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Vertebrate Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

aside from cAMP, what are some other common second messengers in G-protein coupled receptor transduction pathways?

A

IP3, DAG, Ca2+

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2
Q

______ is the most powerful second messenger that we know of

A

Calcium

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3
Q

In cells that use Ca2+ as a second messenger instead of cAMP, G-protein coupled receptor activation leads to activation of the effector molecule _____

A

PLC (Phospholipase C).

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4
Q

PLC catalyzes the hydrolysis of ____ , which is found in phospholipid tails, into ___ and ___.

A
  • PIP2 (Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate)
  • IP3
  • DAG
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5
Q

___________ and _________ are both lipid signaling molecules.

A
  • IP3 (inositol triphosphate)

- DAG (diacylglycerol)

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6
Q

o DAG activates ________, which phosphorylates transcription factors and alters gene expression.

A

-Protein Kinase C

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7
Q

IP3 binds its receptor on the __________, which acts as a ____ channel and releases stored Ca2+ into the cytosol. This Ca2+ release, through a poorly-understood mechanism, opens a class of plasma membrane ion channels called ________________ channels and allows external Ca2+ to enter the cell and replenish depleted Ca2+ stores in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ca2+
  • Transient Receptor Potential
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8
Q
  • Afferent division: Carries information ____ the CNS

- Efferent division: Carries information _____ the CNS

A
  • TO

- away from

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9
Q

Efferent division: Carries information away from the CNS to _____________

A

effector organs.

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10
Q

Effector organs-

A

o Muscles and glands that carry out orders to bring about the desired effect

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11
Q

The Efferent division is subdivided into what two divisions?

A

somatic and autonomic

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12
Q

the somatic nervous system consists of:

A

fibers of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles

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13
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of:

A

fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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14
Q

the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into what two divisions?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system

* Parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

at the peripheral ending of an afferent neuron there is a _______ that generates _____ in response to stimuli

A
  • Sensory Receptor

- Action Potentials

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16
Q

interneurons are found entirely within the ____. They lie between _________

A
  • CNS

- afferent and efferent neurons

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17
Q

interneurons are responsible for: (2 things)

A
  • Integrating afferent information and formulating an efferent response
  • higher mental functions associated with the “mind”
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18
Q

neuroglia are also called:

A

glial cells or non-neuronal cells

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19
Q

Unlike neurons, neuroglia do not __________, but they do communicate with neurons and among themselves via _________

A
  • initiate or conduct nerve impulses

- chemical signals

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20
Q

Neuroglia serve as ___________ of CNS:

A

Connective Tissue

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21
Q

neuroglia support neurons in 3 ways:

A

• Physically, metabolically, and functionally

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22
Q

4 major types of glial cells:

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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23
Q

what is the most abundant of all glial cells?

A

astrocytes

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24
Q

which glial cell is the main glue of the CNS, holding the neurons together?

A

astrocytes

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25
Q

Astrocytes are named for their _____ appearance

A

starlike

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26
Q

Which cells guide neurons during fetal brain development?

A

astrocytes

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27
Q

_________ induce capillaries of brain to undergo changes that aid in establishment of blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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28
Q

Important in repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation:

A

astrocytes

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29
Q

• They are like the road signs and pavement for neurons:

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

Play role in neurotransmitter activity:

•Take up and degrade Glutamate and GABA

A

astrocytes

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31
Q

Take up excess K+ from brain ECF:

• Helps maintain optimal ion conditions for neural excitability

A

astrocytes

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32
Q

• Along with other glial cells- enhance synapse formation and modify synaptic transmission

A

astrocytes

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33
Q

• Form insulative myelin sheaths around axons in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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34
Q

• Immune defense cells of the CNS. Made from bone marrow. Remove foreign invaders or excess tissue by phagocytosis.

A

Microglia

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35
Q

• Release destructive chemicals that are suspected to play a role in Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and dementia

A

microglia

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36
Q

• In resting state release low levels of growth factors that help neurons and other glial cells survive and thrive

A

microglia

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37
Q

helps neurons and glial cells survive:

A

Nerve Growth Factor

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38
Q

• Line internal, fluid-filled cavities in the brain

A

ependymal cells

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39
Q

• Ciliated cells help form and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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40
Q

Unlike neurons, glial cells do not lose ability to ______, so most brain tumors consist of glia

A

divide

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41
Q

Brain tumors are generally a result of ______________, or ____________________

A
  • cells that have metastasized and migrate to the brain from other regions
  • meningiomas, which originate from the meninges, the protective covering of CNS cells.
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42
Q

_______ (skull) encases brain

A

Cranium

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43
Q

_________ surrounds spinal cord

A

Vertebral Column

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44
Q

the brain is wrapped by 3 protective and nourishing membranes- meninges:

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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45
Q

Pia mater

A

fragile, inner-most vascularized layer

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46
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

web-like covering

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47
Q

Dura mater

A

tough inelastic covering

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48
Q

major function of CSF?

It also helps with the ________________

A
  • shock absorbing fluid to prevent brain from colliding with skull
  • Exchange of materials between neural cells and interstitial fluid surrounding brain
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49
Q

CSF is formed primarily by:

A

choroid plexuses

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50
Q

choroid plexuses-

A

• Richly vascularized masses of pia matter tissue that dip into pockets formed by ependymal cells

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51
Q

BBB prevents certain circulating hormones that could also act as ____________ from reaching brain

A

neurotransmitters

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52
Q

how do we get around BBB preventing drugs from getting to brain? 2 ways

A
  • Intracranial drug delivery

* Use existing transporters

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53
Q

how many neurons are in the brain?

A

100 billion

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54
Q

CNS allows you to do 5 things primarily:

A
  • Subconsciously regulate your internal environment by neural means
  • Experience emotions
  • Voluntarily control your movements
  • Be consciously aware of your own body and your surroundings
  • Engage in other higher cognitive processes such as thought and memory
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55
Q

who said “The brain is the organ with which we think… we think”

A

Ambrose Bierce

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56
Q

the brain weighs _______

A

3-3.5 lbs

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57
Q

the brain receives __% of the total blood flow to the body per minute

A

15

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58
Q

o Scientists have demonstrated ________ (the formation of new brain cells from stem cells) in adult brains within the hippocampus.

A

neurogenesis

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59
Q

The Brain Stem is continuous with ______

A

spinal cord

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60
Q

The Brain Stem controls many life-sustaining processes, such as ________ (3 things) because they are performed involuntarily.

A

respiration, circulation, and digestion (vegetative functions),

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61
Q

proper________ function is all that is necessary to ensure survival at a basal level.

A

brain stem

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62
Q

The brain stem is concerned with maintaining proper ____________ (2 things)

A

position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activity (movement)

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63
Q

the brain stem consists of 3 things:

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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64
Q

Neurons that use dopamine are highly concentrated in the ________.

A

midbrain

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65
Q

involved in motor control. Damaged in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

A

Nigrostriatal dopamine system

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66
Q

involved in emotional reward. Overly-active during drug addiction.

A

Mesolimbic dopamine system

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67
Q

Nigrostriatal Dopamine System
o Neurons from the__________ of the brain send dopaminergic neurons to the __________
• Important step in the control and initiation of __________
• _________ disease is caused by degeneration of these neurons.
• Patients are treated with ___________ (2 things)

A
  • substantia nigra
  • corpus striatum.
  • movements
  • Parkinson
  • L-dopa and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
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68
Q

Mesolimbic Dopamine System
o Regions of the _______ send dopaminergic neurons to regions of the _______
• Involved in _________ and associated with ________
• ___________ is associated with too much dopamine in this system
• Drugs that treat schizophrenia are _____________.

A
  • midbrain
  • forebrain.
  • emotional reward systems
  • addictions
  • Schizophrenia
  • dopamine antagonists
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69
Q

Cerebellum

  • ________ region of the brain
  • Attached at ________ portion of brain stem
  • Important role in ______________ by sending input to the motor areas of cortex
  • Maintains proper ___________
  • __________ coordination of motor activity (movement)
  • Plays key role in learning ____________
A
  • Subcortical
  • top rear
  • planning, initiating, and timing movements
  • position of the body in space
  • Subconscious
  • skilled motor tasks
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70
Q

The Diencephalon houses what 2 brain components?

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

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71
Q

Hypothalamus

  • Controls many homeostatic functions important in maintaining stability of internal environment: (5 things)
  • Serves as _________ coordinating center
  • Affects all _________ muscle and ____________ glands
  • Plays role in _____ and _____ patterns
  • Most involved in regulating __________
A
  • body temperature, thirst, urine output, food intake, anterior pituitary hormone secretion
  • ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
  • smooth and cardiac
  • sweat, salivary and other exocrine
  • emotional and behavioral
  • internal environment
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72
Q

Thalamus

  • Performs some primitive __________
  • Serves as a “relay station” for _________
  • Screens out __________ and routes ____________ to appropriate areas
  • Helps to direct attention to ___________
A
  • sensory processing
  • preliminary processing of sensory input
  • insignificant signals
  • important sensory impulses
  • stimuli of interest
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73
Q

Cerebrum

  • Highly _______
  • Makes up about __% of total brain weight (largest portion of brain)
  • Divided into 2 halves:
  • Outer surface is _______ cerebral cortex
  • outer surface caps inner core that houses ________
  • Highest, most complex integrating area of the brain
  • Plays key role in ______________
A
  • developed
  • 80
  • Right and Left Cerebral Hemispheres
  • highly convoluted
  • basal nuclei
  • most sophisticated neural functions
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74
Q

Cerebral Cortex

  • Thin outer shell of _____ matter that covers each hemisphere of cerebrum
  • organized into __ well defined layers
  • layers are organized into ______
  • each half cortex is divided into what 4 major lobes?
A
  • grey
  • 6
  • functional vertical columns
  • occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal
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75
Q

Parietal lobe:

A

Receive and process sensory input

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76
Q

Frontal lobe

-Responsible for 3 main functions:

A
  • Voluntary motor activity
  • Speaking ability
  • Elaboration of thought
77
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

  • Located in _____ lobe
  • Confers voluntary control over ___________ -Primarily controls muscles on ______ side of the body
A
  • frontal
  • movement produced by skeletal muscles
  • the opposite
78
Q

The “Pain Matrix” consists of _______________. Chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia and neuropathy are thought to be due to ______________

A
  • 9 different subnuclei in all different areas of the brain.
  • overactivity of neurons in these areas of the brian.
79
Q

name 2 chronic pain conditions.

A

fibromyalgia and neuropathy

80
Q

Pain is a conscious phenomenon. Neurotransmitters such as _____ and ____, as well as neuromodulators such as ______ are the physical manifestation of pain. Neurons in the pain matrix use these chemical messengers to increase our perception of pain as a means of self-preservation

A
  • glutamate
  • GABA
  • substance P
81
Q

Narcotic pain relievers are usually__________ for receptors for glutamate, GABA, and substance P on these neurons in the pain matrix.

A

competitive antagonists

82
Q

chronic use of narcotic pain medications like ______ and _______ will inevitably lead to ______.

A
  • ketamine
  • morphine
  • addiction
83
Q

Researchers have recently begun examining the connection between our perception of pain and the _______________

A

level of brain activity we devote to dealing with pain.

84
Q

giving pain “attention” means giving pain “meaning”. Emotional significance leads to _________, which makes the perception of pain more intense.

A

neuromodulation

85
Q

The anxiety and fear that builds up when pain is expected causes neurons in the “__________” in the ________ within pain matrix to become overactive, and it changes the way these cells talk to each other.

A
  • fear center

- amygdala

86
Q

Two key experiments have provided evidence to support phenomenon between how much we think of pain and our perception of it:

A
  • Virtual reality for military burn victims

- Shock experimentation for prison inmates

87
Q

Virtual reality for military experiment, quickly describe:

A

virtual reality lessened their percep. of pain from a 10 to a 5, or they didn’t even know they were being scrubbed

88
Q

Shock experiments for inmates, quickly describe:

A

same shock, but each successive time the pain activity measured was more severe because they anticipated the shock

89
Q

o Most of the knowledge of how the brain controls language has come from studying people with speech problems called ______.

A

aphasias

90
Q

Two forebrain areas are identified as important in language:

A
  • Broca’s area

* Wernicke’s area

91
Q

Broca’s Area
-Located in:
-Broca’s aphasia involves ____________ speech. There is no impairment in ___________.
Controls ______ aspects of speech

A
  • left inferior frontal gyrus
  • slow, poorly articulated
  • understanding
  • motor
92
Q

Broca’s area

Interestingly, other actions of the tongue, lips, and larynx are not affected; only the __________ is affected.

A

production of speech

93
Q

Wernicke’s Area

  • Located in:
  • Wernicke’s aphasia involves _________________
  • Controls _________ of words.
A
  • left superior temporal gyrus
  • production of rapid speech with no meaning, called “word salad.” Language (spoken and written) comprehension is destroyed.
  • understanding
94
Q

To speak, word comprehension originates in _____ area and is sent to ____ area.

A

Wernicke’s

-Broca’s

95
Q

Functions of Cerebral cortex:

  • What area plays a preparatory role in programming complex sequences of movement?
  • what area is important in orienting the body and arms toward a specific target?
  • what area lies posterior to primary somatosensory cortex?
A
  • supplemental motor area
  • premotor cortex
  • posterior parietal cortex
96
Q

Damage to the posterior parietal cortex or primary somatosensory cortex prevents one from ________________. Check that this slide is correct

A

processing complex sensory information to accomplish purposeful movement.

97
Q

Damage to what 3 areas will cause motor movement difficulty?

A

supplemental motor areas, premotor cortex, or posterior parietal cortex

98
Q

mirror neurons are found where?

A

frontal and parietal lobes.

99
Q

mirror neurons are connected to ________ centers in the brain.

A

emotion

100
Q

Mirror neurons are activated when:

A

we observe the expressions of others and mimic them ourselves.

101
Q

mirror neurons may be involved in the ability to __________

A

learn social skills and language

102
Q

mirror neurons allow for _____

A

empathy

103
Q

Mirror neurons have been implicated in _____

A

autism

104
Q

Individuals with autism have mirror neurons that don’t respond to ____________, but only to ___________

A
  • emotions or actions of others

- their own actions

105
Q

Left Cerebral hemisphere:

  • Excels in:
  • Tends to process information in ________ way
A
  • logical, analytical, sequential, and verbal tasks (Math, language forms, philosophy)
  • fine-detail
106
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere
-Excels in _______ skills
Views the world in a ________ way

A
  • non language (Spatial perception and artistic and musical talents)
  • big-picture, holistic
107
Q

Normally, the 2 hemispheres _____each other

A

-complement

108
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere dominance associated with “_____”

Right hemispheric skills dominate in “_____”

A
  • thinkers

- creators

109
Q

Brain area most involved in directly regulating internal environment

A

Hypothalamus

110
Q

What 9 things does the hypothalamus participate in or control?

A
  • Controls body temperature
  • Controls thirst and urine output
  • Controls food intake
  • Controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion
  • Produces posterior pituitary hormones
  • Controls uterine contractions and milk ejection
  • Serves as a major ANS coordinating center
  • Plays role in emotional and behavioral patterns
  • Participates in sleep-wake cycle
111
Q

o Not a separate structure but a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem

A

Limbic System

112
Q

The limbic system includes:

A

portions of the hypothalamus and other forebrain structures that encircle brain stem

113
Q

The limbic system is responsible for: (3)

A
  • Emotion
  • Basic, inborn behavioral patterns related to survival and perpetuation of the species
  • Plays important role in motivation and learning
114
Q

There are few synaptic connections between ________, which is why it is hard to control your emotions.

A

the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

115
Q

Emotions controlled by the limbic system: (5)

A
  • Aggression: areas in the amygdala and hypothalamus
  • Fear: amygdala and hypothalamus
  • Hunger/satiety: hypothalamus
  • Sex drive: the whole system
  • Goal-directed behaviors: hypothalamus and other regions
116
Q

o Memory trace-

A

Neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge

117
Q

o Short-term memory-

A

Lasts for seconds to hours

118
Q

o Long-term memory-

A

Retained for days to years

119
Q

Consolidation-

A

Process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory states (during sleep?)

120
Q

Working memory-

A

Temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information relevant to a current mental task

121
Q

Studies of people with amnesia reveal that areas of the __________ (4) are involved in memory.

A

temporal lobe, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and dorsomedial thalamus

122
Q

The ______ is important in learning fear responses.

A

amygdala

123
Q

_________ may be involved in working memory- very short-term memory.

A

The prefrontal cortex

124
Q

• Memory consolidation occurs in the _____________ (3)

A

medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, and amygdala.

125
Q

______ is needed for optimum memory consolidation

A

Sleep

126
Q

_______ memory requires actual structural change

A

long term

127
Q

Long-term memory can be classified into:

A
  • Nondeclarative (implicit)

- Declarative (explicit)

128
Q

-Nondeclarative (implicit):

A

memory of simple skills, how to do things

129
Q

-Declarative (explicit):

A

memory of things that can be verbalized.

130
Q

Declarative memory is further broken down into:

A

semantic and episodic

131
Q

Semantic:

A

facts: how old are you, where do you live

132
Q

Episodic:

A

events: what did you eat for dinner, tell me about this event

133
Q

People with amnesia have impaired _____ memory

A

declarative

134
Q

If the memory has an emotional component, the _____ is involved in memory formation. This is why you only remember the really good or really bad days of your life.

A

amygdala

135
Q

Stress impairs memory formation in the _____ and working memory function of the _____

A
  • hippocampus

- prefrontal cortex.

136
Q

It is thought that cortisol may strengthen _____ memory formation via the amygdala but weaken _________

A
  • emotional

- hippocampal memory formation and memory retrieval.

137
Q

The amygdala and hippocampus have receptors for _____ hormones

A

stress

138
Q

LTP stands for-

A

long term potentiation

139
Q

Centers that govern sleep are in ______

A

brain stem

140
Q

_______ builds up during day. Inhibits arousal-leads to drowsiness. Injections of it lead to sleep.

A

Adenosine

141
Q

Caffeine blocks ______ receptors.

A

adenosine

142
Q

Adenosine levels drop during sleep because

A

ATP is being made.

143
Q

Function of sleep is unclear: There are some hypotheses
-repair damage from ________
-Long-term structural and chemical adjustments for learning and memory.
• Might be why infants require so much sleep.

A

toxic free radicals.

144
Q

In 1950, the avg. person claimed to get ___ hours of sleep. That number is now _____

A
  • 8.5

- 6.5

145
Q

In a study on healthy 20 yr old males, what was done to them and what was the result.

A

they were allowed to sleep but an alarm brought them out of REM sleep so that they were getting adequate sleep but none of it was REM. After 2 weeks, all 20 subjects were in a pre-diabetic state, where their cells were becoming resistant to insulin. They all had elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and were at risk for heart disease.

146
Q

Sleep-wake cycle-

A

Normal cyclic variation in awareness of surroundings

Sleeping people are not consciously aware of external world

147
Q

Sleep is an active process consisting of two types of sleep characterized by different ________ and different _____. What are the 2 types?

A
  • EEG patterns
  • behaviors
  • Slow-wave sleep and paradoxical, or REM sleep
148
Q

EEG stands for:

A

Electroencephalogram

149
Q

EEG is collected by____________

A

external electrodes on the scalp.

150
Q

EEG measurement is not due to action potentials, but instead represent the ____________

A

collective postsynaptic potential activity in the cortex (EPSPs + IPSPs)

151
Q

EEG uses: (3)

A
  • Diagnosis of medical conditions
  • Legal determination of brain dead
  • Sleep stage analysis
152
Q

The largest group of tissues in the body:

A

muslce

153
Q

what 2 ways are muscle classified?

A

striated or unstriated and voluntary or involuntary

154
Q

_______ is the only unstriated muscle

A

smooth

155
Q

______ is the only voluntary muscle

A

skeletal

156
Q

Controlled muscle contraction allows 4 things:

A
  • Purposeful movement of the whole body or parts of the body
  • Manipulation of external objects
  • Propulsion of contents through various hollow internal organs
  • Emptying of contents of certain organs to external environment
157
Q

Muscle consists of a number of muscle fibers lying ______ to one another and held together by _________

A
  • parallel

- connective tissue

158
Q
  • A single skeletal muscle cell is known as a _______
  • How many nuclei?
  • Large, elongated, and _______ shaped
  • Fibers usually extend how far?
A
  • muscle fiber
  • Multinucleated
  • cylindrically
  • entire length of muscle
159
Q

Contractile elements of skeletal muscle fibers

A

myofibrils

160
Q

myofibrils are regular arrangements of __________

A

thick and thin filaments

161
Q

thick filaments are made of:

A

myosin

162
Q

thin filaments are made of:

A

actin

163
Q

• Viewed microscopically myofibril displays alternating dark (the _ bands) and light bands (the _ bands) giving the appearance of striations.

A
  • A

- I

164
Q

Functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

165
Q

Found between 2 _ lines (connects thin filaments of two adjoining sarcomeres)

A

Z

166
Q

Regions of Sarcomere

  • A band:
  • H zone:
  • M line:
  • I band:
A
  • Made up of thick filaments along with portions of thin filaments that overlap on both ends of thick filaments
  • Lighter area within middle of A band where thin filaments do not reach
  • Extends vertically down middle of A band within center of H zone
  • Consists of remaining portion of thin filaments that do not project into A band
167
Q

Giant, highly elastic protein

A

Titin

168
Q

Largest protein in body:

A

Titin

169
Q

Titin extends in both directions from _________ to __________

A
  • M line along length of thick filament

- Z lines at opposite ends of sarcomere

170
Q

Titin has 2 important roles:

A
  • Along with M-line proteins helps stabilize position of thick filaments in relation to thin filaments
  • Greatly augments muscle’s elasticity by acting like a spring
171
Q

-myosin consists of ________ subunits shaped like a ________.
-Tail ends are interwined around each other,
globular heads project out at one end

A
  • 2 identical

- golf club

172
Q

myosin tails are oriented toward ___________ and globular heads protrude _______ at regular intervals.

A
  • center of filament

- outward

173
Q

myosin heads from _________ between thick and thin filaments (actin)

A

cross bridges

174
Q

A cross bridge has 2 important sites critical to contractile process:

A

o An actin-binding site

o A myosin ATPase (ATP-splitting) site

175
Q

Actin is _____ in shape

A

spherical

176
Q

thin filament also has 2 other proteins besides actin:

A
  • Tropomyosin

* Troponin

177
Q

Each actin molecule has special binding site for ____________. Binding results in _____________

A
  • attachment with myosin cross bridge

- contraction of muscle fiber

178
Q

Actin and myosin are often called contractile proteins, however ____________.
-Actin and Myosin are not unique to muscle cells, but are more _________ and _________ in muscle cells

A
  • neither actually contracts.

- abundant and more highly organized

179
Q

Tropomyosin and Troponin are often called ______ proteins

A

regulatory

180
Q

Thread-like molecules that lie end to end alongside groove of actin spiral

A

Tropomyosin

181
Q

when lying within the groove of the actin spiral, tropomyosin does what?

A

covers actin sites blocking interaction that leads to muscle contraction

182
Q

Troponin is made of _ polypeptide units

  • One binds to ______
  • One binds to ______
  • One can bind with _____
  • It is a ____ sensitive molecule
A
  • 3
  • tropomyosin
  • actin
  • Ca2+
  • Ca2+
183
Q

When not bound to Ca2+, troponin does what?

When Ca2+ binds troponin, what happens?

A
  • stabilizes tropomyosin in blocking position over actin’s cross-bridge binding sites
  • tropomyosin moves away from blocking position, allowing actin and myosin to bind and interact at cross-bridges. muscle contraction results
184
Q

• Cross-bridge interaction between actin and myosin brings about muscle contraction by means of the ________ mechanism.

A

sliding filament

185
Q

Muslce Relaxation:

  • Depends on reuptake of ____ into _______
  • Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach at __________
  • Muscle fiber action potential stops
  • When local action potential is no longer present, Ca2+ moves where?
A
  • Ca2+
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  • neuromuscular junction
  • back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
186
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:
Modified ___________
-Consists of fine network of _____________
-Segments are wrapped around _____________

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • interconnected compartments that surround each myofibril
  • each A band and each I band
187
Q

T tubules are also called:

A

transverse tubules

188
Q

Transverse Tubules:

  • Run perpendicularly from _____________ into _____________
  • Since membrane is continuous with surface membrane- action potential on surface membrane also _____________
  • Spread of action potential down a T tubule triggers____________________
A
  • surface of muscle cell membrane
  • central portions of the muscle fiber
  • spreads down into T-tubule
  • release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol
189
Q

The EEG of Paradoxical sleep looks like:

The EEG of Slow wave sleep looks like:

A
  • an awake person’s EEG

- Large, defined waves/slow waves

Vertebrate Physiology (4 decks)

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