exam 2

Question 1

methods for assessing race and ethnicity

Answer 1

single item test (most common) which means a person chooses a category.

• occasionally they can choose more than one
• not equivalent to any specific behaviors, traits, or biological or environmental conditions

Question 2

assessment of race and ethnicity should address

Answer 2

• natality
• subjective identification
• behavioral expressions of identity
• situational or contextual influences

Question 3

natality

Answer 3

where one and ones ancestors were born, which is objective info

Question 4

subject identification

Answer 4

of ethnic or racial identity may or may not coincide with natality . a person could be born in the US but identify with an ancestral ethnic or racial group

Question 5

behavioral expressions

Answer 5

identity may or may not correspond to natality and subjective identification.
-EX: a person may engage in ancestral cultural customs (religious ceremonies) bc of family or peer pressure, but not be subjectively identified with the group.

Question 6

situational or contextual opportunities

Answer 6

opportunities for subjective identification and behavioral expressions of identity may depend on this
-EX: a person may not develop a subjective identification with a group in the absence of other members of the group. similarly, one who has a strong subjective identification with a group may live in a situation in which there are not opportunities for behavioral expression (cultural festivals)

Question 7

the most commonly used measure of ethnic and racial identity

Answer 7

individual self report

-usually do not capture the fluid, contextual nature of ethnic and racial identity

Question 8

Priming

Answer 8

method of activating identity from the social cognition field

• exposure to relevant cues activates an ethnic of racial meaning system in persons, which affects their social judgments and other behaviors
• EX: ethnic identity primes (questionnaire about generational status, non-english language use) have been found to facilitate asian American womens math performance relative to women who received gender identity primes
• priming ethnic identity boosted math performance bc of stereotypes about good math performance among asians whereas priming gender identity decreased math performance bc of stereotypes about poor math performance among women

Question 9

stereotypes

Answer 9

can be positive or negative;

asian Americans being stereotyped as having math skills can backfire by creating undue performance pressure

Question 10

As discussed in class, Stanley Sue has contended that psychological science has focused more on….. Than….

Answer 10

Internal…external validity

Question 11

Determining the consistency of the factor structure of a personality inventory across cultural groups would be a test of ….

Answer 11

Metric equivalence

Question 12

Stress is found to be associated with substance abuse for mexican americans in the US but not for mexican immigrants to the US place of birth is a….

Answer 12

Moderator of the association between stress and substance abuse

Question 13

Which of the following is a reason for the increase in psychopathology in the US over the past several decades according to Twenge et. al (2010)?

Answer 13

Money

Question 14

Based on the MMPI meta-analytic ethnic differences study presented in class

Answer 14

African Americans and European Americans exhibited about the same levels of psychopathology

Question 15

A test identifies chinese american women as under assertive, yet this is not seen as a problem in chinese american communities. This is most likely an example of:

Answer 15

Inappropriate application

Question 16

When there is a small number of ethnic minorities (e.g., African Americans and Latinos) in a research sample, researchers most commonly

Answer 16

Combine them

Question 17

Based on the lecture, although they claim to be consistent with eastern cultural principles, dialectical behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy have a stronger focus on the self than expected

Answer 17

answer on front side of card

Question 18

According to the hall et al (2016) meta-analysis presented in class, culturally-adapted treatments:

Answer 18

Are more effective than non-adapted interventions

Question 19

In the neuroimaging study presented in class, the brain response that indicated personal relevance was in the

Answer 19

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 20

According to the case study of the 13 year old chinese american who had broken into a school and stolen items, the effective treatment involved

Answer 20

Playing chess

Question 21

“Face” saved by:

Answer 21

A focus in external problems such as family or work issues

Question 22

Ethnic matching resulted in…

Answer 22

more therapy except for Latinx Americans

Question 23

ARG against adaptations

Answer 23

No evidence that non-adapted interventions are ineffective with diverse groups

Question 24

Jessica Dere suggests

Answer 24

Developing hypothesis and questions

Question 25

a construct

Answer 25

a variable of interest assessed with multiple measures.
-for example ; the construct of intelligence might be assessed via a combo of performance on a cognitive test, grades in school, a measure of verbal skills and a measure of social skills

Question 26

Construct: conceptual equivalence

Answer 26

whether the construct has the same meaning across groups
-ex; the construct of alexithymia involves difficulty in identifying emotions and distinguishing them from bodily sensations in combo with difficulty in communicating emotions to others

Question 27

Construct: linguistic equivalence

Answer 27

whether a translated test of a construct has a similar meaning to the original test. an optimal approach to linguistic equivalence would be to simultaneously develop a measure in multiple cultures but this approach is rare.
-to achieve this , a test is translated from one language to a foreign language. after translation is made its translated back to original language to make sure the translation was done correctly

Question 28

construct: metric equivalence

Answer 28

whether the same score on a test has the same meaning for one ethnic group as it does for another.

Question 29

another measurement issue pertinent to persons of color involves

Answer 29

response style

Question 30

more likely to make socially desirable responses

Answer 30

black, hispanic, asians. more than whites

Question 31

personality scores for ethnic minorities vs whites

Answer 31

no significant difference

Question 32

factor analysis

Answer 32

involves the identification of correlated test items that cluster into factors. if the same test factors are found for multiple groups, the test is assumed to have metric equivalence for these groups

Question 33

the big five personality factors

Answer 33

neuroticism
extraversion
openness to experience
agreeableness 
conscientiousness

Question 34

asians had lower scores than whites on

Answer 34

extraversion
conscientiousness
openness
and high on neuroticism

Question 35

the 5 factor was weaker among asian men

Answer 35

less acculturated to western culture and more concerned about East Asian value of loss of face

Question 36

even when CONCEPTIONAL and METRIC equivalence exist for a construct, there not necessarily

Answer 36

FUNCTIONAL equivalence

Question 37

functional equivalence

Answer 37

addresses whether the same behavior elicits the same reaction across groups
ex: verbal participation om classroom discussions and the ability to think aloud is valued by many professors and for some is equated with intelligence

Question 38

functional equivalence

Answer 38

addresses whether the same behavior elicits the same reaction across groups
ex: verbal participation om classroom discussions and the ability to think aloud is valued by many professors and for some is equated with intelligence.
talking while thinking is helpful for whites but not for asians

Question 39

the key to differentially diagnosing cultural normative vs psychopathological behavior

Answer 39

whether the behavior is common in a cultural group and not maladaptive

Question 40

two analytic issues

Answer 40

moderation
meditation
-can help in the determination of psychological bases of ethnic differences

Question 41

moderator

Answer 41

a categorical variable that is associated with different outcomes based on ones status on the variable
-they help identify when an effect occurs

Question 42

mediator

Answer 42

a third variable that serves as the vehicle through which one variable influences a second variable
-it explains why an effect occurs

Question 43

grounded theory

Answer 43

a well established qualitative research approach.
-it focuses on long interviews lasting from one to three hours
-open to discovery
# of participants and questions emerge over the course of the process
-interviewing ends when the researcher decides that adding additional participants will not add new knowledge to the data patterns
-Goal is to develop a new theory based on the experiences of the participants