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Vertebrate Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Internal respiration

A

• Refers to metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which use O2 and produce CO2, while deriving energy from nutrient molecules

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2
Q

External respiration

A

• Refers to a sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body.

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3
Q

conducting zone

A

thick walled, move air from larynx to lungs, humidifies and warms air

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4
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange, thin walled

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5
Q

air flow =

A

(atmospheric pressure - alveolar pressure)/resistance (mechanical)

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6
Q

partial pressure of a gas =

A

total gas pressure x fractional composition of the one gas in the mixture

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7
Q

If atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg and N2 makes up 79% of the atmosphere and oxygen makes up 21%, then what are their partial atmospheric pressures?

A

600 mmHg and 160 mmHg

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8
Q

partial pressure of oxygen in systemic capillaries:

Partial pressure of oxygen in tissue cells:

A

100
40
so oxygen flows to tissues

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9
Q

partial pressure of CO2 in the systemic capillaries:

tissues:

A

40

46

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10
Q

Percentages
O2 dissolved in blood:
O2 bound to hemoglobin:

A
  1. 5%

98. 5%

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11
Q

Percentages:
CO2 dissolved in blood:
CO2 bound to hemoglobin:
CO2 as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

10
30
60

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12
Q

Hb + O2 =

A

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

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13
Q

CO2 + H20 =
what enzyme facilitates this reaction?
where does it take place?

A

carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
in the erythrocyte

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14
Q

after its formation, carbonic acid then dissociates into:

A

bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

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15
Q

• Hypoxia –

A

Condition of having insufficient O2 at the cell level

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16
Q

• Hyperoxia –

A

Condition of having an above-normal arterial PO2

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17
Q

• Hypercapnia –

A

Condition of having excess CO2 in arterial blood

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18
Q

• Hypocapnia –

A

Below normal arterial PCO2 levels

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19
Q

hyperoxia can only occur when:

A

breathing supplemental oxygen. cant happen from hyperventilation of atmospheric air

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20
Q

Hypercapnia is caused by

A

hypoventilation

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21
Q

hypocapnia is caused by

A

hyperventilation

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22
Q

main function of the kidneys:

A

fine tune blood

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23
Q

what are the main artery and vein of the kidneys?

A

renal artery and renal vein

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24
Q

where is the renal pelvis located?

A

at the medial inner core of each kidney

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25
Q

what are the ureters lined with/

A

smooth muscle

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26
Q

difference in urethra in males and females:

A

female: short and straight
male: long and curved

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27
Q

vascular pathway in the nephron:

starting with renal artery–>

A

afferent arteriole–>glomerulus–>efferent arteriole–>peritubular capillaries–>venules–>renal vein

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28
Q

the 3 basic renal processes:

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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29
Q

tubular reabsorption-

A

o Things leaving the tubule and entering the blood

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30
Q

tubular secretion-

A

o Things leaving the capillaries and entering the tubules

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31
Q

what percentage of plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered?

A

20%

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32
Q

fluid passes thru what 3 layers from the glomerulus to the bowmans capsule

A

capillary wall, basement membrane, inner layer of bowmans capsule

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33
Q

how is the glomerular capillary wall different from capillaries elsewhere?

A

it is more permeable to water and solutes

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34
Q

what is the basement membrane composed of?

A

collagen and glycoproteins

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35
Q

what kind of cells compose the inner layer of the bowmans capsule?

A

endothelial cells

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36
Q

what do tubular solutes get reabsorbed into?

A

the peritubular capillaries

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37
Q

how many barriers must reabsorbed substances cross? list them

A

five; luminal membrane of tubular cell, cytosol within the tubular cell, basolateral membrane of tubular cell, interstitial fluid, capillary wall

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38
Q

passive reabsorption occurs down what gradients?

A

electrochemical or osmotic

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39
Q

active reabsorption occurs against what gradient?

A

electrochemical

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40
Q

what percentage of energy used by kidneys is for Na+ transport?

A

80%

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41
Q

where is the Na+K+ ATPase pump located?

A

basolateral membrane

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42
Q

where is Na+ reabsorbed?

where is it not reabsorbed?

A
  • proximal tubule and ascending limb of loop

- descending limb of loop of henle

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43
Q

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by __________ transport

A

sodium-dependent, secondary active

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44
Q

At the beginning of the proximal tubule, _____ is actively pumped out, and water follows by osmosis. this concentrates the urine so that what has a concentration gradient and passively reabsorbs at the end of the proximal tubule?

A
  • sodium

- urea

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45
Q

what are the 3 most important substances secreted into the tubules?

A

H+, K+, organic ions

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46
Q

where is H+ secreted?

A

proximal, distal and collecting tubules

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47
Q

where is K+ secreted?

A

distal and collecting tubules

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48
Q

where are organic ions secreted?

A

proximal tubule

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49
Q

tubular reabsorption in the proximal tubule serves to reclaim what substances?

A

sodium, water, and nutrients

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50
Q

Secretion, which occurs in ___________, actively moves what back into the filtrate?

A
  • proximal and distal tubule

- H+, K+, some drugs, and organic ions

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51
Q

where does water passively leave the tubule?

A

the descending limb

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52
Q

• If the Na+/K+ ATPase stopped functioning, what would be the most immediate complication?

A

Dehydration.

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53
Q

what is the purpose of the loop of hence?

A

to concentrate your urine

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54
Q

the descending limb is highly permeable to what, but not to what?

A

water

NaCl

55
Q

what is the concentration of filtrate at the bottom of the loop?

A

1200 mOsm

56
Q

what leaves the tubule in the ascending limb? how?

A

NaCl, first by passive diffusion, then by active transport

57
Q

Vasopressin-controlled, variable water re-absorption occurs in ____________

A

the distal tubule and the collecting duct

58
Q

____ percent of water re-absorption is obligatory in the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the Loop of Henle. In the distal tubule and collecting duct it is variable, based on the secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone/vasopressin).

A

65%

59
Q

ADH inserts _____ in the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption.

A

aquaporins

60
Q

Vasopressin is produced in the _______ and stored in the __________.

A
  • hypothalamus

- posterior pituitary

61
Q

________ is a vasopressin inhibitor

A

Alcohol

62
Q

For every 250mLs of alcohol consumed, your body eliminates about ____ mLs of water in your urine.

A

1,000

63
Q

urine stored in the body is eliminated by:

A

micturition

64
Q

urine in the bladder stimulates:

A

stretch receptors

65
Q

what is the micturition reflex?

A

relaxation of external urethral sphincter muscles

66
Q

• The digestive system performs four functions:

A

o Motility
o Secretion
o Digestion
o Absorption

67
Q

mixing motions serve two functions:

A

o Mixing food with digestive juices promotes digestion of foods
o Facilitates absorption by exposing all parts of intestinal contents to absorbing surfaces of digestive tract

68
Q

2 types of motility of the digestive system:

A

propulsive and mixing movements

69
Q

digestive secretions consist of:

A

water, electrolytes, and specific organic constituents

• The stomach also secretes a lot of acid

70
Q

list the accessory digestive organs:

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver (gall bladder)

71
Q

list the 4 major tissue layers of the wall of the digestive tract:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

72
Q

describe the submucosa. what does it provide for the digestive tract?

A

thick layer of connective tissue

provides digestive tract with elasticity

73
Q

what is the muscularis externa composed of?

A

smooth muscle

74
Q

Muscularis externa consists of what 2 layers?

A

circular layer and longitudinal layer

75
Q

what is the outermost layer of the digestive tract? what is its function?

A

Serosa.
secretes serous fluid to lubricate and prevent friction between digestive organs and surrounding viscera. It also supports digestive organs in proper place while allowing them freedom for mixing and propulsive movements

76
Q

Saliva composition:

A

99.5% water

.5% electrolytes and protein

77
Q

saliva is produced largely by:

A

3 major pairs of salivary glands

78
Q

salivary amylase is rich in _______ buffers

A

bicarbonate

79
Q

saliva has antibacterial action because:

A

lysozyme destroys bacteria and it rinses away food that bacteria could eat

80
Q

what is the most complex reflex in your body?

A

swallowing

81
Q

________ keeps entrance closed to prevent large volumes of air from entering esophagus and stomach during breathing

A

Pharyngoesophageal sphincter

82
Q

prevents acid reflux

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

83
Q

_________ push food through esophagus

A

peristaltic waves

84
Q

the three sections of the stomach:

A

fundus, body, antrum

85
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the stomach:

A

o Stores ingested food until it can be emptied into small intestine
o Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes that begin protein digestion
o Mixing movements convert pulverized food to chime

86
Q

_______ serves as barrier between stomach and upper part of small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

87
Q

the 4 aspects of gastric motility

A

filling, storage, mixing, emptying

88
Q

Stomach filling involves ___________, which is triggered by the act of _______ and mediated by _______

A
  • receptive relaxation
  • eating
  • vagus nerve
89
Q

storage takes place in _______ of stomach

A

body

90
Q

mixing takes place in ______ of stomach

A

antrum

91
Q

emptying of the stomach is largely controlled by factors in the ________, as well as relaxation of ____________

A
  • duodenum

- pyloric sphincter

92
Q

during gastric emptying the major factor that influences strength of contraction is:

A

amount of chyme in the stomach

93
Q

what prevents fatty chyme from being emptied into the duodenum?

A

fat is already present in the duodenum

94
Q

what prevents emptying of acidic gastric contents into the duodenum?

A

un-neutralized acid still in the duodenum

95
Q

what kind of osmotic environment in the duodenum prevents gastric emptying?

A

hypertonic environment

96
Q

Distention-

A

• Too much chime in duodenum inhibits emptying of more gastric contents

97
Q

4 gastric secretions:

A

alkaline mucus, pepsinogen, HCl, Intrinsic factor

98
Q

protects stomach lining from other secretions

A

alkaline mucus

99
Q

begins protein digestion when activated

A

Pepsinogen

100
Q

activates pepsinogen, breaks down connective tissue in food, kills microorganisms

A

HCl

101
Q

facilitates re-absorption of Vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

102
Q

the 3 gastric hormones:

A

secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)

103
Q

stimulated by acidic chime in the duodenum. Release stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate buffer.

A

secretin

104
Q

stimulated by the presence of protein in the duodenum. Release stimulates chief and parietal cells to secrete more HCl.

A

gastrin

105
Q

stimulated by presence of fat and protein in the duodenum. Release stimulates pancrease to release lipase, as well as proteolytic enzymes.

A

cholecystokinin

106
Q

the 3 phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phase

107
Q

o Refers to increased secretion of HCl and pepsinogen that occurs in response to stimuli acting in the head before food reaches stomach

A

cephalic phase

108
Q

o Begins when food actually reaches the stomach

A

gastric phase

109
Q

the presence of what increases gastric secretions?

A

protein

110
Q

o Inhibitory phase

o Helps shut off flow of gastric juices as chime begins to empty into small intestine

A

Intestinal phase

111
Q

The pancreas is a mixture of what tissues?

A

exocrine and endocrine

112
Q

where is the pancreas?

A

behind and below the stomach

113
Q

what cells secrete insulin and glucagon?

A

Islets of Langerhans

114
Q

Pancreatic juice consists of:

A
  • Pancreatic enzymes

* Aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution that is secreted by duct cells.

115
Q

what is sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas needed for?

A

Needed to neutralize the pH of chime before it enters the small intestine

116
Q

Name the pancreatic enzymes:

A

Proteolytic enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase)
pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase

117
Q

Pancreatic lipase is the only enzyme in the digestive system that can:

A

completely digest fat.

118
Q

what does the liver secrete?

A

bile and bile salts

119
Q

where does bile go during a meal?

what about between meals?

A
  • Duodenum

- gall bladder

120
Q

bile salts are derivatives of what?

what do they do?

A
  • cholesterol

- convert large fat globules into a liquid emulsion

121
Q

where does most digestion take place?

A

small intestine

122
Q

what is the primary method of motility in the small intestine?

A

segmentation

123
Q

segmentation increases the rate of:

A

chemical reactions between chyme and digestive juices

124
Q

what increases the surface area of the small intestine?

A

permanent circular folds in the inner surface, and villi

125
Q

how often is the lining of the SI replaced?

A

about every 3 days

126
Q

primary purpose of LI

A

drying and storage

127
Q

The large intestine consists of:

A

colon, cecum, appendix, rectum

128
Q

what is the appendix attached to?

A

the cecum

129
Q

what vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in LI? they are feeding on unabsorbed nutrients btw

A

B12, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin K

130
Q

we would be deficient in what if it wasnt for bacteria

A

vitamin K

131
Q

the large intestine absorbs what 3 things?

A

vitamins, leftover water, salts

132
Q

the defecation reflex is initiated when what happens?

A

stretch receptors in the rectal wall are stimulated by distension

133
Q

the defacation reflex causes what to relax and what to contract?

A
  • internal anal sphincter relaxes

- sigmoid colon contracts more vigorously

134
Q

what must finally relax for defecation to occur?

A

the external anal sphincter

Vertebrate Physiology (4 decks)

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