Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Phylogenies
A
- used to identify how different species are related
- are made up of branches(like a tree) and nodes (where two branches join)
- groups or species are placed at the tips of branches
- nodes represent a common ancestor that is no longer in existence
- the lower the number of nodes separating two species or groups, the more closely they are related
2
Q
Gills
A
- many larvae and some paedomorphic species
- paedomorphosis is the retention of juvenile traits into adulthood (ex: gills)
- gills can be internal (tadpole) or external
- > oxygen diffuses from the water to the blood stream
- > carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood stream into the water
3
Q
Three Domains of Life
A
- Archaea
- single celled
- prokaryotes: lacks membrane-bound nucleus/organelles
- extremophiles: restricted to extreme environments - Bacteria
- single celled
- prokaryotes
- more ubiquitous than archaea, slightly different chemistry to cell walls, etc - Eukaryota (Eukarya)
- can be single celled or multicellular
- eukaryotes: membrane bound nucleus/organelles
4
Q
Taxon
A
- the group an animal is assigned to (at any level)
- taxa is the plural form of taxon
- each species is assigned to a specific group in each level of the taxonomic hierarchy
ex: animalia is a taxon within eukaryota
5
Q
Why do we use Latin (scientific) names in the field of science?
A
- because it is universal and removes confusion out of which animal is being referred to
- > in different areas of the world people call different animals different things (ground hog, marmot, woodchuck, etc all same animal)
6
Q
In what order did each group of the tetrapods arise, who did they evolve from and what is the estimated date?
A
Earliest
1. Amphibians (about 400 mill years ago)
- evolved from fish (lung fish and coelacanth)
2. Reptiles (about 350 mill years ago)
- evolved from amphibians
3. Mammals (about 250 mill years ago)
- evolved from reptiles (theropod dinosaurs)
4. Birds (about 200 mill years ago)
- evolved from reptiles (mammal-like reptiles)
Most Recent
7
Q
Primary purpose of the respiratory system
A
- move oxygenated blood to vital organs
- move deoxygenated blood to the site of oxygen absorption
- > also transport other solutes, heat, etc
- > intertwined with gas exchange
8
Q
Two types of Pulmonary Response
A
- Positive Pressure
- air is PUSHED into the lungs
- an example is buccal pumping
- used by amphibians - Negative Pressure
- air is PULLED into the lungs
- used by reptiles and mammals
9
Q
Four kinds of teeth in mammals
A
- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars
- the number and arrangement of each type can be composed into a dental formula
- dental formula can be used to identify a skull to ORDER and SOMETIMES species:
-> total number of teeth is double the formula
(ICPM 1/2 of upper jaw) / (ICPM 1/2 of lower jaw)
10
Q
Circulation in Reptilia
A
- MOST reptiles have a THREE chambered heart
- TWO atria
- ONE ventricle
- > partially divided!
- > oxygenated/deoxygenated blood kept well, but not completely separated
- > slightly more efficient than amphibians (more complex)
- exception is crocodilians (4 chamber)
11
Q
Type Species
A
- the species used to first describe the genus
12
Q
Gas exchange in Mammalia
A
- mammal lungs are LARGE
- > fill most of the thoracic cavity (constitute 5% of the body volume)
- > the bigger the animal, the bigger the lung
- expansion/contraction of lungs is aided by a muscle called the diaphragm
- gas exchange occurs in highly vascularized ducts called alveoli located throughout the lungs
- > freshly oxygenated air is inhaled
- > in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses from lungs into the blood stream and carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the lungs
- > deoxygenated air is exhaled
13
Q
Between a bat and a bison:
- Which animal has the higher BMR?
- Which animal has the higher mass-specific BMR?
- Which animal has the faster Heart rate?
A
- Bison
- Bat
- Bat
14
Q
Four Kingdoms within the Domain Eukaryota
A
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
- there are over 20 phyla within this kingdom, we will focus on
a. Phylum Chordata
b. Subphylum Chordata
c. Superclass Tetrapoda
d. Class Amphibia
e. Class Reptilia
f. Class Aves
g. Class mammalia
15
Q
Heterothermic Animals
A
- usually maintain a constant body temperature, but go through specific periods when their body temperature changes considerably
- > SOME endotherms are heterotherms
16
Q
Endotherms and their environment
A
- generate and maintain their own heat through metabolic processes
- heat is generated through the breakdown of food, or stored energy
example of stored energy: - fat
- if an animal is in a crisis and run out of fat will break down muscle for energy (extreme cases)
17
Q
Pulmonary Respiration in mammals, MOST reptiles, and amphibians
A
- it is bidirectional
- > bi-directional respiration is less efficient
- > it is impossible to exhale ALL de-oxygenated air, so each full breath is part fresh(O2) and part stale air (CO2)
18
Q
Circulation in Amphibia
A
- ALL amphibians have a THREE chambered heart
- TWO atria
- > left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
- > right atrium received deoxygenated blood from the body
- ONE ventricle
- > oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can mix before the blood goes back out to the body
19
Q
Taxonomists
A
- determine what is or is not a species
- biologists that focus on organizing, classifying, naming and describing species
- they study both systematics and taxonomy
- they are spread all over the world, there is no central office
- > there are scientific societies and organizations to maintain lists (upload into common database)
20
Q
Examples of heterothermy in endotherms
A
- Daily torpor
- birds and small mammals
- lowered body temperature and metabolism lasting for less than 24 hours
- arouse to forage - Hibernation
- usually larger mammals
- torpor lasting days to weeks
- no foraging, relies on stored energy reserves
- > drawback is that they use up all their reserves and they can not move during hibernation
21
Q
Pulmonary Respiration in amphibia
A
- breathing with the lungs
- > frogs, toads and many salamander
- amphibians use a special case of pulmonary respiration called Buccal Pumping
- > involves positive pressure, air is pushed into the lungs by contractions of the buccal cavity
22
Q
Two types of Muscle in Aves
A
- Slow-twitch (red) muscle
- contract slowly
- used for endurance activities (sustained flying)
- Need lots of oxygen, so packed with myoglobin
- > myoglobin is an oxygen carrying molecule/protein that is red in color
- > more myoglobin = red meat - Fast-twitch (white) muscle
- contract quickly
- used for short bursts of activity (running when startled)
- anaerobic metabolic processes, so no need for oxygen
- less myoglobin = white meat
23
Q
Origins of the Tetrapod
A
- the first tetrapod was probably more fishlike than anything
- possessed a trait that had not previously existed on earth (as far as we know)
- > four limbs, supported by a bony skeleton
- > all tetrapods are vertebrates (backbone) with a rigid endoskeleton
24
Q
Ideal temperature range for different species (humans, dogs, and snakes/turtles)
A
- the ideal temperature range varies from species to species
1. Humans: 97-99 ‘F
2. Dogs: 101-102.5 ‘F
3. Snakes and Turtles: 48-100 ‘F
25
Q
Homeothermic Animals
A
- maintain a constant body temperature across a wide range of conditions
- > MOST endotherms(mammals and birds) are homeotherms
26
Q
Metabolism
A
- chemical processes occurring in an organism that is necessary to maintain life
-> endotherms have faster metabolisms - all processes consume oxygen
- the heart pumps to bring in more oxygen
examples of metabolic processes: - break down of food for energy
- build up of tissues
27
Q
Do we see the trait of four legs in all tetrapods?
A
- no because over time animals evolve to adjust to their specific environments
- loss of limbs is a more modern evolutionary trait
- BUT! *all animals that evolved from the first tetrapod on earth, are still considered tetrapods even if they evolved to having less than four feet
28
Q
What information can be used to determine whether two birds are members of the same species?
A
- we need an objective way to define species
- interbreed with each other and viable offspring
- song of bird
- beak and morphology
- nesting behavior / egg color patterns
- food items / ecology
- genetics *
29
Q
Cutaneous Respiration
A
- breathing through the skin
- EXTREMELY common among amphibians
- > skin is thin, highly permeable and highly vascularized
- moisture is KEY
- some species rely 100% on cutaneous respiration
- > hellbenders have lungs, but rely primarily on cutaneous respiration to get most of their O2
- other species use it in combination with other modes
30
Q
Ecological Species Concept
A
- a concept of species in which a species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources in the environment
- > two similar organisms can evolve differently in unique environments causing them to be different species that can still interbreed, but have unique traits (polar and grizzly bears)
31
Q
All tetrapods have certain requirements for life
A
- temperature regulation
- gas exchange
- blood flow
- support/protection of the body
- reproduction
32
Q
The biological species concept
A
- the most common concept of a species (used for all life)
- a group of individuals that can interbreed with each other (in nature), but not with other species AND produce fertile offspring
- puts an emphasis on reproductive isolation, therefore it is difficult to determine for extinct species
- > Does NOT work for species that reproduce asexually and populations that are geographically isolated
33
Q
Endothermy
A
- body heat is derived internally
- mammals and birds
34
Q
Sir David Attenborough talk about the TOL
A
- modern genetics confirmed that all life is related
- the tree of life began in the ocean as cells which became bacteria
- evolved from amphibians came reptiles
- reptiles included dinosaurs, but then they became extinct
- > some of these dinosaurs survived and evolved into birds when extinction occurred
- mammals were then created from mammal-like reptiles
35
Q
Organs involved in Non-Pulmonary Gas Exchange
A
- Gills
- Skin
- Buccal cavity/Buccopharyngeal mucosa
- buccal cavity = mouth
- pharyngeal cavity = nose and throat - Cloaca
- common opening for waste excretion and reproduction
- ALL herps and birds have a cloaca
- SOME mammals have a cloaca
36
Q
How many species are there today?
A
- science estimates there are 5-30 million species currently on earth
- only about 1-2 million are named
- > the world is so large it is hard to identify all the species and some are so small it is hard to locate, hence why the range is large but few are named
- > we are still discovering new species everyday
37
Q
Implications of lowered metabolism
A
- for ectotherms and animals in torpor/hibernation
- reduced body temperature = lowered metabolism
- all metabolic processes slow down
- > can not break down food
- > can not build up tissues
- lethargy and slow movement
38
Q
Phylogenetics
A
- branch of science aimed at identifying evolutionary relationships between organisms
- phylogeneticists create phylogenies
39
Q
Skeleton of Amphibia
A
- structure reflects mode of movement
- > hopping, crawling, and swimming
- ribs are reduced
- Feet digits
- > FOUR front
- > FIVE hind
40
Q
Relationships between body size and metabolism
A
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
- larger animals have a higher BMR than smaller animals because a larger animal needs more calories to exist - Basal Mass-specific Metabolic Rate
- larger animals have a lower mass-specific BMR than smaller animals - Heart Rate
- larger animals have a lower heart rate than smaller animals
- > smaller animals do not have much stored energy (fat), therefore it is harder to conserve body heat and must work harder
41
Q
All tetrapods have certain requirements for life
A
- temperature regulation
- gas exchange
- blood flow
- support/protection of the body
- reproduction
42
Q
What are the collective classes of amphibia and reptilia referred to as?
A
- herpetofauna, or herps
43
Q
Consider a rattlesnake and a rabbit…
- Which animal is likely to experience a wider range of body temperatures over the course of a single day?
- What behaviors would you expect from each animal if….
a. we experienced an extreme heat spell that lasted days?
b. we experienced an extreme snow/ice storm that lasted days?
A
- rattlesnake
2.
Rattlesnake
a. switch activity patterns (go out at night), metabolism moving faster, so sit still and hide
b. be dormant bc body temperature is cold and metabolism is slow
Rabbit
a. seek shade, still need to go out to eat
b. need to eat and forage to stay warm
44
Q
Levels of division within each class
A
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- > there are many unique species within the class
45
Q
Air sac functions in AVES
A
- during inhalation air sacs expand to accept air
- posterior air sacs accept oxygen rich air
- anterior air sacs accept de-oxygenated air
- during exhalation air sacs compress to move air out
- posterior air sacs move air to the lungs (after inhale)
- anterior air sacs move air to the trachea (after exhale)
- > it takes two full (inhale/exhale) cycles to move one packet of air through the system
