Exam 4 Flashcards
__ are errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words
Slips-of-the-tongue
The __ of an utterance, or the “melody” of its intonation, rhythm, and emphasis
Prosody
When we speak, we produce __, or language units that are larger than a sentence
Discourse
__ are gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking i.e. speaker telling friend about a car crash she saw and pushing her fights together to explain the impact
Iconic gestures
__ involve pointing to some object or location while speaking, and are often accompanied by words like “this” or that”
Diectic
__ are gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech
Beat gestures
__ emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge
Embodied cognition
__ focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
Pragmatics
A concept called __, examines why we sometimes have trouble communicating with people who have different perspectives
Framing
__ occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding
Common ground
__ is a sentence that asks someone to do something
Directive
__ is the knowledge about the form and structure of language
Metalinguistics
The term __ refers to the age at which you learned a second language
Age of acquisition
The __, is your ability to acquire a second language that is strictly limited to a specific period of your life
Critical period hypothesis
__ refers to the process necessary to reach a goal, typically in situations where the solution is not immediately obvious
Problem solving
The __ state describes the situation at the beginning of the problem i.e. “I need to reach Jim tonight so we can begin our project but idk his phone number”
Initial
You reach the __ state when you solve a problem i.e. “I have Jim’s phone number now”
Goal
The __ describe the restrictions that make it difficult to proceed from the initial state to the goal state i.e. “Jim wasn’t in class yesterday”
Obstacles
__ means that you have constructed a well-organized mental representation of the problem, based on the information provided and your own previous experience
Understanding
__ refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format
Problem representation
If you want to solve a problem that is complex and the information is categorical, you might use a __, whereas if you need to represent a large amount of info, you might use a __
Matrix; diagram
According to the __, we often use helpful information in our immediate environment to create spatial representations i.e. we make decisions about the UP DOWN dimension more quickly than left-right
Situated cognition approach
According to the __, we often use our own body and motor inactions, in order to express our abstract thoughts and knowledge i.e. trying to remember a word and using gestures to help you rememeber
Embodied cognition approach
One example of an algorithm is a method called __, in which you try out ALL possible answers using a specified system
Exhaustive search
A __ is a general rule that is usually correct
Heuristic
When you use a __ in problem solving, you employ a solution to a similar, earlier problem to help you solve a new problem
Analogy approach
__ refers to a set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions, but different specific details
Problem isomorphs
The most effective and flexible problem-solving heuristic strategy is the __
Means-ends heuristic
The __ is a heuristic where you reach a choice point- you consistently choose the alternative that seems to lead most directly toward your goal
Hill-climbing heuristic
i.e. useful when you do not have enough information about your alternatives because you only see the immediate next step
__ handles two or more items at the same time, whereas __ handles only one item at a time
Parallel processing; serial processing
A __ is when you keep trying the same solution you used in previous problems, even though you could solve the problem by using a different easier method
Mental
If you have a __, you believe that you possess a certain amount of intelligence and other skills, and no amount of effort can help you perform better
Fixed mindset
If you have a __, you believe that you can cultivate your intelligence and other skills
Growth mindset
_ means that we tend to assign stable or “fixed” functions to an object
Functional fixedness
A __ consists of two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. They refer to quantities i.e. all, none, some
Syllogism
__ processing is fast and automatic; it requires little conscious effort i.e. facial expression, stereotyping
Type 1
__ processing is relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused attention, and it is typically more accurate
Type 2
What is confirmation bias?
People would rather try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to disprove it
The __ is where we judge that a sample is likely IF IT IS SIMILAR to the population from which the sample was selected
Representative heuristic i.e. random looking outcomes are more likely than orderly outcomes
The __ is how often the item occurs in the population
Base rate
You use __ when you estimate frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something
Availability heuristic i.e. remember examples
The __ typically operates when you must compare the relative frequency of two categories
Recognition heuristic
__ occurs when people believe that two variables are statistically related, even though there is no actual evidence for this relationship
Illusory correlation
“I knew it all along” is referred to as the __
Hindsight bias
