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Vertebrate Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a single action potential will produce a _____, multiple successive action potentials will produce a _______, too many action potentials will produce ________

A

twitch
twitch summation
tetanus

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2
Q

Do twitches normally voluntarily take place in the body?

A

no

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3
Q

2 primary factors which can be adjusted to accomplish gradation of whole-muscle tension-

A
  • Number of muscle fibers contracting within a muscle

* Tension developed by each contracting fiber

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4
Q

Motor Unit-

A

One motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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5
Q

Number of ________ per motor unit and number of motor units per ______ vary widely

A
  • muscle fibers

- muscle

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6
Q

______ results from sustained elevation of cytosolic calcium

A

o Twitch summation

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7
Q

In tetanus, contraction is usually ____ times stronger than a single twitch

A

3 to 4

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8
Q

Muscle contraction is faster/slower than an action potential?

A

slower

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9
Q

First energy storehouse tapped at onset of contractile activity is ______

A

creatine phosphate

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10
Q

how does creatine phosphate provide quick energy?

A

it transfers its phosphate to ADP

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11
Q

3 energy sources for contraction are:

A
  1. creatine phosphate
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
  3. fermentation
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12
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place to make muscle energy?

A

Takes place within muscle mitochondria if sufficient O2 is present

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13
Q

Fermentation provides muscles energy under what conditions?

A

anaerobic and high intensity exercise

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14
Q

muscle fatigue is a defense mechanism to protect muscle from what?

A

from reaching point at which it can no longer produce ATP

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15
Q

muscle fatigue occurs when:

A

exercising muscle can no longer respond to stimulation with same degree of contractile activity

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16
Q

smooth muscle is not striated, implying that its filaments _______

A

do not form myofibrils

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17
Q

smooth muscle is not arranged in ______ pattern like skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

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18
Q

smooth muscle cells are ______ shaped

A

spindle

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19
Q

smooth muscle cells are usually arranged in _______ within muscle

A

sheets

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20
Q

smooth muscle cells have dense bodies containing same protein found in _____

A

Z lines

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21
Q

Smooth muscle cell has 3 types of filaments:

A

thick myosin filaments, thin actin filaments, intermediate filaments

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22
Q

Smooth muscle

  • Thick myosin filaments are longer than _____
  • Thin actin filaments lack _____
  • intermediate filaments do not ______. They actually _________
A
  • those in skeletal muscle
  • troponin
  • directly participate in contraction; form part of cytoskeletal framework that supports cell shape
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23
Q

Right AV valve is aka:

A

tricuspid valve

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24
Q

Left AV valve also called:

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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25
Q

Fibrous cords which prevent valves from being everted

A

Chordae tendinae

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26
Q

Chordae tendinae are controlled by ______

A

Papillary muscles

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27
Q

Heart wall consists of what 3 distinct layers?

A

Endothelium, Myocardium, and Epicardium

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28
Q

Epithelial tissue which lines entire circulatory system

A

endothelium

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29
Q

Constitutes bulk of heart wall

A

Myocardium

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30
Q

heart layer composed of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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31
Q

Thin external layer which covers the heart

A

epicardium

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32
Q

cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected by ________ and form _______

A
  • intercalated discs

- functional syncytia

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33
Q

Within intercalated discs- two kinds of membrane junctions:

A
  • Desmosomes

* Gap junctions

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34
Q

Heart is enclosed by ________, which has two layers:

A
  • pericardial sac

- Tough, fibrous covering and Secretory lining

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35
Q

pericardial sac secretes:

A

pericardial fluid

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36
Q

pericardial fluid does what?

A

Provides lubrication to prevent friction between pericardial layers

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37
Q

autorhythmicity

A

Heart beats rhythmically as result of action potentials it generates by itself

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38
Q

cells specialized for initiating and conducting action potentials responsible for contraction of working cells

A

Autorhythmic cells

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39
Q

Do autorhythmic cells contract?

A

not

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40
Q

specialized region in right atrial wall near opening of superior vena cava

A

Sinoatrial node SA

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41
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial node

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42
Q

• Small bundle of specialized cardiac cells located at base of right atrium near septum

A

AV node (atrioventricular)

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43
Q

Cells originate at AV node and enters interventricular septum

A

Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)

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44
Q

Bundle of His divides to form _________ which travel __________

A
  • right and left bundle branches

- down septum, curve around tip of ventricular chambers, travel back toward atria along outer walls

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45
Q

• Small, terminal fibers that extend from bundle of His and spread throughout ventricular myocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

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46
Q

only point of electrical contact between atrium and ventricle

A

AV node

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47
Q

Action potential briefly delayed at _______ to ensure _____________

A
  • AV node

- atrial contraction precedes ventricular contraction to allow complete ventricular filling)

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48
Q

From the AV node, impulse travels rapidly down __________ by means of ___________

A
  • interventricular septum

- bundle of His

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49
Q

following the bundle of his, impulse rapidly disperses throughout myocardium by means of __________

A

-Purkinje fibers

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50
Q

rest of ventricular cells not activated directly by autorhythmic cells activated by _____________

A

-cell-to-cell spread of impulse through gap junctions

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51
Q

Action potentials of cardiac contractile cells exhibit prolonged________ accompanied by prolonged ___________. This ensures adequate ___________

A
  • positive phase (plateau)
  • period of contraction
  • ejection time
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52
Q

The prolonged plateau of cardiac action potentials is primarily due to ____________

A

activation of slow L-type Ca2+ channels

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53
Q

Ca2+ entry through L-type channels in T tubules triggers:

A

larger release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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54
Q

Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release leads to :

A

cross-bridge cycling and contraction

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55
Q

Because long refractory period occurs in conjunction with prolonged plateau phase, _____________ of cardiac muscle is impossible

A

summation and tetanus

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56
Q

Long refractory period occurs in conjunction with prolonged plateau phase, which ensures ______________ which are essential for pumping blood

A

alternate periods of contraction and relaxation

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57
Q

ECG is not a direct recording of _____________, it is a recording of ________________

A
  • actual electrical activity of heart

- part of electrical activity induced in body fluids by cardiac impulse that reaches body surface

58
Q

ECG is not a recording of a single action potential in a single cell, it is a recording of ________________

A

overall spread of activity throughout heart during depolarization and repolarization

59
Q

ECG does not record the actual potential in heart, it records the comparison of:

A

voltage detected by electrodes at two different points on body surface

60
Q

ECG does not record potential at all when ventricular muscle is:

A

either completely depolarized or completely repolarized

61
Q

• Inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to heart tissue

A

Myocardial ischemia

62
Q

Occurs when blood vessel supplying area of heart becomes blocked or ruptured

A

Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)

63
Q

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute

A

cardiac output

64
Q

cardiac output is determined by:

A

heart rate times stroke volume

65
Q

Heart rate is varied by altering:

A

balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic influence on SA node

66
Q

• Determined by extent of venous return and by sympathetic activity

A

stroke volume

67
Q

o States that heart normally pumps out during systole the volume of blood returned to it during diastole

A

• Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

68
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart describes the relationship between:

A

the EDV (end diastolic volume) and stroke volume

69
Q

heart muscle is nourished and oxygenated by blood from the:

A

coronary circulation, not the chambers of the heart

70
Q

during systole, _________ are compressed by contracting heart muscle, so the heart receives most of its own blood supply during:

A
  • coronary vessels

- diastole

71
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD) can cause __________ and possibly lead to:

A
  • myocardial ischemia

- acute myocardial infarction

72
Q

The reason permeability to potassium drops when funny channels open is because:

A

the voltage gated potassium channels are also closing and there are more voltage gated channels than funny channels

73
Q

_____ can least tolerate disrupted supply.

A

Brain

74
Q

Flow rate through a vessel=

A

volume of blood passing through per unit of time

75
Q

flow rate is directly proportional to:

and inversely proportional to:

A

pressure gradient

vascular resistance

76
Q

F=

A

delta P / R

77
Q

pressure difference between beginning and end of a vessel

A

pressure gradient

78
Q

resistance is proportional to:

A

1/radius^4

79
Q

Arteries act as__________ to provide driving force for blood when heart is relaxing

A

pressure reservoir

80
Q

what provides tensile strength to arteries?

what provides elasticity to arteries?

A

collagen fibers

elastin fibers

81
Q

blood pressure can be measured indirectly using a

A

sphygmomanometer

82
Q

Sounds heard when determining blood pressure

A

Korotkoff sounds

83
Q

o Pressure difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

84
Q

Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle.

A

mean arterial pressure

85
Q

Mean arterial pressure =

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

86
Q

major resistance vessels

A

arterioles

87
Q

Arteriole radii can be adjusted independently to:

A

• Distribute cardiac output among systemic organs, depending on body’s momentary needs

88
Q

arterioles help regulate:

A

arterial blood pressure

89
Q

vasodilation results from:

A

relaxation of smooth muscle layer

90
Q

Specific local chemical factors that produce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle:

A
  • Decreased O2
  • Increased CO2
  • Increased acid
  • Increased K+
  • Increased osmolarity
  • Adenosine release
  • Prostaglandin release
91
Q

________ lie at junctions between capillary cells

A

pores (narrow water filled gaps)

92
Q

capillaries permit passage of:

A

water soluble substances

93
Q

Lipid soluble substances readily pass from blood to tissues through:

A

endothelial cells by dissolving in lipid bilayer barrier

94
Q

size of capillary pores vary from:

A

organ to organ

95
Q

Factors which enhance venous return: (3)

A
  • Driving pressure from cardiac contraction
  • Skeletal muscle activity
  • Respiratory activity
96
Q

hypertension is blood pressure above:

A

140/90

97
Q

hypotension is blood pressure below:

A

100/60

98
Q

• Blood pressure elevated by variety of unknown causes rather than by a single disease entity

A

primary hypertension

99
Q

Potential causes of hypertension being investigated:

A
  • Defects in salt management by the kidneys
  • Excessive salt intake
  • Diets low in K+ and Ca2+
  • Plasma membrane abnormalities such as defective Na+-K+ pumps
  • Excess vasopressin
100
Q

secondary hypertension occurs secondary to:

A

another known primary problem

101
Q

secondary hypertension accounts for about ___% of hypertension cases

A

10%

102
Q

Examples of secondary hypertension:

A
  • Renal hypertension
  • Endocrine hypertension
  • Neurogenic hypertension
103
Q

Hypotension occurs when: (2)

A
  • There is too little blood to fill the vessels

* Heart is too weak to drive the blood

104
Q

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

A

Transient hypotensive condition resulting from insufficient compensatory responses to gravitational shifts in blood when person moves from horizontal to vertical position.

105
Q

average blood volume in men/women?

A

5 liters in women

5.5 liters in men

106
Q

Plasma proteins compose ___% of plasma’s total weight

A

6-8%

107
Q

what are the 3 groups of plasma proteins?

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

108
Q

most abundant plasma protein

A

albumins

109
Q

key factor in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

110
Q

RBC’s do not rupture when migrating narrow capillaries because:

A

they have a flexible membrane

111
Q

each subunit of hemoglobin contains a:

A

heme group

112
Q

a non protein, iron containing compound

A

heme group

113
Q

what two enzymes do erythrocytes posses?

A

glycolytic enzymes and carbonic anhydrase

114
Q

generates ATP needed to fuel active transport mechanisms involved in maintaining proper ionic concentrations within cell

A

glycolytic enzymes

115
Q

Critical in CO2 transport

A

o Carbonic anhydrase

116
Q

• Catalyzes reaction that leads to conversion of metabolically produced CO2 into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

A

o Carbonic anhydrase

117
Q

what is primary form in which CO2 is transported in blood?

A

bicarbonate ion

118
Q

o Erythrocytes must be replaced at rate of:

A

2 million to 3 million cells/ second

119
Q

a condition of too many RBCs.

A

Polycythemia

120
Q

immune system is made up of:

A

Made up of leukocytes, their derivatives, and variety of plasma proteins

121
Q

immune system does 3 things:

A
  • Defends against invading pathogens
  • Identifies and destroys cancer cells that arise in body
  • Functions as a “cleanup crew” that removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
122
Q

o 5 different types of circulating leukocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
123
Q

neutrophils are very important in:

A

inflammatory responses

124
Q

what is the most abundant leukocyte?

A

neutrophil

125
Q

eosinophils make up about ____% of leukocytes

A

1-4%

126
Q

basophils make up about ____% of leukocytes

A

.25-.5%

127
Q

basophils
Quite similar structurally and functionally to:
synthesize and store:

A
  • mast cells

- histamine and heparin

128
Q

Can prevent clotting of blood samples drawn for chemical analysis and is Used extensively as anticoagulant drug

A

heparin

129
Q

o Emerge from bone marrow while still immature and circulate for day or two before settling down in various tissues in body

A

monocytes

130
Q

monocyte life span can range from:

A

several months to years

131
Q

lymphocytes live about _______ days

A

100 to 300

132
Q

T lymphocytes directly destroy specific target cells by:

A

releasing chemicals that punch holes in the victim cell (cell-mediated immunity)

133
Q

platelets lack _____, but have _______

A

nuclei; organelles and cytosolic enzymes for generating energy and synthesizing secretory products

134
Q

platelets have high concentrations of:

A

actin and myosin

135
Q

platelets remain functional for an average of ___ days

A

10

136
Q

Hormone produced by liver increases number of platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

137
Q

Prevents blood loss from a broken blood vessel

A

hemostasis

138
Q

hemostasis involves what 3 major steps?

A

vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, blood coagulation

139
Q

Reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel

A

vascular spasm

140
Q

Platelets aggregate on contact with _________ in damaged wall of the vessel

A

exposed collagen

141
Q

Transformation of blood from liquid into a solid gel

A

Blood coagulation (clotting)

Vertebrate Physiology (4 decks)

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