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2130 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

__ are errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

A

Slips-of-the-tongue

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2
Q

The __ of an utterance, or the “melody” of its intonation, rhythm, and emphasis

A

Prosody

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3
Q

When we speak, we produce __, or language units that are larger than a sentence

A

Discourse

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4
Q

__ are gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking i.e. speaker telling friend about a car crash she saw and pushing her fights together to explain the impact

A

Iconic gestures

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5
Q

__ involve pointing to some object or location while speaking, and are often accompanied by words like “this” or that”

A

Diectic

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6
Q

__ are gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech

A

Beat gestures

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7
Q

__ emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge

A

Embodied cognition

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8
Q

__ focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

A

Pragmatics

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9
Q

A concept called __, examines why we sometimes have trouble communicating with people who have different perspectives

A

Framing

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10
Q

__ occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

A

Common ground

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11
Q

__ is a sentence that asks someone to do something

A

Directive

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12
Q

__ is the knowledge about the form and structure of language

A

Metalinguistics

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13
Q

The term __ refers to the age at which you learned a second language

A

Age of acquisition

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14
Q

The __, is your ability to acquire a second language that is strictly limited to a specific period of your life

A

Critical period hypothesis

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15
Q

__ refers to the process necessary to reach a goal, typically in situations where the solution is not immediately obvious

A

Problem solving

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16
Q

The __ state describes the situation at the beginning of the problem i.e. “I need to reach Jim tonight so we can begin our project but idk his phone number”

A

Initial

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17
Q

You reach the __ state when you solve a problem i.e. “I have Jim’s phone number now”

A

Goal

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18
Q

The __ describe the restrictions that make it difficult to proceed from the initial state to the goal state i.e. “Jim wasn’t in class yesterday”

A

Obstacles

19
Q

__ means that you have constructed a well-organized mental representation of the problem, based on the information provided and your own previous experience

A

Understanding

20
Q

__ refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format

A

Problem representation

21
Q

If you want to solve a problem that is complex and the information is categorical, you might use a __, whereas if you need to represent a large amount of info, you might use a __

A

Matrix; diagram

22
Q

According to the __, we often use helpful information in our immediate environment to create spatial representations i.e. we make decisions about the UP DOWN dimension more quickly than left-right

A

Situated cognition approach

23
Q

According to the __, we often use our own body and motor inactions, in order to express our abstract thoughts and knowledge i.e. trying to remember a word and using gestures to help you rememeber

A

Embodied cognition approach

24
Q

One example of an algorithm is a method called __, in which you try out ALL possible answers using a specified system

A

Exhaustive search

25
Q

A __ is a general rule that is usually correct

A

Heuristic

26
Q

When you use a __ in problem solving, you employ a solution to a similar, earlier problem to help you solve a new problem

A

Analogy approach

27
Q

__ refers to a set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions, but different specific details

A

Problem isomorphs

28
Q

The most effective and flexible problem-solving heuristic strategy is the __

A

Means-ends heuristic

29
Q

The __ is a heuristic where you reach a choice point- you consistently choose the alternative that seems to lead most directly toward your goal

A

Hill-climbing heuristic

i.e. useful when you do not have enough information about your alternatives because you only see the immediate next step

30
Q

__ handles two or more items at the same time, whereas __ handles only one item at a time

A

Parallel processing; serial processing

31
Q

A __ is when you keep trying the same solution you used in previous problems, even though you could solve the problem by using a different easier method

A

Mental

32
Q

If you have a __, you believe that you possess a certain amount of intelligence and other skills, and no amount of effort can help you perform better

A

Fixed mindset

33
Q

If you have a __, you believe that you can cultivate your intelligence and other skills

A

Growth mindset

34
Q

_ means that we tend to assign stable or “fixed” functions to an object

A

Functional fixedness

35
Q

A __ consists of two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. They refer to quantities i.e. all, none, some

A

Syllogism

36
Q

__ processing is fast and automatic; it requires little conscious effort i.e. facial expression, stereotyping

A

Type 1

37
Q

__ processing is relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused attention, and it is typically more accurate

A

Type 2

38
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

People would rather try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to disprove it

39
Q

The __ is where we judge that a sample is likely IF IT IS SIMILAR to the population from which the sample was selected

A

Representative heuristic i.e. random looking outcomes are more likely than orderly outcomes

40
Q

The __ is how often the item occurs in the population

A

Base rate

41
Q

You use __ when you estimate frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something

A

Availability heuristic i.e. remember examples

42
Q

The __ typically operates when you must compare the relative frequency of two categories

A

Recognition heuristic

43
Q

__ occurs when people believe that two variables are statistically related, even though there is no actual evidence for this relationship

A

Illusory correlation

44
Q

“I knew it all along” is referred to as the __

A

Hindsight bias

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