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Marine Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chordate characteristics

A

Hollow dorsal nerve chord; gill slits; notochord (support); post anal tail

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2
Q

Vertebrates have the 4 chordate characteristics and….

A

Backbone/ vertical column

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3
Q

Myomeres

A

Bands of muscles that contract for moving in fish

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4
Q

Three groups of fish

A

Bony, cartilaginous, jawless

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5
Q

Lampreys vs hagfish

A

Lamps attach to fishes and suck their blood; hagfish eat dead stuff or burrow into things, have mucus glands

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6
Q

Placoderms

A

Armored, extinct, prehistoric fish

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7
Q

Cartilaginous skeleton; no rib cage; placoid scales; no swim bladder; exposed gills; large oil filled liver; ventral mouth; heterocercal caudal fins; more posterior pelvic fin; low pectoral fins.

A

Lighter and more flexible than bone; super flexible cause no robs; tiny pointed scales, same comp as teeth; use liver for buoyancy cause no swim bladder; mouth below head; upper tail is larger than lower tail;

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8
Q

Examples of cartilaginous fish

A

Shark ray chimera

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9
Q

Buoyancy in Cart vs bone fish

A

Oil liver vs swim bladder

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10
Q

Placoid scales vs ctenoid scales vs cycloid scales

A

Placoid: cart fish, pointy
Ctenoid: bone fish, tiny spines for exposed borders
Cycloid: bone fish, smooth
Both c scales overlap and are flexible

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11
Q

Why are shark teeth cool

A

Conveyor belt

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12
Q

Spiracle; clasper; spiral valve

A

Small holes behind each eye for cart fish, first pair of gills so they can breathe wild underground; copulatory organs, clasp into female; spiral part for cart fish of intestine to increase inner surface area

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13
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini; nictitating membranes

A

Detects weak electrical fields in cart fish (in the head); reduce brightness in eye while feeding (some sharks).

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14
Q

Two types of bony fish

A

We will get ere

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15
Q

Operculum; homocercal caudal fins; high pectoral fins; more anterior pelvic fin

A

Gill cover; same size up and low tail;

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16
Q

Fusiform; laterally compressed; depressed; eel like

A

Torpedo shape; flat; depressed; looks like an eel

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17
Q

Chromatophore; countrrshadong; warning coloration; cryptic coloration; disruptive coloration; eye spot

A

Colored pigment cells; light bellies, dark backs; I’m bright and poisonous so don’t eat me; camouflage; hard to tell where the outline of the fish is; my eye is over here

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18
Q

Herbivores have long intestines becauseeeee

A

It’s harder to digest plant material! :D

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19
Q

Cloaca vs separate anus and urogenital opening

A

Poop pee and sex stuff out of same opening; pee and sex stuff separate from poop

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20
Q

Marine fish circulatory system

A

No O2 blood goes in one chamber, goes to other one, goes to gills to get O2, goes to body through arteries (big) then capillaries (small). Repeat process

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21
Q

Respiratory system, bone vs cart

A

Operculum and mouth open and close at opposite times for bony fish; cart fish (sharks) basically just swim all the time to force water down their mouth

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22
Q

Gill arches; gill filaments; gill rakers; lamellae

A

Support; 2 per arch; prevent stuff from getting in gills; thin plates with capillaries to get more oxygen (really increase surface area)

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23
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

Water and blood flow opposite direction, gets more O2

24
Q

Hemoglobin, myoglobin

A

Protein that carries O2 in blood; store O2 in muscles

25
Q

Osmoregulation bone vs cart

A

Less salty blood, swallows and pees; just as salty as water, has urea (chem controlled by kidneys)

26
Q

Lateral line; ampullae of lorenzini

A

Detect vibrations; detect weak electrical fields

27
Q

Barbels

A

Whiskers with taste buds on them

28
Q

Neuromast

A

Sensory cells on the lateral line

29
Q

Why to school

A

Protection feeding mating swim efficiency

30
Q

Anadromous vs catadromous

A

Migrate to fresh water to breed; migrate to salt water to breed

31
Q

Simultaneous vs sequential hermaphrodites

A

Make egg and sperm at the same time; change sexes under certain conditions

32
Q

Reproductive strat

A

Cart internal, bone external

33
Q

Oviparous; ovoviporous; viviparous

A

Spawn eggs; internal eggs; embryo absorbs nutrients thru moms reproductive tract

34
Q

4 classes of air breathing tetrapods

A

Amphibia Aves (birds) reptilia mammalia

35
Q

Bodies hypotonic to sea water

A

Sea water tries to get in

36
Q

Are amphibians strictly terrestrial

A

No; they absolutely need water to lay their eggs

37
Q

Major reptile characteristics

A

Dry skin with scales; eggs with leathery shells; air breathing

38
Q

Ichthyosaur

A

Extinct reptile

39
Q

4 groups of living marine reptiles

A

Sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguana, American/ saltwater crocodiles

40
Q

Sea snake reproduction

A

Ovoviviparous; give birth to love young; males have two copilatory organs

41
Q

Sea turtle life cycle

A

Born on beach swim to ocean

42
Q

Why sea turtle hatchlings are basically screwed

A

All sorts of predators, accidentally going the wrong way

43
Q

What are “turtle exclusion devices”

A

Things in nets that let turtles get out

44
Q

Major characteristics of marine birds

A

Flying (duh), waterproof feathers from oil gland above tail, hollow bones, hard egg shells

45
Q

What makes something a “seabird”

A

Spend most of their lives at sea and feed on marine stuff; most breed in large colonies

46
Q

How are penguins different?

A

They can’t fly, wowzers

47
Q

Shorebirds

A

Shorebirds wade a lot and don’t have webbed feet (ducks and the like)

48
Q

Sea mammals

A

Viviparous, mammary glands, placenta, super complicated brain

49
Q

The 4 orders of marine mammals

A

Pinnipeds (seals sea lions walrus)
Carnivora (sea otter polar bear)
Sirenia (manatees and dugong)
Cetaceans (whales dolphins porpoises)

50
Q

Sea lions vs seals

A

Sea lions have external ears and can walk on their rear flippers

51
Q

Cetacean characteristics

A

Blubber blowhole streamlined and breathe air

52
Q

Two suborders

A

Baleen and toothed whales

53
Q

Baleen

A

Flexible plates for teeth, made of keratin

54
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Evolve in same conditions so look similar; ex whales and fish

55
Q

Homologous structures

A

Came from common ancestor, different function

56
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Leftover stuff (pelvis in whales)

57
Q

International whaling commission

Marine mammal protection act 1972

A

Set Quito’s for whales

Can’t hunt any marine mammals in us waters or buy products from them

Marine Biology (3 decks)

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