar equal size

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28
Q

early hominins - WHEN?

A

7mya - 1 mya

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29
Q

early hominins - WHERE

A

Restricted to africa

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30
Q

early hominins - WHO?

A

Sahelanthropos - s. tchadensis - biped. det. by f.m. this was 7 mya, lived in the forested, humind, chad, NC Africa, 350cc

Orrorin - o.tugensis - 6 mya, femur bones, east africa, forested environment

Ardipiethecus - ar. ramidus - 4.4 mya, 350 cc, ethiopeia, forested env.

Australopithecus - Au. farensis - laetoli, footprints, “lucy”, 3.6 til 3 mya , dikika

& Au garhi also under australopithecus

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31
Q

what are the 2 hypotheses related to the evolution of bipedalism

A

patchy forest hypothesis

owen lovejoy provisioning hypothesis

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32
Q

reivew patchy forest hypothesis

A

human origins & bipedalism related to the greater efficiency in some habitats of moving on 2 limbs rather than 4

bipedalism arose in areas where forests were fragmented & food resources also became scathed

as forests, fragmented bipedalism freed the hands to pick up food allowing both tree and ground food resources to be exploited

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33
Q

review the owen love joy provisioning hypothesis

A

freeing hands was in important in allowing males to assist females more efficiently in processing food; thus “ provisioning” acted as a form of sexual competitions among males for females

birth species would also be reduced , since females would have to move around less & would have access to greater food resources

love joy’s hypothesis makes the argument for monogamous fathers

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34
Q

organize information on early hominins by using australopithecus afarensis as a point of reference

A

PRE AUSTRALOPITHECUS IS FIRST

IN THAT CATEGORY THERE IS - Sahelantropus tchadensis, orrorin tugenesis, ardipithecus, and australopithecis anamensis

OK THEN IT IS AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS

later one there are more derived hominins such as-

Africanus, paranthropines (these are rubust australopithecines - A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, A. robustus)

LAST IS THE EARLY HOMO (H. habilis)

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35
Q

what are the dates, cranial capacities, and areas in which sahelanthropus tchadensis are found

A

LOCATION - central africa
CRANIAL CAPACITY - 350 CC
DATE - 7-6 Mya

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36
Q

what are the dates, cranial capacities, and areas in which orrorin tugenesis are found

A

LOCATION - Near lake turkana (book says djurab dester, chad)

DATE- 6mya

CRANIAL CAPACITY -

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37
Q

what are the dates, cranial capacities, and areas in which ardipithecus are found

A

LOCATION - Ethiopia (W. AFRICA)
DATE - 5.8 - 4.4 mya
CRANIAL CAPACITY -

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38
Q

how was bipedalism determined for sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

based on the position of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull

and

the canine premolar chewing complex was nonhoning

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39
Q

how was bipedalism determined for orrorin tugenesis

A

found several partial femurs each missing the knee indicating that they were bipedal

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40
Q

how was bipedalism determined for ardipithecus

A

lacked flexibility required for grasping tree limbs and moving through trees

musculature and construction of adri’s foot were rigid

(hominin adaption for using the foot to propel itself forward when walking bipedally)

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41
Q

what are considered the robust australopithecines

A

A. afarensis,
A. africanus,
Paranthropus

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42
Q

characteristics in relation to diet for a. afarensis

A

more diverse diet than its predecessors

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43
Q

generally speaking what are the characteristics in relation to diet for robust australopithecines

A

chewed tough foods

significant amount of low quality vegetations

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44
Q

how did the australopithecine lineage leading to homo adapt its diet to prevent extinction?

A

developing a flexible and generalized diet

omnivorse

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45
Q

characteristics in relation to diet for h.habilis

A

omnivorse, variety diet

meat, hard foods, leaf & fruit

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46
Q

what are the benefits of the patchy forest environment

A

Energy efficiency

Carrying with two hands

Vigilance

Heat Dissipation

Display - appear to be larger

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47
Q

at what stage in Homo evolution does the patchy forest hypothesis become relevant

A

A. Afarensis

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48
Q

what are stone tools associated with

A

meat consumption

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49
Q

wearing on stone tools indicated what…

A

they were using for digging

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50
Q

what is the environmental context that explained the adaptive benefits of bipedalism

A

patchy forest environment

51
Q

what is strata

A

layers of rock representing various periods of deposition

52
Q

Miocene

A

earliest major worldwide division of the Neogene Period (23 million to 2.6 million years ago) that extended from 23 million to 5.3 million years ago, a time when land-dwelling mammals were essentially modern.

53
Q

Pliocene

A

the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch.

54
Q

Pleistocene

A

the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world’s most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.

55
Q

Plio-Pleistocene

A

The Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs are commonly combined and referred to as the Plio-Pleistocene because of their short duration in comparison to previous epochs, and also because the events that took place during these epochs are very closely associated.

56
Q

Holocene

A

The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years before present, after the last glacial period. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1, and is considered by some to be an interglacial period.

57
Q

mold

A

Any of various filamentous fungi that grow on and contribute to the decay of organic matter.

58
Q

cast

A

to receive form in mold?

59
Q

taphonomy

A

Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized. The term taphonomy was introduced to paleontology in 1949 by Russian scientist Ivan Efremov to describe the study of the transition of remains, parts, or products of organisms from the biosphere to the lithosphere.

60
Q

paleospecies

A

The species that are given ancestor and descendant status in a phyletic lineage, depending on the geological strata in which they are found.

Paleospecies is a species defined by fossil evidence often covering a long time period.

61
Q

fluorine dating

A

relative chemical dating method that compares the accumulation of fluorine in animal and human bones from the same site

62
Q

superposition

A

superposition principle, also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually.

63
Q

relative dating

A

Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events, without necessarily determining their absolute age,. In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one stratigraphic column with another.

64
Q

chronometric dating

A

Chronometric dating, also known as chronometry or absolute dating, is any archaeological dating method that gives a result in calendar years before the present time. Archaeologists and scientists use absolute dating methods on samples ranging from prehistoric fossils to artifacts from relatively recent history.

65
Q

radiometric dating

A

Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay.

66
Q

plate tectonics

A

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth’s lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago.

67
Q

hominins

A

The Hominini, or hominins, form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae. Hominini includes genus Homo, but excludes genus Goril

68
Q

what is postcranial

A

Situated behind the cranium.

adj. Consisting of the parts or structures behind the cranium.
adj. Relating to the portion of a vertebrate skeleton located behind and/or beneath the cranium.

69
Q

habitual bipedalism

A

Habitual bipedalism, or obligate bipedalism, is rare. This is the form of bipedalism that is assumed as a regular (i.e., habitual) means of locomotion. Today, very few mammals (e.g., humans and kangaroos) demonstrate habitual bipedalism.

70
Q

foramen magnum

A

The foramen magnum (Latin: great hole) is a large oval opening in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals.It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull.

71
Q

occipital condyles

A

The occipital condyles are undersurface protuberances of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra.

72
Q

sagittal crest

A

A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles.

LINE ALONG THE TOP CHAKRA

73
Q

zygomatic arch

A

The zygomatic arch, or cheek bone, is formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible.

74
Q

where is homo habilis found

A

africa

75
Q

where is homo erectus found

A

africa, asia, europe

76
Q

homohabilis cranial capacity

A

700 c.c.

77
Q

homo erectus cranial capacity

A

900 c.c.

78
Q

date of homo habilis?

A

2.5 - 1.8 mya

79
Q

date of homo erectus

A

1.8 mya - 400,000 ya

80
Q

which is recent, habilis or erectus

A

erectus

81
Q

what is the average cc of a erectus

A

900cc

82
Q

cranial capacities of homo erectus

A

750 cc - 1250 cc

83
Q

what are the trends that characterize the genus Homo in contrast to the other hominins

A

larger brain

tool use

smaller back teeth

decrease relative face size

84
Q

3 criteria for determining whether rocks found in assemblages are tools

A

Regularity in shape

Tools found in association with animal bones

considerable distance from the source of material

85
Q

why homo habilis instead of australopithecus

A

Larger brain size - from 408 cc to 680 cc
and up to 800cc in one specimen

STONE TOOLS - higher thought complexity

86
Q

why did homo erectus migrate out of africa

A

ice ages

culture as a strategy of adaptation: emphasis on tools

87
Q

the environment in the pleistocene

A

ice age

88
Q

which characteristics were present in the earliest hominins

A

bipedalism

89
Q

which skeletal characteristic is not associated with the hominin evolution of bipedalism

A

a varus knee

90
Q

what skeletal characteristics are associated with bipedalism

A

foramen magnum on bottom of skull

shortened pelvis

a varus knee

s-shaped spine

91
Q

which characteristic is not a hominin adaption

A

thin tooth enamel

92
Q

pre-australopithecines are distinguished from apes by both bipedalism and by

A

an intermediate or complete loss of the honing complex

93
Q

when did the acheulian tradition- of bifacial hard axes appear

A

1.4 mya

94
Q

Lower Paleolithic began when

A

25 mya

95
Q

species in lower paleolithic

A

au. garhi

H. Habilis

96
Q

tools used in the lower paleolithic

A 
oldowan tools ("flakes)
simple cores, flaked pieces, and later large bifaces
97
Q

tools in upper paelo

A

tool shapes and source materials (now also a lot of bone, antler, and ivory), which in some areas was carried on beyond the end of the last ice age all the way

blade tools made of stone were still created, too. Sewing was now definitely within the realm of possibility, and spear throwers, harpoons, and bows and arrows

98
Q

when was upper paleolithic

A

(c. 50,000/40,000- c. 10,000 years ago

99
Q

species in the upper paleo

A

homo sapiens

100
Q

date of middle paleolithic

A

(c. 250,000- c. 30,000 years ago)

101
Q

fire & language first used in what stone tool period

A

middle paleolithic

102
Q

species in middle paelo

A

Associated humans are most prominently the Neanderthals (Mousterian industry) but also early Homo sapiens.

103
Q

middle paleolithic AKA

A

mousterian/ Levallois

104
Q

upper paleo AKA

A

material and symbolic culture of H Sapiens

105
Q

lower paleo AKA

A

oldowan- Acheulian

106
Q

what are the benefits that result frm the control of fire by homo erectus

A

heat, protection from animals,

cook food

light & extension of human activity

107
Q

llevallois technique

A

a name given by archaeologists to a distinctive type of stone knapping developed by precursors to modern humans during the Palaeolithic period.

pointy spears!

108
Q

oldowan tools

A

Oldowan technology is typified by what are known as “choppers.” Choppers are stone cores with flakes removed from part of the surface, creating a sharpened edge that was used for cutting, chopping, and scraping (image 1985–0235).

109
Q

mousterian tradition

A

an advance over the Acheulean tradition in that Mousterian tools are typically flakes, produced from cores that are meticulously pre-processed with the clear intent of shaping them to produce optimal flakes. This permitted a smaller amount of stone to produce a far longer total cutting edge, and the flake tools so created gradually displaced the older and less efficient hand axes for most purposes. This kind of core preparation is referred to as the “Levallois” (lev-all-WA) technique.

110
Q

Core

A

core tools are the largest; the earliest and most primitive were made by working on a fist-sized piece of rock (core) with a similar rock (hammerstone) and knocking off several large flakes on one side to produce a jagged but sharp crest.

111
Q

Flake

A

a flake tool is a type of stone tool that was used during the Stone Age that was created by striking a flake from a prepared stone core. … Stone is able to break apart when struck near the edge. Flake tools are created through flint knapping, a process of producing stone tools using lithic reduction.

112
Q

occipital bun/ nuchal torus

A

An occipital bun is a prominent bulge or projection of the occipital bone at the back of the skull. It is important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. While common among many of humankind’s ancestors, primarily robust relatives rather than gracile, the protrusion is rare in modern Homo sapiens

113
Q

browridge

A

a nodule or crest of bone situated on the frontal bone of the skull. It forms the separation between the forehead portion itself (the squama frontalis) and the roof of the eye sockets

114
Q

post orbital constriction

A

In physical anthropology, post-orbital constriction, often referred to as the post-orbital constriction index, is a narrowing of the cranium just behind the eye sockets, in primates — including primitive hominids.

115
Q

shovel shaped incisors

A

incisors whose lingual surfaces are scooped as a consequence of lingual marginal ridges, crown curvature or basal tubercles, either alone or in combination.

116
Q

acheulian tradition/ bifacial hand axe

A

Acheulean” (ash-you-LEE-un) is taken from the name of a site named Saint-Acheul, near Amiens in northern France, and is used to refer to a range of Lower Paleolithic tool-making traditions found widely across Afro-Eurasia. The typical tool is a general-purpose hand-ax.

117
Q

the earliest hominins which are classifedd as homoerectus date to as far back as about

A

1.8 million years ago

118
Q

what is the earliest example of the genus homo

A

homohabilis

119
Q

genus homo differs from australopithecus in that

A

it has greater cranial capacity and no sagital crests

and that there are smaller premolars and molars

120
Q

what is the earliest species found outside of africa

A

HOMO ERECTUS

121
Q

oldest likely member of the genus homo was found in _____ and is dated to around ____

A

east africa, 2.5 million B.P.

122
Q

lower paleolithic began about

A

2.6 million years ago with the use of stone tools

123
Q

environment type that characterized africa at the time of the appearance of the first hominins

A

FOREST

124
Q

type of climactic paterns present during H. erectus/ergaster evolution

A

ICE AGE

Anthropology 1 (4 decks)

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