exam 3

Question 1

Supreme Court decision of affirmative action

Answer 1

a white woman was denied admission to a law school. she sued claiming they discriminated her for being white. the Supreme Court decision in 2003 allowed the consideration of race in a college admissions process to achieve a diverse student body.
-despite that it is a conservative Supreme Court, they still upheld affirmative action

Question 2

Johnny Henryism

Answer 2

an active coping strategy used by African American men to cope with racist environments

• it is characterized by persistence and a belief that, with enough hard work, one can overcome the demands of the environment
• consistent with the Y. Wong et al (2017) meta-analysis, masculine self reliance was associated with depression among a sample of adult African American men
• this self reliance may isolate them and make them depressed
• John henryism; with the persistence and optimism may reduce the depressive effects

Question 3

Q1. the founders of psychology before 1990`

Answer 3

regarded African American behavior as inferior to that of whites

Question 4

African American women and leadership

Answer 4

they possess self/ethnic pride in site of intersectional oppression involves positive feelings about being a woman and African American and not being defined by others.
-they embrace that being a woman involves having multiple roles and expectations
-multiple roles allow for competence in multiple domains such as father, mother, caretaker and leader
-

Question 5

PART TWO of African American women and leadership

Answer 5

anchored by religion/ spirituality; it serves as a strength and coping with adversity

• religion involves outward practices
• spirituality is an inward personal experience
• because they have more roles, they are less gender role stereotyped than white women
• they are more ANDROGYNOUS (share masculine and feminine characteristics) than other ethnic groups

Question 6

PART THREE. androgynous

Answer 6

benefits: -higher self esteem
- lower anxiety and depression
- fewer eating disorders
- better body image
- better health practices

Question 7

PART 4:

Answer 7

both the agentic and nurturing aspects of African American women’s behavior may be valued as LEADERSHIP skills

Question 8

Q2. which of the following is associated with lower (negatively correlated with) psychological distress Among African Americans in the Lee and Ahn (2013) meta-analysis on racial/ethnic identity and racial socialization

Answer 8

public regard

Question 9

communal leaders

Answer 9

encouraging and compassionate

Question 10

dominant leaders

Answer 10

demanding and assertive

Question 11

African American women were rated leaders

Answer 11

whether they were dominant or communal

• these patterns were similar for white men
• white women and black men were rated leaders when they were communal.

Question 12

sexual orientaation and religousity

Answer 12

attending religious service and activities was associated with better well being

• associated with political conservatism
• African Americans tend to be both more religious and politically liberal than white Americans
• negative aspect of religion is homophobia which is prejudice against sexual minority people
• some religiosity was associated with gay affirmation
• homonegativity

Question 13

sexual minority men and women experience homophobia in the black community

Answer 13

provide social support so they can conceal their sexual orientation in church to avoid homonegativity

• the church may deter them from attending church
• gay African American men tend church once a month or less but yet they consider themselves highly religious

Question 14

religious Fatih; a form of resiliency

Answer 14

internalized homonegativity was negatively associated with resiliency , the ability to handle changes or misfortunes in their lives

• religious faith interacted with homonegativity
• those who reported high internalized homonegativity, better resilience was associated with higher religious faith
• personal contact could be a method of churches to agree more

Question 15

immigrant and US born latinx population characteristics

Answer 15

1970s: federal government began to use the term hispanic for census and federal program purposes
- chinos view themselves as outsiders to both mainstream US and Mexican cultures.
- latinx Americans who have a pan ethnic latinx American identity tend to be female, more educated, born in the US, involved in politics, and to perceive discrimination
- about 55% are Roman Catholics
- 24% former catholics
- latinx Americans can be from any racial group

Question 16

Q3. based on the Hurd et al. (2013) study presented in class, low private regard is most strongly associated with higher depression among African Americans in neighborhoods where they are:

Answer 16

the minority

Question 17

Q4. in the Bors et al (2018) study, presented in class, police shootings of …… resulted in significantly poor mental health for African Americans

Answer 17

unarmed African Americans

Question 18

Q5. which of the following is NOT a cause of African Americans anxiety disorders according to the Hunter and Schmidt (2010) review presented in class?

Answer 18

risk taking

Question 19

Q6. in a meta-analytic study presented in class on body satisfaction among African American and white women by Roberts et al. (2006):

Answer 19

african American women were most satisfied than white women

Question 20

Q7. most latinx Americans are

Answer 20

ethnically Mexican

Question 21

Q8. the “immigrant paradox” is that :

Answer 21

immigrants are healthier than those born in the US

Question 22

PART TWO: immigrant and US born latinx population characteristics

Answer 22

-large group of latinx having African ancestry and European ancestry
-Mestizos: spanish/indian ancestry
Mulattos: spanish/african ancestry
race is a problematic concept, rather ethnicity is more useful.
form relationships on the basis of ethnicity
-make up 17.6%, the largest nonwhite group in the country
-mexicans make up the most part 67%

Question 23

Q9. in the Calzada et al. (2014) study of Mexican and Dominican immigrant families presented in class, familismo was most beneficial for:

Answer 23

low acculturated families

Question 24

Q10. in the study of parenting behavior and ethnic identity among latino/a adolescents by Umana-Taylor and Guimond (2010) …….. was consistently positively associated with ethnic identity (exploration, resolution, affirmation)

Answer 24

familial ethnic socialization

Question 25

machismo

Answer 25

negative: machismo associated with homophobia
- at greater risk than whites for PTSD following a traumatic event
- restricted emotions

Question 26

+ and - aspects of caballerismo

Answer 26

• nurturance, chivalrous, honor, bravery, social responsibility and emotional connectedness
• caballero and machismo and not mutually exclusive. and may have both characteristics
• heterosexual men and gay men endorse caballerismo more than machismo
• mexican men are characterized as nurturing and respectful rather than dominant and sexist

Question 27

Q11. in the zeiders et al (2013) study on discrimination and self-esteem among latino adolescents

Answer 27

self-esteem increased over time for both males and females

Question 28

Q12. in the Brittian et al (2015) study on discrimination, ethnic identity and psychopathology among latino/a college students, perceived ethnic discrimination led to:

Answer 28

expiration of ethnic identity

Question 29

PART TWO : + and - aspects of caballerismo

Answer 29

associated with awareness of feelings (negatively associated with alexithymia) and practical problem-solving

• found to be associated with positive academic attitudes (motivation) which were in turn associated with higher academic aspirations among adolescent Mexican American males in Texas
• not mutually exclusive
• high self esteem when have both machismo and caballerismo
• NOT significantly correlated with PTSD and internalized homophobia in study of gay mexican American men
• associated with a greater tendency to experience anger when provoked bc their honor may be threaten which causes their anger

Question 30

latinx parenting styles

Answer 30

familismo: dedication, commitment, and loyalty to family
- provides its members with emotional and material support
- European parents are more permissive and neglectful , authoritative and authoritarian . not seen in Mexicans
- mexicans are protective demanding, low autonomy granting and warmth and showing their children respect

Question 31

Q. 13 in the lee and ahn (2012) meta-analysis of the effects of discrimination on latinos discussed in class,…….. was associated with lower discrimination, lower depression , and lower anxiety

Answer 31

acculturation

Question 32

the effects of familismo on college students mental health

Answer 32

• family obligations such as working to support the family
• for men, familismo has a role in their intentions to stay in college
• parents encourage children to stay in college
• family as a source of support
• family as a referent (much of what a son or daughter does should be done to please the parents)
• family support (live near family to spend time)
• family interconnectedness ( a person should often do activities with their family)
• family honor (feel ashamed if they dishonor family )
• subjugation of self (should always respect older brothers and sister regardless of different views
• familismo contributed to better mental health

Question 33

Q.14 according to the costantino et al (2009) study of mental health services for older latino/a clients, cultural competence

Answer 33

was associated with improvements that lasted 6 months

Question 34

definition of disparities

Answer 34

differences in treatment provided to members of different racial or ethnic groups that are not justified by underlying (mental) health conditions or preferences

Question 35

rates of mental health services use by African Americans and the general population

Answer 35

• greater mental illness-induced “disease burden” than white Americans and subsequent developments highlight mental illness’s contribution to disease burden worldwide
• segun, there cannot be health without mental health
• lower treatment rates for African American populations –along with greater exposure to adverse life circumstances and their resulting more severe and disabling mental illness , contribute to africans greater mental illness related disability
• mentally ill African Americans are unlikely to be treated
• 41% of persons with DSM were treated compared to only 31.9% of africans were.
• high society treatments are not found in African Americans as much as in white Americans
• treatment disparities for black vs white from 2000 -2001 it was 8% different and 2003-2004 9%
• the impact of this disparity has largely to do with the access to treatment and its lower quality

Question 36

definition of minimally adequate treatment and rates at which it is received among whites and African Americans

Answer 36

15. 8% percent of whites lack health insurance and 21% of africans lack coverage
    - 27.1% of African Americans are covered by medicaid
16. 7% of whites are covered by medicaid (insurance for poor people)

Question 37

three reasons that the affordable care act may not work for african Americans

Answer 37

1. “universal coverage” and disparity reduction arises bc the SCofUS struck a blow to the ACAs proposed expansion of medicaid. their reason: expansion cannot be mandated only voluntary state by state
2. frequently encountered disparity in “uptake” of insurance plan benefits when they are made available to African Americans and whites. uptake problem is that africans don’t take advantage of this
   - ACA requires everyone to have insurance and if africans don’t get it then they can be affected
3. insurance coverage expansion toward universal coverage might not eliminate treatment access disparities is that the insurance coverage promotes mental health treatment less for African Americans than it does for whites

Question 38

prevalence rates of mental disorders among different latino groups. 3 different findings

Answer 38

1. latino Americans as an overall group (29.7%) and Mexicans as the largest subtonic group (36.7%), were found to have significantly lower lifetime prevalence rates of any mental disorder than non-latino whites. they think its bc the close-knit families
2. the lifetime prevalence rate for any disorder vary significantly across latino subgroups from PR (37.4%), M(29.5%) C(28.2%) and other 27%
3. the immigrant or nativity “effect” is observed for latinos with any lifetime disorder (23.8% for foreign born and 36.8% for US born)

Question 39

nativity “effect” among Mexican Americans , Puerto Rican Americans and cubans 512-513

Answer 39

when the latino subgroups are disaggregated the immigrant or nativity effect is not consistently observed for PR and C

• the importance of the differential social and historical contexts associated with the latino subgroups
• Mexicans are more likely to have recurrent major depressive episodes compared to non latino whites
• PR they have higher prevalence rates of major depression and more chronic conditions than whites. but the quality of life does not differ from whites

Question 40

ethnic differences in case management services for schizophrenia

Answer 40

prevalence rates for PR 1.6 and 0.4 for Mexicans just LA

• less likely than whites to receive case management services: Latinos 19%, African 17%,
• disproportionate underuse of case management services by Spanish speakers.
• findings demonstrate that ethnic minority status and language moderate the receipt of mental health care for those with schizophrenia . especially latinos who are Spanish speaking, they are markedly underserved compared to whites
• latinos , Spanish speaking, make less use of case management services; the magnitude of this disparity may be even greater given that latinos , especially Mexicans, tend not to make use of mental health care

Question 41

emotional over-involvement , criticism , and relapse among mexican American schizophrenia

Answer 41

• following hospitalization, ill relatives who return to households in which their relatives are highly critical or emotionally over-involved, AKA expressed emotion (EE) ar more likely to relapse than those who return with no EE
• EE is the highest indicator of relapse