exam 4

Question 1

Q1. according to the Huynh (2012) study of asian American high school students and micro aggressions ….. was almost strongly associated with depression

Answer 1

negative treatment

Question 2

Q2.based on the ibaraki and hall counseling center study, asian American clients are likely to attend more therapy sessions if…

Answer 2

they discuss academic concerns

Question 3

Q3. according to the lecture , somatization

Answer 3

interferes with standard psychotherapy for asian Americans

Question 4

Q4. which of the groups is the largest? asians Americans who ….

Answer 4

were born in Asia

Question 5

Q5. according to the national latino and asian American study, among asian Americans, …….

Answer 5

US born women are most likely to have many mental disorder

Question 6

Q6. based on the meta-analysis of acculturation/ enculturation and mental health presented in class for asian Americans ….. is most strongly associated with positive mental health

Answer 6

acculturation

Question 7

Q7. historical trauma, as presented in the video in class:

Answer 7

can affect those who have not directly experienced

Question 8

Q8. the number of federally recognized tribes is…

Answer 8

over 500

Question 9

Q9. in the study of values and depression among northern plains Indian youth by Mosseau et al. (2014) presented in class……… were the strongest protective factor against depression

Answer 9

individual tradition values

Question 10

Q10. in the Kaufman et al. (2013) study on depression in two American Indian tribes presented in class,……… was associated with depression when it was not culturally typical

Answer 10

hunting and fishing

Question 11

Q11. in Gones (2009) community-based treatment for Native American historical trauma, the consequence of personal pain for natives is:

Answer 11

addiction

Question 12

Q12. according to sue and zane (1987), a therapist may save face by:

Answer 12

providing the client with a gift in some form

Question 13

Q13. results of an expressive writing experiment by Lu and Stanton (2010) indicate that physical illness symptoms can be reduced for Asian Americans by:

Answer 13

cognitive reappraisal

Question 14

Q14. according to the Hong (2013) article in the lecture, in order to get an asian American client to learn about emotions , a therapist might have the client…

Answer 14

experience emotions without expressing them

Question 15

Japanese American incarceration WWII

Answer 15

• largest act of discrimination by the US
  -jap American agricultural productivity was an economic threat to white farmers
  -120,000 incarcerated. 2/3 of these were citizens
• said to be a national security threat. even tho there was no act committed as threat
  -all japs on the west coast were jailed as well as very few in Hawaii
  -at this time US was in a war with Germany and Italy but they weren’t jailed
  -ironic; japs were recruited to fight in the way
  -took 35 years for US to apologize to those jailed for no good reason
  -later rewarded survivors of the camps 20,000
  in 2008 Oregon and Washington gave those who were former students their degrees, but many had already died

Question 16

fulfilling or violating stereotypes

Answer 16

• asian men seen as less masculine than blacks and whites. always perceived as feminine
• even in LGBTQ community they are seen as passive, dependent , unmasculine, and unattractive
• white gay men are seen as more masculine than gay asians
• gay groups are primarily white, no asians
• those who are polite and modest are viewed positively
• they are also seen as unassertive and poor leaders
• if they talk about their accomplishments they are seen as arrogant and aggressive
• asians earn less money than whites with the same education and jobs
• asians are less likely to be manager or supervisors

Question 17

part two of asian stereotypes

Answer 17

• interpersonal deficits; boring, bad tippers and wacky
• intelligence; smart in math
• intense diligence; strong work ethic, intense concern about work or studies
• unflattering physical attributes ; short, unattractive, slanted eyes
• physical ability distortions; unathletic, physically weak, knowing kung fu
• perpetual foreigner: strong accent, sticking to asian culture and friends
• sexual / romantic inadequacies ; sexual inabilities, bad at relationships
• most common self-percieed were intelligence and interpersonal deficits. least common; sexual inadequacies , perpetual foreigner and intense diligence

Question 18

loss of face

Answer 18

when someone in an interdependent culture fails to live up to their perspired social role

• moral rep is preserved by performance of social roles (such as wife, father, child, student , employee etc)
• face not gained by achievement
• can be lost by violating social norm that brings shame to family or community
• whenever someone confesses TO SOMEONE they have depression or they can’t fulfill their role, they lose face
• a positive thing of loss of face: impulse control . for example less likely to be sexually aggressive
• negative: anxiety and lower likelihood of seeking help , depression

Question 19

model minority myth and psychological distress

Answer 19

• more successful than any other race
• stronger values in work and achievements
• the idea that asians are more successful is “divide and conquer” such as if you are successful you shouldn’t feel sorry for those who aren’t.
• whites accept the success of an asian more rather than a black person
• some asians are smarter than others but schools dont know bc they think they’re all smart
• in the 1965 immigration act, required to have people migrate with an occupation , and many asians already had their own occupation so they did not face many hardships when it came to overcoming discrimination to become successful

Question 20

part two of model minority
: achievement orientation
and unrestricted mobility

Answer 20

two factors identified:

• achievement orientation; belief in the myth that asian Americans are more successful, more motivated to succeed, work harder than other groups
• unrestricted mobility; belief in the that they are treated fairly, dont experience prejudice, racism, discrimination or work barriers
• positive aspect; enhance success
• THE TWO FACTORS; ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATION AND UNRESTRICTED MOBILITY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS
• why? bc they feel pressured to succeed
• whites do not like asians who have unrestricted mobility bc they believe they have to compete for resources.
• these factors, although may seem positive, result negatively towards asians bc they are a successful group
• asians could not have unrestricted mobility bc whites dont like them being as successful as them
• although they are successful, they are paid less than whites
• they are limited to housing, they have high rates of intermarriage with whites.
• underrepresented among registered to vote, and they actually vote. they think bc politicians dont target asians
• whites do not see them as equals
• they use them as convenience for statistics , money, etc

Question 21

effects of the firewater myth

Answer 21

stereotype that native Americans are sensitive to the effects of alcohol and vulnerable to alcohol problems bc of biological or genetic differences between themselves and other groups.
-the genetic contribution of alcohol problems is no different from other ethnic groups
-genetic of effects on alcohol use may be mediated by environmental factors such as family history
-no biological risk for alcohol among native Americans , the firewater myth however, may influence drinking
-they have a belief that they have A) genetic vulnerability to problems of alcohol and B) metabolize alcohol differently than non natives.
C) they feel the effects of alcohol more than whites
-its harmful for them, they should never drink
-more likely to be born with a tendency to develop alcohol problems
- the problem with this myth is that they think its genetic when in reality it can be fixed if they stopped drinking

Question 22

health effects of boarding school

Answer 22

• the government withheld food from families who refused to send their children to boarding school
• parents felt guilt if they couldn’t prevent their children from going
• religion was mandatory, native religion was seen as uncivil
• boy had industrial arts class while girls had domestic classes
• kids were physically punished for display of traditional culture
• motto: “kill the Indian and save the man”
• sexual abuse occurred
• diseases bc of overcrowded schools
• those who attended boarding schools had worse health than those who didn’t
• those who attended boarding schools had lower socioeconomic status which restricted their access to health care
• greater depression
• federal policy outlawed native religion and spirituality which may have been associated with alcohol abuse
• christian churches worked with US gov. to “civilize” natives by attempting to convert to christianity

Question 23

the effects of stylized images of Pocahontas

Answer 23

-reduced self-esteem for both men and women
-in the movie her body image was that of a young adult with the ideal white body
-the actual Pocahontas was 10 years old. the fake image of her is what affected people
-80% of native Americans are discriminated
this is associated with anger and distress

Question 24

participation in traditional spiritual activities and historical loss

Answer 24

• native cultural identification is associated with greater distress!!
• traditional spiritual activities include; healer, doing, funeral, medicine, advice from spiritual advisor , drum group etc
• historical loss; loss of land, loss of language , loss of family ties BC OF boarding / residential schools
• probs with depression , anxiety and anger
• spiritual activities; racial discrimination and thoughts of historical loss which in turn were associated with psychological probs

Question 25

gender differences in the effects of nativity (being born in the US) and English proficiency on prevalence of mental disorders

Answer 25

-English proficiency was associated with disorders for asian MEN.
WOMEN who were born outside of US were less likely to have depression, anxiety etc than those who have.
- women; 2 generation at high risk for lifetime and 12 month prevalence of disorders
-MEn; those who had higher level of English proficiency generally had lower rates of lifetime and 12 month depressive , anxiety and psychiatric disorders
-gender is an important factor to look at

Question 26

suicide rates among subgroups of asian Americans relative to other groups

Answer 26

asian Americans tend to have lower rates of suicide than whites

• they have 3.2% of suicidal thoughts
• lifetime prevalence of 8.6% for suicidal ideation and 2.5% of attempts
• another source found, 13.5% lifetime prevalence ideation and 4.6% of attempts
• studies show they may be at higher risk of suicide
• older asian women were at higher risk of suicide than other subgroups
• they scored the highest of suicidal or death ideation (56.8%) while africans were lowest at 27%
• US born asian WOMEN have higher rates of suicide than US born men

Question 27

cultural bias in the conceptualizations of mental disorders

Answer 27

some disorders that are very frequent in other countries are not so common in the US. so because of this, the DSM took them out on the belief that it was basically the definition of depression. so Chinese Americans may not be diagnosed properly bc their therapist failed to know this.
-if some conditions are not common, they are not put into DSM

Question 28

reasons for asian Americans underutilization of mental health services

Answer 28

• part of it is delaying the seek of help by choosing medical services and informal alternatives instead of mental health professionals
• cultural factors that act as deterrents to service use; such as stigma, shame, and lack of service providers who speak their language
• third generation of asians sought professional help compared to first generation
• they did a study to test if they were just healthier but the study showed they still underutilized their resources no matter what
• its against their cultural values

Question 29

treatment preferences of African American women

Answer 29

-prefer AACBT which is adapted

Question 30

Khyal and anxiety in Cambodian refugees

Answer 30

Khyal: fear that involved disruption of a winglike substance from traveling through the vessels of the body, believed to be dangerous and potentially life threatening

• blockage of wind such as muscular tension, joint pain, fatigue, abdominal sensations and dizziness
• they did not challenge this belief, they provided an alternative label and explanation for these symptoms to distinguish between trauma anxiety symptoms and the wind

Question 31

effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy vs. interpersonal therapy for depression among Puerto Rican teens 48-49

Answer 31

both have been helpfull for them
-CBT; a didactic format that decreases stigma and promotes education about sysmptoms and the therapeutic process. B) it also a directive and active intervention from an expert C: an orientation focused o the present D) problem solving approach that provides concrete solutions and techniques for dealing with problems E) alternatives to interpersonal problems via assertiveness training , role playing and other exercises
INTERPERSONAL; focuses in treatment on interpersonal conflicts and the importance of family relationships and social interactions, aspects that embody the latino values familismo and personalismo
-CBT showed greater reduction of depression than IPT although they both yielded good results
-this might be so bc they prefer a group rather than individuals for money reasons

Question 32

addressing trauma in treatments for native Americans

51

Answer 32

(H)onoring (c)hildren and (M)ending the (C)ircle these incorporated AI/AN views of well being and input from various sources(with sources such as tribal leadership and community programs )

• it included tribal concepts, such as extended family,
• beliefs about the sacred symbol of the circle
• and interconnectedness between spirituality and healing
• the center of the model was surrounded by emotional, rational, mental and physical dimensions
• the way it worked; having the therapist and Native American family identify the method for telling the trauma story. this exposed the participant while using cognitive processing and restructuring techniques