Exam 2 Flashcards
Basic Characteristics of living things
Organization Use energy Metabolism Homeostasis Reproduce Use nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Carbs- C H O Glucose is a simple sugar. Starch is chain of sugars, storage. Chitin acts as skeleton, cellulose as structure
Proteins
Made of amino acids (C H O N)
Enzymes catalyze
Some hormones (send messages) are proteins
Many purposes, like bioluminescence and antifreeze
Lipids
Fats oils waxes
Repel water and buoyancy
Nucleic Acids
Chains of nucleotides (sugar plus nitrogen base)
DNA
All genetic info = genome
RNA
ATP
Adenosine tri phosphate, energy
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Sun + CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2
Respiration is opposite
Primary production
Making more energy than needed, leftover for growth
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
No nucleus less complex and opposite
Surface area to volume ratio
Limits cell growth, smaller is better
Autotroph vs heterotrophs
Makes energy vs eating for energy
Organization of living things
Cell
Plankton
Organisms that drift in water
Benthic
Live on bottom
Nekton
Organisms that swim strongly enough to fight current
Diffusion
Things moving from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Passive vs active transport
Passive=diffusion
Active=movement across concentration gradient
Osmoconformer
Always same as water, live in narrow range
Hyper hypo and isotonic
Cell shrinks; cell explodes; cell same
Osmoregulator
Control internal concentration
Osmoregulation of fresh and salt water fish
Fresh: water goes through gills, gills absorb salt, dilute pee
Salt: drinks constantly, loses water through osmosis, small but salty pee
Ecto vs endotherm
Change heat with environment(cold) ; generate heat (warm)
Poikilo vs homeotherm
Changes with tempature of surroundings; same internal temperature
Asexual strategies
Mitosis-cell split
Fission- anemone split
Budding- grow off of parent
Sexual strategies
Broadcast spawn- throw gametes everywhere
Couple kids, lots o time
Hermaphrodite
Haploid and diploid
1 set of chromes and 2 sets of chromes
Why is sex awesome
Biological diversity
Evolution/natural selection
Change over time, weak dying
Binomial nomenclature and phylogeny
Genus species; evolutionary history
Domains and kingdoms
Bacteria-bacteria
Archaea- archaea
Eukarya- Protista, animailia, plantae, fungi
Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae. Blue phycocyanin, red phycoerythrin, green cholophyl
Stromatolites
Calcareous mounds made by Cyanobacteria
Nitrogen fixation
Turn N2 into ammonium
Epiphyte
Lives on plants
Endophyte
Lives in plants
Endolithic
Lives in rocks
3 symbiotic relationships
Parasitism one benefits, ones harmed
Commensalism one benefits, other not harmed
Mutualism both benefit
3 examples of symbiosis
Digest wood in shipworms
Bioluminescence
Chemosynthetic bacteria
Tetrodotoxin
Pufferfish toxin, made by bacteria, is a neurotoxin
Algae
Diverse, eukaryotic, Protista, simple
The world of diatoms
Phylum Bacillariophyta
Cell wall is called fustule, made of silica
Pigments: yellow and brown carotenoids
Produces domoic acid
Auxospores are mini versions of it after sexual reproduction
Causes blooms
Dead ones piled up makes diatomaceous ooze
Hypotheca
Lower frustule
Centric; pennate; epitheca
I don’t know
The world of dinoflagellates
Phylum dinophyta Cellulose plates Two flagella Produce and also eat Make really red blooms Cell division
Zooxanthellae
Golden brown symbiotic dinoflagellates
Silicoflagellates
Star shaped, uses for dating sediments, chrysophyta, two different length flagella
Coccolithophorids
Haptophyta, spherical, coccoliths are calcium carbonate buttons that make them up
Cryptophytes
Cryptophyta; two flagella, no skeleton, symbiotic relationship with chloroplast
Forams
Foraminifera; test (shell) of calcium carbonate; has pseudopodia which is extension of cytoplasm for eating; animal like; make limestone, benthic
Radiolarians
Radiolaria; planktonic; delicate silica skeletons; can make sausage shaped colonies; can make radiolarian ooze
Ciliates
Ciliophora; protozoan (animal like); many cilia (hair); tintinnids are common ciliates, they form loricas, which are loose vaselike tests
Fungi
Eukaryotic, uni or multicellular, form long filaments called hyphae, chitin in cell walls, decompose detritus
Lichen
Fungi symbiotically living with green algae or Cyanobacteria, fungi are structure, other part provides food
Other name for seaweed
Algae
Green algae
Chlorophyta; dominate place with wide salinity range; bays and rocky coasts; chlorophyll is pigment
4 forms of green algae
Filamentous; ulva; caulerpa;halimeda
Brown algae
Phaeophyta; fucoxanthin is primary pigment, yellow brown; temperate and rocky coasts; most diverse; rock weeds and kelps;
Red algae
Rhodophyta; phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin); shallow water; coralline algae deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls
Thallus; stipe; blade; holdfast; pneumatocyst
Body; stem; leaf; roots; gas bubble to lift blades
Leaf vs blade
Leaf has veins; the top and bottom of blades are the same
Roots vs holdfast
Roots absorb nutrients, holdfast only for structure. All of the algae absorbs nutrients through the water
Alternation of generations
Switch from sporophyte to gametophyte
Sporophyte; gametophyte; spore; gamete
2n;n; cells specialized for transportation; sex cells
Categorize the following:
Ulva, kelps, fucus, laminaria, sargassum, macrocystis, porphyra, corallina
Green: ulva
Brown: kelp, fucus, laminaria, maceocystis, sargassum
Red: porphyra, corallina
Phycocilloids
Use for algin; carageenan; agar
Gelatinous chemicals
Used for ice cream and dairy stabilizer and rubber products; also emulsifier, pudding; protect stuff for canning, laxative, grow bacteria
Flowering plants
Angiosperms; anthophyta or magnoliophyta; seagrasses; salt-marsh plants; mangroves
Seagrasses
Not actually grass; horizontal rhizomes (stems); water dispersed pollen; most are tropical, few cold; shallow water; eelgrass most widely distributed
Salt-Marsh plants
Cordgrasses; spartina; actually grass; not marine; above mudflats; can excrete salt; halophyte=salt tolerant
Mangroves
Trees and shrubs that live in tropical areas; can kinda tolerate salt; mangals= forest of them; not related; cannot be eaten well; very thick salt resistant leaves in red mangroves
