Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Number of Species in Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia and Mammalia / The 4 classes of tetrapods in order
A
- Aves = 10,000
- Reptilia = 9,500
- Amphibia = 7,000
- Mammalia = 5,500
2
Q
Smallest Mammal and Largest Mammal
A
- Smallest
- Kitti’s hog-nosed bat - Largest
- Blue Whale
3
Q
Traits that all or most mammals share in common
A
- All have FUR or HAIR as part of the integument
- All have MAMMARY GLANDS that are used to provide nourishment for young
- Nearly all give LIVE BIRTH
- > exception is a small group known as Monotremes - All mammals are ENDOTHERMIC
4
Q
Traits that all or most mammals share in common during Reproduction
A
- All male mammals have a COPULATORY ORGAN
- Fertilization is INTERNAL in all mammals
- Mammalian embryos develop in the uterus of the female*
- > exception is Monotremes because they lay eggs - All mammals are considered AMNIOTES
- but mode of birth varies - Are all ENDOTHERMIC
5
Q
Three Mammalian Stances
A
- Plantigrade feet
- animals walk on the sole of the foot
- have better BALANCE on 2 feet
Ex: humans, apes, bears, opossums - Digitigrade Feet
- Animals walk on digits, or toes
- have increased SPEED and POWER
Ex: Dogs, cats, predators - Unguligrade Feet
- Animals walk on toe tips
- Increased SPEED and ENDURANCE
Ex: Hooved animals such as deer, horses, etc
6
Q
Taxonomic Organization Tree
A
- Class - Mammalia
- Sub-class
a. Prototheria
- egg layers
- one order: Monotremata
b. Theria
- live bearers
- 2 Infra-classes - Infra-classes of Theria
a. Metatheria
- Marsupials
- 7 orders
b. Eutheria
- Placentals
- 21 Orders
7
Q
Order Monotremata General Characteristics
A
- egg layers
- only 5 extant species
- all in Australia/New Guinea*
- The Echidnas/spiny anteaters*
- The Duck-billed Platypus*
8
Q
Order Monotremata Unique General Traits
A
- All have a CLOACA
- fertilization is still internal - NO TEETH as adults
- Have a leathery Rostrum - Females LAY EGGS
- 1-2 eggs
- about 11 days of incubation - Offspring are underdeveloped at birth
- like altricial
birds
- 4 to 5 month period of lactation
9
Q
Order Monotremata Unique Traits in Males and Females Specifically
A
- Males
- have a SPUR
-> venomous in platypus*
—> One of only a few venomous mammals
-> Not venomous in echidna - Females
- Lose their spurs early in life
- Don’t have nipples
-> lactate from a milk
patch*
10
Q
Infraclass Metatheria General Characteristics
A
- live bearing mammals
- The Marsupials
- ONLY occur in Australia and the Americas
- 7 Orders of Marsupials in the world
- only 1 order in North America
-> Order Didelphimorphia
—> “The American Marsupials” - carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous
- mouse like, wolf like, kangaroo like
Ex: Opossum, Koala, Kangaroo, etc
11
Q
Infraclass Metatheria Female and Male Unique Traits
A
- The Marsupials
1. Females - Bifid reproductive tract *
-> uterus and vagina are
doubled
2. Male - Many have bifid, or forked penis*
12
Q
Infraclass Metatheria Young Characteristics
A
- Young are born underdeveloped
- Carried in marsupium*, or pouch
- Suckle and grow until fully developed
13
Q
Infraclass Metatheria Reproductive Traits
A
- live birth, but have shorter gestation* than placental mammals
- some marsupials can put gestation on hold
- > kangaroos
- embryonic diapause
- > females mate shortly after birth and as long as young is nursing, a hormonal signal will pause the development of the newly fertilized embryo
14
Q
Two Types of Embryonic Diapause
A
- temporary halt in embryonic development
1. Facultative embryonic diapause - embryonic development pauses due to metabolic stress or lactation
- Development re-starts when lactation/stress ceases
Ex: marsupials and rodents
2. Obligate embryonic diapause - embryonic development pauses as a regular part of the reproductive cycle
- Ensures young are born during the ‘right season’
- Day-length triggers re-start of development
Ex: Armadillos, bats, bear, weasels, some ungulates
15
Q
Order Didelphimorphia General Characteristics
A
- The American Marsupials
- only order of marsupials in North America
- largest order of marsupials*
- Prominent sagittal crest on skull*
- 5134/4134 dentition
-> 50 total teeth - prehensile tail used to climb and hang
- 5 digits per foot
- hind foot has partially opposable thumb
- Plantigrade stance*
- Medium sized
- Terrestrial to semi-aquatic
-> Some have partially webbed feet
Ex: Virginia opossum is the only marsupial in the southeastern US*
16
Q
InfraClass Eutheria General Characteristics
A
- “The Placental Mammals”
- most diverse group of mammals
- Young are carried in uterus until birth
- Has a Placenta
- > unique to Eutherians
- > organ attached embryo to uterine wall
- > Nutrient, Gas, and Hormone transfer occurs across the placenta
- similar to birds in that development at birth varies
- > some are more altricial, others are more precocial and can walk shortly after birth
17
Q
Infra-Class Eutheria 11 Orders
A
- there are 21 recognized Orders
1. Cingulata
2. Soricomorpha
3. Chiroptera
4. Carnivora
5. Artiodactyla
6. Perissodactyla
7. Cetacea - Ex: Killer Whale
8. Primates
9. Rodentia
10. Lagomorpha
11. Sirenia
18
Q
Order Cingulata Distribution and Diversity
A
- “The Armadillos”
- Only 1 extant Family
-> Family Dasypodidae - Only found in the Americas
Ex: Nine-Banded Armadillo - Dasypus novemcinctus
19
Q
Order Cingulata Unique Traits
A
- Dorsal armor*
- > osteoderms and scutes
- > Some can roll up
- 3-9 bands that are separated by flexible skin*
- Underside is not armored
- Burrowers, so they have claws
- Nocturnal
- > poor eyesight
- > keen hearing and smell
- Homodont Dentition*
- > long tongues
- > Insectivorous Diet
20
Q
Nine-Banded Armadillo General Characteristics
A
- can actually have 7-11 bands
- solitary and long lived
- members of Dasypus always exhibits polyembryony*
- > 1 ovum, so multiple genetically identical offspring
- > Nine-banded armadillo have 4 identical offspring
- scarce in the US prior to 1900s
- now most widely distributed armadillo species
- > expanding north*
21
Q
Order Soricomorpha Distribution and Diversity
A
- “The Shrews and Moles”
- Used to be called Order Insectivora
- Every continent EXCEPT Australia and Antarctica
- Only 4 Families
- Family Soricidae: True Shews
- Family Talpidae: Moles and Desmans
22
Q
Order Soricomorpha Common Traits
A
- Small body size and high surface-area to mass ratio drives their lifestyle*
- > Lose heat quickly so must eat often, some every hour!
- > Etruscan shrew has a heartbeat of 1500 bpm
- > Do not hibernate
- Fast-paced life history*
- > Short-lived, about 1-3 years
- > Mature early
- > Many offspring
- Most are fossorial and solitary*
- Mostly insectivores*
23
Q
Family Soricidae
A
- The True Shrews
- Longer, slimmer snout, and smaller eyes than mice*
- Pinnae small or absent*
- Toes
-> Shrews have 5 front, 5 hind*
-> Mice (Order Rodentia) have 4 front, 5 hind - Females lead young to forage in a Caravan*
- Some species are venomous*
- only one set of teeth are present at birth
- Species are either Red-toothed vs. White-toothed*
-> Reddish in North America - Only venomous mammal in North America!*
-> Delivered via saliva
Ex: American short-tailed shrews - genus= Blarina
- Saliva can kill mice
- Just painful to humans
24
Q
Family Talpidae
A
- The Moles and Desmans
- Most are fossorial*
-> Desman are more
aquatic - Fur velvety*
- Eyes barely visible*
- No pinnae*
- Naked snout
-> covered with sensory
receptors that make up an Eimer’s Organ* - Excavate extensive tunnel networks
- Leave characteristic ridges in lawns*
-> Benefit is that it aerates the soil and eats pests
-> Problem is that although they don’t eat plants, they can dig them up
25
Order Chiroptera General Characteristics
- “The Bats”
- On every continent EXCEPT Antarctica
- 2nd largest mammalian order (behind Rodentia)
- Only mammals capable of powered flight*
- skeletal structure differs from birds
- skin between digits forms a flight membrane
- echolocation*
26
Order Chiroptera Diets and Ecosystem Services
- over 70% are insectivorous
- provide valuable ecosystem service*
1. One bat can eat up to 1,000 mosquito-sized insects per hour
2. Some are Nectar and Fruit eating bats
-> many species are important seed dispersers*
- Nectar feeders
-> Many are important pollinators*
3. Some are carnivorous
- amphibians, reptiles, birds, small mammals and fish
Ex: Vampire Bats
- eat blood
- from South America
- target livestock
-> crawl up to prey
-> anticoagulant and anesthetic in saliva
27
Order Chiroptera Echolocation Trait
- Not all species
- > Fruit bats lack this ability
- Used for steering and to locate prey
- Often ultrasonic*
- > beyond human range of hearing
- May perceive three-dimensional acoustic images
28
Order Chiroptera Migratory Patterns
- Flight is metabolically costly because bats have to feed often and a lot
- Many migrate to follow the food*
-> Move to warmer climates where food is available
- Many enter torpor during cold periods in temperate climates*
- Many bats are heterothermic*
-> heart rate, respiration and body temp are temporarily
reduced
-> Not true hibernators
- Often use caves while in torpor*
29
Order Chiroptera Roosting Behavior
- Bats require habitats to roost
- > during inactive periods
1. Summer roosts
- used during daytime hours
2. Winter roosts
- roosting while in torpor
- > caves
3. Maternity roosts
- pregnant, or nursing females
4. Some solitary roosters and some colonial roosters
- > some colonial species have up to 1 million bats at their roost site
- Many bats will use buildings when natural roost sites are not available
- Can be a problem because droppings accumulate
- > Bat boxes can be deployed as a management tool
30
Order Chiroptera Reproduction
- For their size, bats are the slowest reproducing mammal on Earth
- Most small mammals have short lifespans and produce many young
- Most have a litter size of 1 offspring*
- Mother’s nurse while roosting
31
Order Chiroptera Threats
- One of the most threatened groups of mammals*
- > slow paced life history limits their ability to rebound quickly from a disturbance
- Threats
1. Habitat loss
2. Fear and persecution
3. Insecticides and Pesticides -> kills their prey
4. Disease
- > white nose syndrome*
32
White-Nose Syndrome
- Effects Order Chiroptera
- Emerging Fungal Disease
- First detected in NY in 2007
- Can kill nearly 100% of bats roosting in a cave
- Has caused the death of over 6 million bats in the last 10 yrs
- > Wakes up bats from torpor and destroys wing membranes
33
Order Carnivora Diversity and Distribution
- “The Carnivorans”
- Native to every continent except Australia*
- Present today on every continent*
34
Order Carnivora Diets
- not all Carnivorans have a carnivorous diet
1. Obligate Carnivores
- require animal flesh to survive
- Meat is easier to digest than plants, but harder to catch
-> so many obligate carnivores have adaptations specifically to catch prey
Ex: Cats, mustelids
2. Omnivores
- Can survive without meat
-> eat plants and animals, insects, etc.
Ex: Dogs, raccoons, bears
3. Herbivores
- eat primarily plants
Ex: Giant panda
35
Order Carnivora Dentition
- dentition reflects a meat eating ancestor
- Carnassials/Carnassial pair*
- > pair of shearing teeth
- > 4th upper PM (premolar)
- > 1st lower M (molar)
- Prominent canines*
- > Large and cone shaped
36
Two Main Groups of Carnivorans
- 15 families total
1. Suborder Feliformia
- Felids or Cat-like Carnivorans
a. Family Felidae
- Cats
2. Suborder Caniformia
- Canids or Dog-like Carnivorans
a. Family Canidae
- Dogs
b. Family Mustelidae
- Weasels
c. Family Procyonidae
- Raccoons
d. Family Mephitidae
- Skunks
e. Family Ursidae
- Bears
37
Suborder Feliformia General Characteristics
- cat-like Carnivorans
- shorter rostrum, or snout
- usually strictly carnivorous
- > most are ambush hunters
38
Suborder Caniformia General Characteristics
- Dog-like Carnivorans
- Longer rostrum
- More omnivorous
- > Many are opportunistic feeders, like the raccoon
39
Order Carnivora Movement
1. All have Claws*
- Suborder Feliformia has retractile claws*
- Suborder Caniformia has usually non-retractile*
2. Stance*
- Suborder Feliformia have digitigrade
- > they walk on toes
- Suborder Caniformia have:
- > Some Digitigrade (wolf)
- > Some Plantigrade (bear, racoon, etc)
40
Order Carnivora Adaptations to Catch Prey
1. Carnivorous members are cursorial*
- adapted specifically to run with speed and endurance
2. Many carnivores have forward facing eyes
- Larger field of vision
- > Good depth and distance perception
- Prey (ungulates) have better lateral senses
- > Better to detect motion and sounds of predators
41
Order Carnivora Reproduction
- Most terrestrial species have 1 litter per year
- Mating systems are varied
- > can be monogamous, polygynous, polyandrous, promiscuous
- Relatively long period of parental care
- Sometimes both parents and sometimes just mom
42
Family Felidae General Characteristics
- cat species
- Most proficient predators in Order Feliformia
- Short rostrum
- Superb night vision
- Good climbers and swimmers
Ex: Mountain Lion, bobcat, tigers, jaguars, leopards, cougars, cheetahs, lynx, ocelot, etc
43
Family Canidae General Characteristics
- dogs
- long rostrum
- complex nasal chamber
Ex: wolves, jackals, coyotes, foxes
-> Red Wolf, Gray Fox, Red Fox
44
Family Mustelidae General Characteristics
- weasels
- Long bodies with short limbs*
- Short-faced*
- Rounded ears*
- The smallest Carnivorans*
- All are accomplished killers*
-> Bite prey back of neck to
sever spinal cord
- Territorial
-> Paired anal scent glands*
that are well developed
- Typically solitary*
-> nocturnal or diurnal
Ex: weasels, otters, badgers, martens, fishers, mink, wolverines, ferrets
-> Least Weasel, Black-footed ferret, American Mink, Long-tailed weasel, North American River Otter, Wolverine
45
Family Procyonidae General Characteristics
- raccoons
- restricted to the Americas
- Variable face and body type
- Medium-long tails*
-> Rings are common
-> Some prehensile
- Contrasting facial markings common*
- Most Plantigrade*
-> raccoon and coati
- A few Digitigrade*
-> Ringtails
- Toes*
-> 5 front and 5 hind
-> middle tow is the longest
Ex: raccoons, coatis, ringtails, kinkajous, olingos, olinguitos, etc
-> Ring Tailed Coati, Kinkajou, Northern Olingo, Northern Raccoon, Ring Tailed Cat
46
Family Mephitidae General Characteristics
- Skunks
- Phillipinnes and Indonesia
- Typically solitary*
- Aposematic coloration is
common*
- Anal scent glands*
- Plantigrade posture*
- Toes
-> 5 front and 5 hind
- striped skunks, spotted skunks, hog-nosed skunks and the stink badgers
47
Family Ursidae General Characteristics
- bears
- Largest terrestrial members of Carnivora*
- Sense of smell better than vision*
- Omnivorous except Polar Bear*
- Some hibernate in winter*
- Plantigrade posture*
- Toes*
-> 5 Front and 5 Hind
Ex: Black bears, Grizzly bears, Polar bears, Sloth bears, Panda, Spectacled bears, Sun bears
48
Black Bears and Grizzly Bears Characteristics
- Family Ursidae
- both can vary blonde to black
1. Black bear
- Edge of front pad curved*
- Claws straight and short*
- straight facial profile*
- Larger and pointed ears*
- shoulder muscles not as well developed
- > no hump*
2. Grizzly bear
- Edge of front pad straight*
- Claws curved and long*
- Dish-shaped facial profile*
- Shorter and rounded ears in relation to size of head*
- well developed shoulder muscles for digging
- > hump*
49
What is an Ungulate?
- refers to a mammal that:
1. Has enlarged toenails that form hooves*
2. Has an unguligrade posture
3. Is an obligate herbivore
- Exception is that some pigs and peccaries are more omnivorous
50
Two orders of Ungulates
- based on the number of toes
1. Order Artiodactyla
- even toed ungulates
Ex: Swine, Deer, Elk,
Moose, Pronghorn, Bison, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, etc
2. Perissyodactyla
- Odd Toed Ungulates
Ex: Horses, Zebras, Asses, Rhinoceros, Tapirs
51
Paraxonic Feet and Mesaxonic Feet
1. Paraxonic Feet
- main weight bearing axis passes between the 3rd and 4th digit
- Order Artiodactyls
2. Mesaxonic feet
- main weight bearing axis passes through the 3rd digit
Perissodactyls
52
Order Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla Economic importance and Diet
- are of HUGE Economic importance*
- > in hunting, ecotourism and domestication
- all are herbivorous*
- > leaves, grasses, fruits, flowers, lichens, seeds
- feed standing
53
Order Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla Dentition
- Grinding dentition
- Jaw musculature that allows for chewing and grinding
- Typical Dental Formula
- > no incisors or canines on top*
- > 0033/3133
54
Order Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla Digestive Systems
1. Plants are composed of cellulose
- only a few ungulates can digest cellulose*
- > pigs
- pigs have a digestive system similar to mammals
2. Most ungulates need help to break down cellulose
- helped by microorganisms via fermentation in the gut*
- > bacteria and protozoa
3. Where and when fermentation happens separates Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla
55
Order Artiodactyla Digestive System and Type of Feet
- Foregut fermenters, or Ruminants*
- have a 4 chambered stomach
- fermentation happens in the first chamber, or the RUMEN BEFORE digestion*
- food is chewed twice*
- long passage*
- relatively efficient, about 60% of cellulose is digested
- ruminants do better than hindgut fermenters where food is high quality, but in short supply
- > tundra and deserts
- Paraxonic feet
56
Foregut Fermentation vs Hindgut Fermentation
1. Foregut Fermentation
- fermentation occurs in the rumen before digestion
- Order Artiodactyla
2. Hindgut Fermentation
- Fermentation occurs after digestion in the caecum and large intestine
- Order Perissodactyla
57
Order Perissodactyla Digestive System and Type of Feet
- Hindgut Fermenters
- Single chambered stomach
- Fermentation happens AFTER digestion in the enlarged caecum and large intestine*
- Food is chewed ONCE*
- Shorter passage*
- Less efficient than ruminant digestion, about 45% of cellulose is digested
- Hindgut fermenters do better than ruminants where food is less nutritious but extremely abundant
- > dry and arid grasslands
- Mesaxonic Feet
58
Food Sources when both Ruminants and Hind-gut Fermenters Coexist Exist
- Where both types of ungulates co-exist, they often partition food sources*
Ex:
- Zebras eat the poor quality foliage in upper levels of grass stands
- Gazelles and Wildebeest eat the high quality foliage that is uncovered by the Zebra browsing
59
Migration of Ungulates
- Do not hibernate
- Many must migrate to meet food demands in cold and dry seasons
- Migrations can be elevational or geographical
60
Order Artiodactyla Characteristics of Males and Females
- Males often have horns or antlers
-> females in some species
1. Horns
- permanent 2 part structure interior
- bone covered in keratin*
Ex: goats, sheep, bison and proghorn
2. Antlers
- true bone that is shed and regrown each year*
-> extension of the skull
- velvet covers antlers as they grow*
-> provides a rich blood supply
- antlers harden late in the summer to be used during "RUT", or breeding* and shed in the fall and winter
Ex: Deer, elk, moose, caribou
61
Order Cetacea General Characteristics
- Whales and Dolphins
- Mostly hairless*, except snout
- Forelimbs are flippers
- > no digits or claws*
- Vestigial hind limbs*
- Most closely related to Even-toed ungulates
- Most are marine
- Slow paced life-history strategy
- > Long-lived
- > mature late
- > reproduce infrequently
- females nurse from mammary glands like other mammals
62
Two Major Groups in Order Cetacea
1. Suborder Odontoceti
- Toothed Whales
- most cetaceans are toothed whales
Ex: Killer whales, dolphins
2. Suborder Mysticeti
- Baleen Whales
- fewer species
Ex: Baleen, gray, right, humpback, and pygmy whales
63
Suborder Odontoceti General Characteristics
- toothed whales
- Most cetaceans are toothed whales
- Predatorial hunters*
- Ultrasonic echolocation to navigate and hunt*
- Homodont teeth to capture prey*
- generally smaller than baleen whales*
- > includes dolphins and porpoises
- fatty organ on head (melon) used for echolocation*
64
Suborder Mysticeti General Characteristics
- Baleen Whales
- Larger in body size than toothed whales*
- > long flexible bristles instead of teeth
- feed on krill*
- Flexible baleen made of keratin*
- > Filters food from the water such as krill, fish, plankton
65
Order Rodentia Distribution and Diversity
- The Rodents
- The largest order of mammals
- All continents except Antarctica
66
Three General Types of Rodents
1. Squirrel-like rodents
- squirrels, chipmunks and beavers
2. Mouse-like rodents
- Rats, Mice, Voles, Gerbils, Hamsters, Lemmings
3. Porcupine and Guinea Pig-like rodents
- Porcupines, Guinea Pigs, Chinchillas, Agoutis, Capybara (largest rodent species)
67
Order Rodentia Dentition
- incisors are ever-growing
- NO canines, there is always a gap*
- > called the Diastema*, or the gap between incisors and premolars resulting from lack of canines
- Can pull cheek in to protect mouth
- misalignment of teeth can lead to death
- Typical Dental Formula is 1023/1013
- > 22 total
68
Order Rodentia General Diet
- Obligate Herbivores
-> can include plants, fruits, nuts, insects, eggs, even some carnivores such as rats
- rely on fermentation to breakdown cellulose
- fermentation takes place in the caecum* similar to hind gut fermenting ungulates
- practice coprophagy*
-> Re-ingestion of bacterially
treated food in the form of soft feces
69
Family Sciuridae
- Tail long except for fossorial species
- Diurnal herbivores
- some hibernate
- many are highly social
Ex: squirrels, chipmunks, marmots/woodchucks, and prairie dogs
-> eastern gray Squirrel and Southern Fox Squirrel
70
Family Castoridae
- The beavers
- > only 2 species
- aquatic*
- ecosystem engineers*
- tail is a fat storage area*
- > grows and shrinks with conditions and is also a tool
71
Families Muridae & Cricetidae
1. Family Muridae
- old world rats, mice gerbils, etc
2. Family Cricetidae
- new world rats, mice, voles, hamsters etc
- Historically some species were important for disease transmission
- > Plague
- > Black death, etc.
- > Fleas transmitted the pathogen
72
Order Lagomorpha General Characteristics
- The Rabbits, Hares and
Pikas
- Diverse habitats
-> Semi-aquatic, arctic, deserts, tropics
- Obligate herbivores*
- Continuously growing incisors and NO canines
-> like Order Rodentia
- UNLIKE RODENTS, they have "peg teeth"*
-> a second pair of incisors behind their primaries
- Typical Dental Formula is 2033/1023
-> total 28 teeth
73
Family Leporidae
- Rabbits and Hares
- Long hind-limbs
-> good runners
Ex: White-tailed Jack Rabbit, snowshoe hare, swamp rabbit, eastern cottontail
74
Family Ochotonidae
- Pikas
- small short-limbed
- > only about 6-8 inches long
- > scurriers
- Tail virtually absent
- Ears smaller
- More vocal than rabbits and hares
- restricted to high altitudes*
- > threatened by climate change
- Rocky alpine habitat
75
Family Leporidae Rabbits vs Hares
- Predator evasion technique differs*
- Development at Birth Differs*
1. Hares
- try to outrun predators
- longer legs
- some can reach 45 mph
- more precocial
2. Rabbits
- seek refuge from predators
- are altricial
- > often hairless
76
Order Primates Distribution and Diversity
- One of the most well-studied group of mammals
- Homo sapiens have worldwide distribution
- > other primates are restricted to Central and South America, Asia and Africa
- two suborders
77
Suborder Strepisirrhini
- Crescent, or comma shaped nostrils*
- Nose moist and glandular*
- Usually nocturnal
Ex: prosimian and primitive primates
-> lemurs, bush babies, loris, etc.
78
Suborder Haplorrhini
- More recently evolved primates
- Ovate nostrils*
- Nose dry*
Ex: anthropoids (monkeys, chimps, gorillas, baboon etc.) and tarsiers
79
Order Primates Common Characteristics
1. Opposable first digit on hands and feet*
- Except humans only on opposable first digit on hands
- Flat face and short noses*
- Large globular brain case and well developed brain*
- Most are arboreal*
- > not gorillas or humans
- Diet is variable
80
Family Hominidae
- Males larger than females
- Nails rather than claws on digits
- Known for complex social structure
- Single young with extended parental care
Ex: Gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans and humans
81
Order Sirenia General Characteristics
- Manatees and Sea Cows
- Slow-moving and fully aquatic mammals*
- Herbivores*
- Restricted to warm shallow coastal waters*
- No hind limbs*
- No pinnae*
- Nearly hairless*
- > vibrissae on muzzle
- Only teeth are molars, they are replaced throughout life
- > conveyor belt
- Generally solitary or in small groups
- long lived
- one offspring at a time
- > 12 months gestation
- mammary glands behind flippers and nurse up to 4 years
82
Family Dugongidae
- Dugongs and Sea Cows
- 1 extant species
- In Dugongs, the muzzle is adapted for bottom feeding
- Dugongs do not have nails on flippers
83
Family Trichechidae
- Manatees
- 3 extant species
- In manatees, the muzzle is adapted for grasping
- Manatees possess nails on flippers
84
Order Sirenia Stellar's Sea Cow
- Native to the Arctic Bering Sea
| - Hunted to extinction
85
Order Sirenia Diversity and Distribution
- Only one species native in North America
- > Found in marine & freshwater
- > Needs regular access to freshwater
- > can be through food like lettuce, or from drinking at rivers and springs
- Hundreds are known to crowd freshwater springs to avoid cold winter temperatures
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Thylacine or Tasmanian Tiger
- Infraclass Metatheria
- it was carnivorous, but was actually a marsupial
- extinct because of over hunting
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The levels of taxonomic hierarchy
1. Kingdom: Animal
2. Phylum: Chordata
3. Class
- aves, reptilia, amphibia and mammalia
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
