Exam 3 Flashcards
What is an analog code?
A representation that closely resembles the physical object
What is a propositional code?
An abstract, language-like representation (storage neither visual nor spatial), and it does not physically resemble the original stimulus
According to the __ approach, mental imagery is a close relative of perception, and the __ approach, mental imagery is a close relative of language
Analog-code; propositional-code
__ are all the cues that might convey the experimenter’s hypothesis to the participant
Demand characteristics i.e. experimenter expectancy is one kind of demand characteristic
__ is the only cognitive skill where a group of males is likely to earn higher scores than a group of females (gender differences)
Mental rotation
__ describes the sound quality of a tone i.e. happy birthday played on a flute, contrasted with the same song played on a trumpet
Timbre
A __ is a mental representation of geographic information, including the environment that surrounds us
Cognitive map
__ primarily refers to three cognitive activities 1) our thoughts about cognitive maps 2) how we remember the world we navigate and 3) how we keep track of objects in a spatial array
Spatial cognition
A __ is a general problem-solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution. People often use these in making judgments about cognitive maps
Heuristic
__ is when people estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on DIFFERENT sides of a geographic border, compared to locations on the same side of that border
Border bias
__ is the general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark - an important geographical location - rather than a non-landmark
Landmark effect
What is the kind of heuristic where we remember a tilted geographic structure as being either more vertical or horizontal than it really is?
Rotation heuristic
The __ emphasizes that the above-below spatial dimension is especially important in our thinking, the front-back dimension is moderately important, and the right-left dimension is least important
Spatial framework model
According to the __, we make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation. Our knowledge depends on the context that surrounds us. As a result, what we know depends on the situation that we are in
Situated cognition approach
A __ is a set of objects that belong together, and __ refers to your mental representations of it
Category; concept
A __ is the item that is the best, most typical example of a category; it is the ideal representative
Prototype
The __ is when you decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with a prototype
Prototype approach
__ is the DEGREE to which members of a category are representative of their category
Prototypicality
A __ begins with the most representative or prototypical members, and it continues on through the category’s nonprototypical members
Graded structure
The __ occurs when people judge typical items (prototypes) faster than items that are not typical (non-prototypes)
Typicality effect
The __ means that people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning
Semantic priming effect
__ means that no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept
Family resemblance
__ categories are higher-level and more general categories i.e. furniture, animal, tool
Superordinate-level
__ categories are moderately specific i.e. chair, dog, screwdriver
Basic-level
__ categories refer to lower-level or more specific categories
Subordinate-level i.e. desk chair, collie, Phillips screwdriver
The __ is activated when the participant is showed a superordinate term (i.e. toy)
Prefrontal cortex
The __ is activated when the participant is showed a basic-level term (i.e. doll)
Parietal region (active when you perform a visual search)
The __ argues that we first learn information about some specific examples of a concept and then we classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all those specific examples
Exemplar approach
__ is knowledge about facts and things
Declarative knowledge
The meaning of a sentence can be represented by a __, which is a pattern of interconnected propositions
Propositional network
__ is the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false i.e. the cat was white
Proposition
The __ approach proposes that cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple, neuron-like units
Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
People can make a __ by using individual cases to draw inferences about general information
Spontaneous generalization
The brain’s ability to provide partial memory is called __
Graceful degradation
__ refers to our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown
Boundary extension
__ is a memory process that stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact words
Abstraction
A __ occurs when people “remember” an item that was not originally presented
False alarm
According to the __, people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas
Constructive model of memory
The __ proposes that people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals
Pragmatic view of memory
In __, our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion
Memory integration
