Exam 4 Flashcards
Chordate characteristics
Hollow dorsal nerve chord; gill slits; notochord (support); post anal tail
Vertebrates have the 4 chordate characteristics and….
Backbone/ vertical column
Myomeres
Bands of muscles that contract for moving in fish
Three groups of fish
Bony, cartilaginous, jawless
Lampreys vs hagfish
Lamps attach to fishes and suck their blood; hagfish eat dead stuff or burrow into things, have mucus glands
Placoderms
Armored, extinct, prehistoric fish
Cartilaginous skeleton; no rib cage; placoid scales; no swim bladder; exposed gills; large oil filled liver; ventral mouth; heterocercal caudal fins; more posterior pelvic fin; low pectoral fins.
Lighter and more flexible than bone; super flexible cause no robs; tiny pointed scales, same comp as teeth; use liver for buoyancy cause no swim bladder; mouth below head; upper tail is larger than lower tail;
Examples of cartilaginous fish
Shark ray chimera
Buoyancy in Cart vs bone fish
Oil liver vs swim bladder
Placoid scales vs ctenoid scales vs cycloid scales
Placoid: cart fish, pointy
Ctenoid: bone fish, tiny spines for exposed borders
Cycloid: bone fish, smooth
Both c scales overlap and are flexible
Why are shark teeth cool
Conveyor belt
Spiracle; clasper; spiral valve
Small holes behind each eye for cart fish, first pair of gills so they can breathe wild underground; copulatory organs, clasp into female; spiral part for cart fish of intestine to increase inner surface area
Ampullae of Lorenzini; nictitating membranes
Detects weak electrical fields in cart fish (in the head); reduce brightness in eye while feeding (some sharks).
Two types of bony fish
We will get ere
Operculum; homocercal caudal fins; high pectoral fins; more anterior pelvic fin
Gill cover; same size up and low tail;
Fusiform; laterally compressed; depressed; eel like
Torpedo shape; flat; depressed; looks like an eel
Chromatophore; countrrshadong; warning coloration; cryptic coloration; disruptive coloration; eye spot
Colored pigment cells; light bellies, dark backs; I’m bright and poisonous so don’t eat me; camouflage; hard to tell where the outline of the fish is; my eye is over here
Herbivores have long intestines becauseeeee
It’s harder to digest plant material! :D
Cloaca vs separate anus and urogenital opening
Poop pee and sex stuff out of same opening; pee and sex stuff separate from poop
Marine fish circulatory system
No O2 blood goes in one chamber, goes to other one, goes to gills to get O2, goes to body through arteries (big) then capillaries (small). Repeat process
Respiratory system, bone vs cart
Operculum and mouth open and close at opposite times for bony fish; cart fish (sharks) basically just swim all the time to force water down their mouth
Gill arches; gill filaments; gill rakers; lamellae
Support; 2 per arch; prevent stuff from getting in gills; thin plates with capillaries to get more oxygen (really increase surface area)
Countercurrent flow
Water and blood flow opposite direction, gets more O2
Hemoglobin, myoglobin
Protein that carries O2 in blood; store O2 in muscles
Osmoregulation bone vs cart
Less salty blood, swallows and pees; just as salty as water, has urea (chem controlled by kidneys)
Lateral line; ampullae of lorenzini
Detect vibrations; detect weak electrical fields
Barbels
Whiskers with taste buds on them
Neuromast
Sensory cells on the lateral line
Why to school
Protection feeding mating swim efficiency
Anadromous vs catadromous
Migrate to fresh water to breed; migrate to salt water to breed
Simultaneous vs sequential hermaphrodites
Make egg and sperm at the same time; change sexes under certain conditions
Reproductive strat
Cart internal, bone external
Oviparous; ovoviporous; viviparous
Spawn eggs; internal eggs; embryo absorbs nutrients thru moms reproductive tract
4 classes of air breathing tetrapods
Amphibia Aves (birds) reptilia mammalia
Bodies hypotonic to sea water
Sea water tries to get in
Are amphibians strictly terrestrial
No; they absolutely need water to lay their eggs
Major reptile characteristics
Dry skin with scales; eggs with leathery shells; air breathing
Ichthyosaur
Extinct reptile
4 groups of living marine reptiles
Sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguana, American/ saltwater crocodiles
Sea snake reproduction
Ovoviviparous; give birth to love young; males have two copilatory organs
Sea turtle life cycle
Born on beach swim to ocean
Why sea turtle hatchlings are basically screwed
All sorts of predators, accidentally going the wrong way
What are “turtle exclusion devices”
Things in nets that let turtles get out
Major characteristics of marine birds
Flying (duh), waterproof feathers from oil gland above tail, hollow bones, hard egg shells
What makes something a “seabird”
Spend most of their lives at sea and feed on marine stuff; most breed in large colonies
How are penguins different?
They can’t fly, wowzers
Shorebirds
Shorebirds wade a lot and don’t have webbed feet (ducks and the like)
Sea mammals
Viviparous, mammary glands, placenta, super complicated brain
The 4 orders of marine mammals
Pinnipeds (seals sea lions walrus)
Carnivora (sea otter polar bear)
Sirenia (manatees and dugong)
Cetaceans (whales dolphins porpoises)
Sea lions vs seals
Sea lions have external ears and can walk on their rear flippers
Cetacean characteristics
Blubber blowhole streamlined and breathe air
Two suborders
Baleen and toothed whales
Baleen
Flexible plates for teeth, made of keratin
Convergent evolution
Evolve in same conditions so look similar; ex whales and fish
Homologous structures
Came from common ancestor, different function
Vestigial structure
Leftover stuff (pelvis in whales)
International whaling commission
Marine mammal protection act 1972
Set Quito’s for whales
Can’t hunt any marine mammals in us waters or buy products from them
