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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what does “normal” sexual behavior depend on?

A

Depends on moral, legal, and statistical behavioral models.

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2
Q

Sexual dysfunctions are disorders in which people cannot respond normally in key areas of sexual functioning:

  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ?
A
  1. desire
  2. excitement
  3. orgasm
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3
Q

what are the DSM distinctions of sexual dysfunctions?

A

“Life long type” vs. “Acquired type”

“Generalized type” vs. “Situational type”

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4
Q

Problems with urge to have sex, sexual fantasies and sexual attraction

A

disorders of desire

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5
Q

Absent or low sexual interest/desire

This must be a concern to be considered disorder.

A

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

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6
Q

What typically causes hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

A

typically physical issue, hormones, thyroid

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7
Q 
Total aversion (disgust of) sex
Typically learned behavior
A

Sexual aversion disorder

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8
Q

Repeated inability to maintain lubrication or clitoral swelling during sexual activity

A

Female sexual arousal disorder

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9
Q

what percentage of women are affected with female sexual arousal disorder

A

10%

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10
Q

Repeated inability to attain or maintain adequate erection during sexual activity.

A

male erectile disorder

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11
Q

what percentage of men are affected with erectile disorder during intercourse at some point in life

A

50%

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12
Q

biological causes of disorders of excitement in females?

A

Lower levels of estrogen

Autoimmune diseases (Schwargers) = decrease amount in lubrication production (all over body).

Not as much with age.

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13
Q

biological causes of disorders of excitement in men

A

heart issues

age

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14
Q

psychological causes of disorders of excitement?

A

With younger men it is more of an anxiety response.

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15
Q

sociocultural causes of disorders of excitement

A

Relationship conflict (w/partner)

Not so much cause, but can increase preexisting conditions

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16
Q

Ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation

A

“Premature”/early ejaculation

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17
Q

percentage of men who have “premature”/early ejaculation

A

30-50% of men

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18
Q

what causes premature ejaculation

A

anxiety based

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19
Q

what age is premature ejaculation more common in

A

younger men

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20
Q

Repeated inability to reach (very delayed) orgasm

A

male orgasmic disorder

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21
Q

biological causes of male orgasmic disorder

A

Testosterone levels

Spinal cord injury

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22
Q

Persistent delay/absence of orgasm following normal sexual excitement.

A

Female orgasmic disorder

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23
Q

percentage of women who experience female orgasmic disorder? percentage that never do?

A

25% women experience it

10% never experience it

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24
Q

biological causes of female orgasmic disorder

A

Decrease levels of estrogen

Side effect of Rx

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25
Q

psychological causes of female orgasmic disorder

A

trauma (assault)

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26
Q

sociocultural causes of female orgasmic disorder

A

stress/conflict (with partner)

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27
Q

disorders of sexual pain

A

vaginismus

dyspareunia

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28
Q

what is vaginismus

A

Vagina is very tense (all muscle contractions); involuntary, is with outer 1/3 of vagina.

Typically with learned fear response (body trying to protect itself)

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29
Q

what is dyspareunia?

A

Severe pain in genitals during sexual activity

most often physical causes

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30
Q

biological treatments for sexual dysfunction

A

Hormone therapy

Rx (for heart problems or thyroid infection)

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31
Q

psychological treatments for sexual dysfunction

A

Education

Anxiety reduction

Structured behavior exercises

Increase sexual communication skills

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32
Q

what are paraphilias?

A

Unusual fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors that are recurrent (6+ months) and sexual arousing

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33
Q

what do paraphilias unusual fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors often involve?

A

Non human objects

Non consenting people

Children

Humiliation of self/partner

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34
Q

Recurrent intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonliving object.

A

fetishism

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35
Q

when do fetishisms usually begin

A

adolescence

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36
Q

what is a cause of fetishism?

A

Behaviorists propose classical conditioning (Pavlov) (paring of sex w/ objects, many times)

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37
Q

Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving putting on clothes of opposite sex causing arousal.

A

transvestism or cross-dressing

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38
Q

transvestic fetishism is mostly in who?

A

heterosexual males

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39
Q

what type of conditioning leads to development of transvestic fetishism

A

operant conditioning

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40
Q

Arousal from exposure of genitals in public

A

Exhibitionism (no consenting piece)

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41
Q

who is exhibitionism an issue for

A

males (learned response)

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42
Q

treatments for exhibitionism

A

Behavioral retraining

Aversion therapy (to change behavior, associate with something bad)

Masturbatory satiation (masturbate after flash, eventually pleasure decreases and flashed end)

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43
Q

Repeated and intense sexual desire to observe people undressing or spy on couples engaging in sexual activity

A

Voyeurism

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44
Q

why is voyeurism on the rise

A

due to easy access to porn

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45
Q

what adds to excitements for people with voyeurism

A

risk of discovery

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46
Q

Fantasies, urges, or behaviors of touching and rubbing against non-consenting person

A

frotteurism

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47
Q

what do people with frotteurism fantasize about in regards to relationships

A

caring relationship with victim

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48
Q

when does frotteurism usually begin

A

teens or earlier

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49
Q

when does frotteurism usually disappear

A

age 25

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50
Q

what gender is frotteurism almost alway in

A

males

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51
Q

person with frotteurism thinks fantasies, urges, or behaviors of touching and rubbing against non-consenting person are what in a relationship?

A

step 1 to relationships

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52
Q

Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with prepubescent child (usually 12 or younger)

A

pedophilia

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53
Q

etiology of pedophilia

A

Some were sexually abused, neglected, excessively punished, or deprived of close relationships as children
- Learned it was appropriate behavior

Most immature and have co-morbid disorder (anxiety and depression – rarely comes by itself)

Possible brain structure abnormality, certainly sociocultural

  • Can see sexual disorder after traumatic brain injury
  • People are being sexualized at younger ages
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54
Q

Sexual preference for pubescent aged children, usually ages 11-14

A

hebephilia

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55
Q

how much more common is hebephilia diagnosed than pedophilia in research

A

2-3x more

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56
Q

Preference for older children, usually ages 15-19

A

Ephebophila

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57
Q

Preference for adults

A

Teleiophilia

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58
Q

Preference for elderly people

A

Gerontophilia

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59
Q

sexual arousal, fantasies, urges, or behaviors from inflicting suffering on others

A

sadism

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60
Q

sexual response associated with being humiliated, bound, or made to suffer

A

masochism

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61
Q

Statutory rape?

A

Someone of or over age of consent has sex with someone below the age of consent (18 in Wisconsin, unless spouse; 16 under no circumstance)

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62
Q

what age and % are most victims of rape?

A

teens or twenties

90%

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63
Q

what percentage of rapes are acquaintances or partners

A

2/3

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64
Q

what percentage of rapes involve alcohol intoxication or rohypnol

A

70%

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65
Q

how many reported sexual assaults each year?

A

500,000

only 50% actually reported

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66
Q

cultural spillover theory?

A

Rape rates higher in cultures or environments that encourage violence

Also: rates increase shortly after country gains access to violent US TV shows

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67
Q

etiology of rape?

A

Power (55%): compensate for feelings of personal or sexual inadequacy

Anger (40%): angry at women in general

Sadistic (5%): satisfaction by inflicting pain

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68
Q

who we are physically attracted to

A

sexual identity

69
Q

our internal sense of gender (how you define your gender – do you go with or against societies definition)

A

gender identity

70
Q

someone who acts the way society defines gender

A

cisgender

71
Q

% of gays and lesbians that display stereotyped gender expressions

A

10%

72
Q

Experiencing strong and persistent cross-gender identification and persistent discomfort with his/her anatomical sex

A

gender dysphoria

73
Q

males with gender dysphoria out number females ___

A

2:1

74
Q

etiology of gender dysphoria

A

(research limited and weak)

Some support: abnormalities in hypothalamus

Production of hormones differs

Lack or excess of specific sex hormones in utero
-Either lower or higher particular hormones

75
Q

treatment of gender dysphoria

A

Psychotherapy
Hormone therapy
Sexual reassignment surgery

76
Q

what is substance?

A

anything that changes a persons thought process, behavioral states, and/or emotional state involuntarily

77
Q

what are types of substance use?

A

abuse and dependence

78
Q

what are substance-induced problems?

A

withdrawal

disorders

79
Q

person not physically dependent on substance

A

substance abuse

80
Q

criteria for substance abuse?

A

Maladaptive pattern of use, significant impairment or distress, and one symptom in 12- month period:

  1. Use leads to failed role obligations
  2. Use in hazardous situations (to yourself or others)
  3. Recurrent substance-related problems
  4. Continued use despite problems

Doesn’t meet criteria for Dependence

81
Q

Criteria for substance dependence?

A

Maladaptive pattern of use, significant impairment or distress, and 3+ symptoms in 12- month period

  1. Tolerance
  2. Withdrawal
  3. Increase amounts taken or over longer periods
  4. Unsuccessful at reducing/controlling use
  5. Increase time spent using, getting, or recovering from use
  6. Give up social, occupational, or recreational things
  7. Continue use despite known negative effects
82
Q

Criteria for substance withdrawal?

A
  1. Development of substance-specific syndrome due to reduction in heavy use
  2. Syndrome causes significant distress
  3. Not due to medication condition
83
Q

Meets criteria for another DSM diagnosis, but onset of symptoms developed during, or within in month of, Substance Intoxication or Withdrawal

A

substance-induced disorder

84
Q

changes in DSM-5 for substance use disorders?

A

Substance Use Disorders

10 Classes of substances
- Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Opioids, Sedatives, Stimulants, Tobacco, Other/Unknown

Each class has 3 disorders: -Use, Intoxication, and Withdrawal

Example: Substance use disorder, alcohol, withdrawal

85
Q

DSM-4 disorders?

A

substance abuse

substance dependence

substance withdrawal

substance-induced disorder

86
Q

what is addiction

A

brain disease (biological/physical)

developmental disease

Characterized by:

  • Compulsive behavior
  • Continued abuse despite negative consequences
  • Persistent changes in brain’s structure and function
87
Q

physical problem that happens to people when they use a substance

A

addiction

88
Q

what age is highest chance of addiction?

A

12-17

18-25

89
Q

what factors does addiction involve

A

biology/genes

environment

brain mechanisms

(determine risk factors for addiction)

90
Q

Drugs of abuse engage what in the brain?

A

engage motivation and pleasure pathways

91
Q

what happens in the brain when a substance goes into it?

A

forces it to pump out more dopamine, leading to a pleasant feeling

brain gets exhausted or damaged

92
Q

what are natural rewards that elevate dopamine levels

A

food and sex

93
Q

What happens to dopamine receptors with prolong use of a substance

A

they decrease (destroyed)

94
Q

what percentage of people get addicted to drugs

A

10%

95
Q

people with genetically higher or lower amounts of dopamine receptors are more likely to get addicted to a drug?

A

lower

96
Q

dopamine receptors influence what?

A

drug liking

97
Q

what is a gene cluster associated with?

A

nicotine dependence

98
Q

comorbidity of drug users?

A

Drug users have a higher risk of developing mental disorders

  • Psychosis
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Panic Attacks
99
Q

environmental factors that contribute to addiction?

A
  • Stress
  • Early physical or sexual abuse
  • Witnessing violence
  • Peers who use drugs
  • Drug availability
100
Q

why can’t addicts just quit?

A

because addiction changes brain circuits

control part of brain gets damaged

101
Q

relapse rates are similar for drug addiction and other ____?

A

chronic illnesses (type I diabetes, hypertension, asthma)

102
Q

what is predictive of sustained recovery of addiction?

A

extended abstinence (brain begins to recover)

103
Q

Treatment of drug addiction reduces what?

A

drug use and recidivism (criminal behavior)

104
Q

traditional treatment for drug addiction?

A
  1. abstinence programs
    - 12 step
  2. cognitive-behavior therapy
    - learn coping skills
    - abstain or use in moderation
    - behavioral contracting
  3. impatient programs/interventions
    - short term
105
Q

Addicted to a physiological reaction associated with gambling

A

pathological gambling

106
Q

Addicted to a physiological reaction associated with stealing

A

kleptomania

107
Q

Addicted to a physiological reaction associated with fire setting

A

pyromania

108
Q

Addicted to a physiological reaction associated with acting out in an angry or aggressive way towards others

A

intermittent explosive disorder

109
Q

Addicted to a physiological reaction associated with pulling hair off their body

A

trichotillomania

110
Q

4 theories to why we sleep?

A

1) Cellular replenishment and construction
2) Neuronal remodeling
3) Filing/storing of gist of memories
- Shifting memories from short term to long term
4) Improvement of immune system

111
Q

how much sleep do infants need?

A

10-18 hours

112
Q

how much sleep do toddlers/children need?

A

9-15 hours

113
Q

how much sleep do adolescents need?

A

8.5-9.5 hours

114
Q

how much sleep do adults need?

A

7-9 hours

115
Q

how long does one sleep cycle take

A

75 minutes

116
Q

2 types of deep sleep?

A

NREM

REM

117
Q

when does dreaming occur

A

50 minutes after falling asleep

118
Q

what are sleep stages characterized by

A

type of brain waves

119
Q

how many cycles of sleep need to be gone through each night

A

5

120
Q

Abnormal sleep patterns that interfere with physical, mental, and emotional functioning

A

sleep disorder

121
Q

amount of americans who will meet criteria for a sleep disorder?

A

1/3

122
Q

dyssomnia is characterized by dysfunction in what?

A

Total amount of time person sleeps (sleep too much or too little)

Quality of sleep

Time of day person sleeps

123
Q

Inadequate sleep quality AND quantity

  • Difficulty staying/falling asleep
  • Waking up very early
A

insomnia

124
Q

Potential causes of insomnia?

A

Stress, illness, or discomfort

Noise, light, extreme temperatures

Interference in normal sleep schedule

125
Q

disorder with presence of sleep attacks

chronic neurological disorder

A

narcolepsy

126
Q

3 other major symptoms of narcolepsy?

A 
Sleep paralysis (occurs in stage 5)
-Won’t actually fall asleep (conscious)

Cataplexy
-Paralysis of a particular muscle group in body – usually limbs

Hallucinations
-Not psychosis, comes from sleep

127
Q

Cause of narcolepsy?

A

Loss of cells in hypothalamus
-In control of sleep/wake cycle and extreme emotions

Often brought on by extreme emotions

128
Q

ways to manage narcolepsy (no cure)?

A

Stimulants – reduce frequency and durations of sleep attacks

Take short, regularly scheduled naps at times when sleepiest
-Your body is unable to have a sleep attack when you are waking up from sleep

129
Q

characteristics of sleep apnea

A

Periodic gasping/”snorting” noises

Breathing stops and sleep is interrupted

Body is alarmed and pulls person close to waking up and makes them restart their cycle

Never able to get into the lower stages of sleep

130
Q

Treatment for sleep apnea?

A

Various mouth appliances and therapies
- CPAP – forces oxygen into system

Losing excess weight, surgery, avoid alcohol and certain medications

131
Q

Excessive sleeping

Body triggered to sleep more often

NEVER FEEL RESTED

A

hypersomnia

132
Q

Mismatch between individual’s sleep-wake schedule and his/her sleep-wake pattern

A

circadian rhythm sleep disorder

133
Q

what are parasomnias?

A

Disruptive sleep disorders
- Undesirable physical or verbal behaviors

Occur in specific stages of sleep
- During arousals from REM (stage 5) or partial arousals from NREM (stage 4) sleep

134
Q

characteristics of night mare disorder?

A

Repeatedly awaken with recall of frightening dreams during REM stage

Quickly becomes alert and oriented with what is going on around them
- remembers nightmare

135
Q

Themes of dreams for people with nightmare disorder

A

threats to security, self-esteem or survival

136
Q

characteristics of sleep terror disorder

A

Similar to nightmares, but during NREM

Episodes of intense crying, fear and autonomic arousal while sleep
- no memory of it

137
Q

what increases sleep terror disorder

A

stress
medications
fever

138
Q

% of children who experience sleep terror disorder

A

5%

139
Q

what causes sleep terror disorder?

A

underdeveloped maturation of hypothalamus (child problem)

140
Q

when does sleep walking occur?

A

NREM

141
Q

Characteristics of sleep walking?

A

During NREM

Engaging in a habitual behavior they do frequently

Eyes wide open, but don’t respond and won’t remember

Tends to run in families

142
Q

What can bring on sleep walking?

A

sleep deprivation

stress

alcohol

pregnancy

menstruation

143
Q

Consequences of sleep deprivation

A

decreased alertness and performance

memory and cognitive impairment

weight gain

accidents

144
Q

common treatment for sleep disorders

A

relaxation training

cognitive therapy

stimulus control and sleep restriction therapy

sleep hygiene (routine)

145
Q

Why is it difficult to assess dangerousness?

A

Presence of diagnosis does not = increased violence
- 90% of diagnosed neither violent nor dangerous

Violence is function of context as much as personality

Best predictor is previous conduct or violence

Definition of “dangerous is unclear

146
Q

civil commitment?

A

involuntarily committing person determined to be mentally ill and/or threat to self/others

Relative or profession files petition; judge decides if person is hospitalized involuntarily

147
Q

how many days can someone be involuntarily committed who is deemed dangerous?

A

30 days

148
Q

Individual voluntarily seeks treatment

Can leave when desired

Staff can file petition for involuntary commitment if threat determined

A

voluntary commitment

149
Q

criminal commitment?

A

Can plead not guilty by reason of insanity and placed in psychiatric institution

Determined by courts

150
Q

two categories of sexual disorders?

A

sexual dysfunction

paraphilias

151
Q

is “insanity” defense a legal or medical term?

A

legal

152
Q

what would an individual plead for the “insanity” defense?

A

Not Guilty Due to Insanity or Mental Defect

153
Q

percent of felony cases that plead Not Guilty Due to Insanity or Mental Defect

A

<1%

154
Q

what was the first case that pleaded not guilty be insanity?

A

M’Naghten Rule

- voices telling him to kill prime minister, killed secretary

155
Q

Presence of mental defect means you cannot be held legally responsible for any of your behavior

Led to issues and rule was revised

A

Durham Rule

156
Q

what replaced Durham rule?

A

Guidelines by the American Law Institute (ALI)

157
Q

What is the Guidelines by the American Law Institute (ALI)

A
  • current standard
  • at time of crime do you have a mental issue
  • were you in a situation where you knew right from wrong
158
Q

What does the Guidelines by the American Law Institute (ALI) not include?

A

does not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal behaviors

aka antisocial disorder

159
Q

Confidentiality is a ___ standard that protects clients from disclosure of information without consent

A

ethical

not a legal obligation; ethical principle

160
Q

what is the belief to therapy?

A

cornerstone believe

161
Q

what is privileged communication?

A

narrower, legal concept that prevents disclosure of confidential communication with out consent

162
Q

in privileged communication who is the “holder of the privilege”?

A

client

163
Q

Exemptions of privileged communication?

A

Therapist believes client is danger to self/others

If mental condition is used as defense in legal action

If therapist believes client (<16 or dependent adult) is victim of incest, rape, or child/elder abuse

164
Q

when does a therapist have the duty to warn

A

Potential victim must be warned if the victim is known and is an imminent threat

Tarasoff v. regents of U of California

165
Q

difference between duty to warn and duty to protect?

A

Difference: where is the information coming from?

Duty to protect - you can use 3rd party information if it comes from a reliable source

Ewing v. Goldstein

166
Q

What does FERPA cover?

A

educational records - who has access to records

Shin v. MIT

167
Q

When should a psychologist avoid dual relationships?

A

if impairs objectivity, competence or effectiveness in perform his/her job

168
Q

Sex and ethics code? (Ethical Principle: Dual Relationship)

A

Do NOT have sex with

  • Current therapy clients/patients
  • Relatives or significant others of current clients/patients

Do NOT do therapy with
- Former sexual partners

What about “Sexual Intimacies With Former Therapy Clients/Patients?”
APA says…
- Not for at least 2 years after ending therapy (having no contact)
- Not really ever “except in the most unusual circumstances. Bear the burden of demonstrating that there has been no exploitation (aka manipulation)”

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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