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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

alarm in response to real threat

only there while threat is present

A

fear

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2
Q

alarm (anticipatory) response to vague sense of threat/danger

can occur anytime, threat doesn’t have to be present

A

anxiety

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3
Q

most common mental disorder in US?

A

anxiety disorders

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4
Q

According to DSM-5 what are the 3 anxiety disorders and 3 “anxiety-like” disorders?

(Formerly six disorders before DSM-5)

A

Anxiety:

  1. Panic
  2. Phobia
  3. Generalized anxiety disorders

Anxiety-like

  1. Obsessive-compuslive disorder
  2. Acute stress disorder
  3. Post traumatic stress disorder
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5
Q

Strong physical response to real threat

A

panic

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6
Q

Highest level of fear you can experience

only present when threat is there

A

panic

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7
Q

panic attack?

A

panic response but absence of real threat

periodic, short bouts of panic; occur “suddenly”, peak, and pass

Fear that they will die, they are going “crazy” or losing control

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8
Q

Panic disorder?

A

Panic attacks repeatedly, unexpectedly and without apparent reason

causes distress for the person

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9
Q

Two diagnoses of panic disorders?

A
  1. Panic disorder -

2. Agoraphobia

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10
Q

What is unique about agoraphobia?

A

Panic disorder and phobia

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11
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Panic response but panic is triggered by a stimuli

Afraid of being in large, open areas

Afraid to be out where escape might be difficult

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12
Q

When do panic disorders most often occur?

A

in late adolescence/early adulthood (rare in kids)

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13
Q

occurrence % and prevalence of panic disorders

A
  1. 3% in a year

3. 5% lifetime prevalence

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14
Q

Biological dimension of panic disorders?

A

Serotonin
- fewer receptors so serotonin is being left in system, not all is being absorbed

Norepinephrine
- overproducing norepinephrine

Inherited biological predisposition

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15
Q

Biological treatment for panic disorders?

A

SSRIs and SNRIs

Benzodiazepines

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16
Q

What does SSRI and SNRI stand for?

A

SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

SNRI: Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor

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17
Q

How do SSRI and SNRIs work?

A

Produces more chemical in the synaptic cleft

  • elevate levels so the body now sees levels as incorrect (originally the already high levels was seen as normal by the body)
  • homeostasis now brings levels back down
  • overtime chemical levels decrease and are brought down to a more normal level
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18
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

Targets central nervous system (autonomic system - relaxation part) and calms that part of body

Reduces feelings of panic IN THE MOMENT

Short term use - highly addictive

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19
Q

What is the cognitive/behavior dimension of panic disorders?

A

Full panic reactions experienced only by people who misinterpret bodily events

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20
Q

Why might some people be prone to misinterpretations of bodily events, resulting in panic?

A
  • poor coping skills
  • lack of social support
  • unpredictable childhood traumas
  • overly protective caregivers
  • medical condition or modeled medical condition
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21
Q

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT treatment) for panic disorders?

A

Correct misinterpretations of sensations

Step 1: education

  • panic in general
  • causes of bodily sensations
  • tendency to misinterpret

Step 2: teach more accurate interpretations

Step 3: Teach coping skills for anxiety

Biofeedback

“Biological challenges”

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22
Q

What are “biological challenges” in the CBT treatment for panic?

A

Produce physiological response similar to a panic response

Induce sensations similar to panic (like exercise)

Practice coping strategies and accurate interpretations

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23
Q

Effectiveness of CBT treatment for panic?

A

85% panic free for 2 years vs. 13% of control subjects

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24
Q

Sociocultural dimension of panic?

A

2x more likely in women

Disturbed childhood

Role of culture
- latino adolescents report higher anxiety sensitivity but lower rates of panic attacks

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25
Q

What culture has reports of higher anxiety sensitivity but lower rates of panic attacks

How is this possible

A

Latino adolescents

Not based on how much anxiety you have; but the cognitive piece of whether the anxiety will develop into panic

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26
Q

Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities or situations

A

phobia

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27
Q

How common are phobias?

A

10% of adults in a given year

14% lifetime prevalence

2x more likely in women

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28
Q

Types of phobias according to DSM?

A

Agoraphobia

Social phobias (aka social anxiety disorder

Specific phobias

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29
Q

What is the least commonly diagnosed phobia?

A

agoraphobia

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30
Q

Fear vs phobia?

A

Fear = normal/ common experience; natural response

Phobia = more intense fear response that is out of proportion to the stimuli

  • greater desire to avoid feared object or situation
  • distress which interferes with functioning
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31
Q

What is social phobia (aka social anxiety disorder)?

A

Intense, excessive fear of being scrutinized in one or more social or performance situations

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32
Q

What are the types of social phobia (social anxiety disorder)?

A
  1. Performance
  2. Limited interactional
  3. Generalized
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33
Q

Ratio of women:men for social phobia?

A

3:2

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34
Q

% of people affected by social phobia in the US

A

8%

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35
Q

When does social phobia often begin?

A

Childhood

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36
Q

Treatment for social phobias?

A

Medication

Psychological treatments that address overwhelming social fear and lack of social skills
- social skills and assertiveness training

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37
Q

persistent fears of specific objects or situations

A

specific phobia

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38
Q

Five subtypes of specific phobia?

A

Animals

Natural environmental

Blood/injections or injury

Situational (particular situation, not because of social)

Other (clowns, spoons, anything random)

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39
Q

Likeliness of specific phobia?

A

2x more likely in women

9% in any year

11% lifetime prevalence

Many suffer from more than one at a time

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40
Q

Biological dimension of phobia?

A

over activation of amygdala

species-specific predisposition
- biological preparedness for objects or situations

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41
Q

Psychological dimensions of phobias for behavioral

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Observational learning (aka modeling)
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42
Q

psychological dimensions of phobias for cognitive

A

Self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs

Overprediction of danger

Oversensitivity to threatening cues

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43
Q

sociocultural dimensions of phobias

A

child rearing patterns

gender differences

culturally distinct phobias

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44
Q

What techniques are most widely used in phobias, especially for specific phobias

A

behavioral

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45
Q

How are phobias treated behaviorally?

A

Systematic desensitization

Flooding

Modeling

Virtual reality therapy

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46
Q

patients being exposed to the items on their hierarchy of fear

A

systematic desensitization

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47
Q

forced, non gradual exposure to fear

intensively exposes client to his or her feared object until anxiety is extinguished

A

flooding

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48
Q

therapist confronts fear object while fearful person observes

A

modeling

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49
Q

characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A
  • 6 months “excessive anxiety/worry” about variety of things
  • Significant difficulty controlling anxiety/worry
  • 3 or more symptoms of anxiety
  • NOT part of another mental disorder
  • Clinically significant distress or problems with functioning.
  • NOT substance or medical issue
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50
Q

most frequent anxiety disorder in medical settings?

A

GAD (4% of population)

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51
Q

Treatment for GAD?

A

Meds and cognitive behavior treatment (CBT)

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52
Q

Invasive and persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that uncontrollably intrude on consciousness

A

obsession

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53
Q

Common themes of obsession

A

Order
Sexual based
Violence
Cleanliness

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54
Q

“Voluntary” repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform

A

compulsions

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55
Q

Characteristics of compulsions?

A

Recognize irrationality–>  stuck in fear

Performing behaviors reduces anxiety for short time

Can develop into rituals with common themes

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56
Q

when is OCD diagnosed?

A

Excessive or unreasonable

Causes great distress

Interferes considerably with normal functioning

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57
Q

What kind of disorder was OCD formerly known to be?

A

Anxiety disorders

Obsessions: anxiety
Compulsions: prevent/reduce anxiety

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58
Q

Average amount of time for someone with OCD to see for help?

A

7 years

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59
Q

likely hood of OCD?

A

2% in a given year

no overall gender differences

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60
Q

biological dimensions of OCD?

A

Serotonin – overly absorbing seratonin
- Depletion of serotonin

Brain abnormalities in the frontal cortex and caudate nuclei

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61
Q

How is the frontal cortex affected in people with OCD?

A
  • Frontal cortex – affected where you’re unable to think about things in a logical manner
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62
Q

how is the caudate nuclei affected people with OCD?

A

Caudate nuclei – lets you know there is an issue going on

Telling body there is something wrong, but don’t know what it is
There’s not actually something wrong going on

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63
Q

Treatment for OCD biologically

A

Meds

SSRI

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64
Q

What does SSRI do in treatment of patients with OCD

A

prevents uptake of serotonin so serotonin is available in the brain to be used

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65
Q

Treatment for OCD behavioral perspective?

A

Try to explain and treat compulsions

Treatment very effective
- Exposure and response prevention (E+RP)
- Designed on systematic desensitization
Steps
1. Educate = OCD
2. Develop exposure hierarchy (of least and most anxiety provoking)
3. Gradual exposure to feared situation until anxiety goes away
4. Prevent performance of compulsive ritual(s)

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66
Q

Sociocultural dimension of OCD:

Who is OCD most common among

A

young, divorced, separated or unemployed (traumatic events)

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67
Q

How long does it take for OCD symptoms to become severe?

A

7 years

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68
Q

Why do people who are young, divorced, separated or unemployed tend to have OCD?

A
  • traumatic event happened where they lose control

Compulsive behavior makes person feel like they have some sort of control (irrational)

Genetic predisposition for compulsive thoughts – activates after traumatic event

Takes 7 years for symptoms to become severe

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69
Q

What type of trauma is most associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Motor vehicle accidents

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70
Q

What type of traumas are more likely to lead to PTSD?

A 
Violent acts (e.g. rape, assault, etc.)
Perpetrator of an act of violence
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71
Q

Lifetime Prevalence rate for PTSD?

A

6.8% for American adults, 2x more common in women than men

Military prevalence: 10-20%

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72
Q

Acute stress disorder is a temporary diagnosis where person is exposed to a traumatic event, and within 4 weeks has..?

A

3 + dissociative symptoms for 2 days – 4 weeks

Dissociative symptoms

Mentally re-experiences event

Avoids stimuli that arouses trauma

Increase in emotional sensitivity (anxiety)

Disturbance causes clinically significant distress

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73
Q

if systems of acute stress disorder persist for how long is it considered being PTSD?

A

1 month

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74
Q

3 main symptom types of PTSD?

A

Intrusive recollection

Avoidance/numbing

Hyperarousal/Hypervigilence/Excessive Anxiety

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75
Q

removing self from reality

A

dissociative symptoms

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76
Q

According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the biological dimensions?

A

Autonomic system is overly active (sensitized) – feel on edge all the time, challenged with flight or fight response; hard time relaxing themselves

Hippocampus atrophy – don’t remember things completely accurately; believe something was much more dangerous than it actually was; elevates fears

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77
Q

According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the psychological dimensions?

A

Preexisting anxiety or depression

Cognitive skill level - hard time focusing and attending to things accurately

Meaningfulness of trauma - When trauma is meaningful to person more likely to develop into a PTSD reaction (more likely to develop into a PTSD response from someone they know versus a stranger)

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78
Q

According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the social dimensions?

A

History of childhood neglect or abuse

Lack of social support

Social isolation

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79
Q

According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the sociocultural dimensions?

A

Low SES status

Gender differences

Immigration/refugee status

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80
Q

What is the traditional treatment for PTSD?

A

Improve coping skills

Stop avoidance (avoidance maintains anxiety)

Exposure (covert most often)
-Expose to circumstances they associate with the traumatic event

Also:

  • Overcoming sleep problems
  • Treat associated depression and anxiety
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81
Q

two key emotions on a continuum (depression and mania)

A

mood disorders

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82
Q

low, sad state

A

depression

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83
Q

breathless euphoria and frenzied energy

A

mania

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84
Q

loss of interest or pleasure

A

anhedonia

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85
Q

no facial response (retardation)

can be seen with people who have depression

A

blunted affect

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86
Q

depressive symptoms?

A

Sadness

Anhedonia – loss of interest or pleasure

Appetite or weight change (less or more – varies)

Sleep problems (less or more – varies)

Psychomotor agitation or retardation

Blunted affect – no facial response (retardation)

Fatigue

Feelings of worthlessness/excessive guilt

Problems concentrating/making decisions

Suicidal ideation

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87
Q

Criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A

5 + symptoms during same 2-week period

  • One symptom is either (symptoms are always there for at least a 2 week period)
    (1) depressed more, or
    (2) loss of interest or pleasure

Not Episode

Clinically significant

Not from substance or medical condition

Not bereavement (grief reaction)

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88
Q

Episodes of depression keep coming back

Same criteria as single episode

A

recurrent MDD

89
Q

what the average number of episodes of depression in MDD before someone seeks treatment?

A

4

90
Q

Average duration of depressive episodes in MDD?

A

5 months

91
Q

DSM qualifiers for major depressive disorder?

A

Mild, Moderate, Severe

With Psychotic Features
- Psychosis – loss of touch with reality
E.g. hallucinations

With Atypical Features
Atypical – uncommon symptoms that typically only happen to that one person in reaction to the episodes

With Postpartum Onset
- Change in hormones

With Seasonal Pattern

  • If depression happens for 2 years in a row
  • Winter is most common
92
Q

depressive disorder with similar but milder symptoms of MDD

A

dysthymic disorder

93
Q

Criteria for dysthymic disorder

A

symptoms for 2+ years

No symptom free period for over 2 months

94
Q

Depressive disorder where there are MDD and dysthymia episodes

A

double depression

95
Q

What are the two ways double depression can occur?

A

Alternating between the two
-There are periods of relief

Never have periods of relief, always in some level of depression of either MDD or dysthymia

96
Q

is double depression a DSM diagnosis?

A

no - therapy term

97
Q

prevalence of unipolar depression

A

5-10% of US each year

98
Q

How early is unipolar depression being diagnosed?

A

pre school

99
Q

why is unipolar depression increasing?

A

More people are seeking treatment

Cultural shift in 60s/70s to present – movement away from societal causes and more to personal responsibility/blame
-Emphasis on personal blame increases depressive symptoms

100
Q

biological dimensions of unipolar depression?

A

Genetic factors

Dysfunctions in neurotransmitters
(Serotonin and norepinephrine)

Brain structure differences
Frontal lobe, shrunken hippocampus

Abnormal cortisol levels (elevated)

REM sleep disturbances

101
Q

Psychological dimensions of unipolar depression?

A

Behavioral
Levels of reinforcement
- Environment reacts positively to the person when they don’t feel good (comforted by others)
- Support network that was helpful, becomes less supportive over time because person continues to have symptoms for a long period of time

Cognitive
Errors in thinking
- Start blaming themselves

Learned Helplessness
- Attribution style (Optimism vs. Pessimism)

102
Q

what is negative cognitive triad?

A

Experience with unipolar depression

belief of a person with chronic depression thinks they are someone that will always feel bad, never going to change and it is a consequence for being in a bad world. (themself, world, future = all bad)

103
Q

How does attribution style affect learned helplessness ? (psychological dimension of unipolar depression)

A

Depression more likely is pessimistic people

Blame is Internal/external (internal = pessimistic; external = optimistic)

Stable/unstable (stable = next time it will be different)

Global/specific (global = think it is always this bad; specific = only thing its bad because of the specific situation)

104
Q

Social dimensions of MDD (unipolar depression)?

A

Stress

Lack of social support/resources
- results in isolation/lack of intimacy (result: duration of symptoms last longer)

105
Q

Sociocultural dimension of MDD?

A

Depression is more severe in people of low socioeconomic status (SES)

Cultural differences
- Non-Westerners (Euro-American) report more physical symptoms

Gender differences

  • Women 2x as likely to experience MDD (26% of women vs. 12% of men) in lifetime
  • Proportionally 2:1 but dramatic drift when look at percentages
106
Q

who reports more physical symptoms of depression?

A

non-westerners (euro-american)

107
Q

why does there appear to be such are large percentage gap between men and women who have MDD?

A

Women more likely to seek treatment

Diagnostic system (DSM) is gender-biased (based more on men)

108
Q

why is the large percentage gap between men and women who have MDD real?

A

Genetic or hormonal difference

Gender roles
-Women more in touch with emotions

Coping style
Women use coping strategy rumination

Men used coping strategy distraction

Women may be victim to more childhood traumas

109
Q

coping strategy for depression where thinking about things over and over again repeatedly – intensifies stress

A

rumination

common for women to do this

110
Q

coping strategy for depression where individual focuses on something else away from the distress being felt – decreases intensity of stress in the moment

A

distraction

common for men to do this

111
Q

biological treatment for depression?

A

medication

ECT or Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Alternatives that release endorphins (exercising, meditation)

112
Q

behavioral treatment for depression?

A

exercising or meditation

113
Q

cognitive treatment for depression (MDD)

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

114
Q

DSM criteria for manic disorder?

A

Three (or more) of the following symptoms:
Decreased need for sleep

Flight of ideas or racing thoughts

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking

Distractibility to irrelevant external stimuli

Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation

Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for painful consequences (e.g., money, sex, substances)

115
Q

criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder?

A

Criteria 1:
3+ symptoms of mania lasting 1 week+

Criteria 2: History of mania
If currently experiencing hypomania or depression

Mania damages brain in a way that induces depressive states
98% chance of experience depression

116
Q

How can you be diagnosed with bipolar disorders?

A

must experience mania;

can’t get diagnosed if you just have depression

can get diagnosed if you just have mania because depression will come eventually

117
Q

What does mania do to the brain?

A

damages it in a way that induces depressive states

118
Q

What are you diagnosed with if you have experienced mania but not depression

A

bipolar disorder still; depression will come eventually

119
Q

bipolar disorder I?

A

Full manic and major depressive (MD) episodes

Most experience alternation between mania and depression episodes

Diagnosis for manic episodes only too

120
Q

bipolar disorder II?

A

Hypomanic and MDD episodes

Mania is there just not as high, but experiencing full depression

121
Q

disorder similar to bipolar disorder I and II but milder

A

cyclothymic disorder

122
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder

A

Experiencing hypomania and dysthymia instead of full blown mania and depression

Milder symptoms that last longer

123
Q

criteria for cyclothymic disorder diagnosis?

A

Must be present for 2+ years with no symptom-free periods over 2 months

124
Q

Prevalence of bipolar disorder

A

Rates: ~0.4% to 1.6%

125
Q

prevalence of bipolar disorder across socioeconomic classes and ethnic groups?

A

Same; no cultural component

126
Q

onset of bipolar disorders?

A

15-44; usually by 25

127
Q

prevalence of bipolar disorder in gender?

A

Equal; but have different versions of disorder (hormones)

128
Q

How do bipolar disorders in men and women differ?

A

Women = more depressive episodes (higher levels of estrogen, mania is prevented)

Men = more manic episodes

129
Q

How do we know there is a biological dimension to bipolar disorder?

A

identical twins = 40% likelihood

fraternal twins and siblings = 5-10%

130
Q

how are neurotransmitters affected in people with bipolar disorder?

A

low serotonin causes disorder and norepinephrine defines its form

mania = high norepinephrine is being used up by the body

depression = all norepinephrine is used up; none left

131
Q

Biological treatments for bipolar?

A

1) medication:
antidepressants - increase production of chemicals

lithium - prevent mania states

antipsychotics - prevent psychotic symptoms like delusions

2) reduce/eliminate substance use

132
Q

Behavioral treatments for bipolar disorder?

A

1) scheduling/consistency of taking medications
2) avoiding anything that makes symptoms worse
3) coping with stress/distress

133
Q

Cognitive treatments for bipolar disorder?

A

CBT

134
Q

when there is many more unsuccessful attempts of suicide than successes

A

parasuicides

135
Q

parasuicides in adults? youth?

A

adults = 25 attempts/death

youth = 150 attempts/death

136
Q

what is a big factor for suicide?

A

isolation and alienation

137
Q

day with highest number of suicide attempt? Lowest?

A

highest = December 21

lowest = Superbowl Sunday

138
Q

suicide difference with men and women?

A

Women = higher attempt rate (3x men)

Men = higher completion rate (6x men)

139
Q

Why do men have higher completion rate of suicide?

A

Lethality: Men tend to use more violent methods

Guns = used in nearly 2/3 of male suicides vs. 40% of female suicides

140
Q

% of completed suicides that had mental disorder?

A

90%

141
Q

who is at highest risk of suicide?

A

Substance dependency (50-70%)

Depression/mood disorders (50%)

Schizophrenia (25%)

Conduct disorder (10%)

142
Q

Why are kids with conduct disorder at higher risk of suicide?

A

– diagnosed in teens; kids who are against the rules; use as a ploy to get attention – people stop taking them seriously – go further to make it look like it is not a ploy and end up succeeding in suicide

143
Q

What are Dr. Joiner’s 3 factors of suicide?

A

Sense of burden to others

Profound sense of loneliness, alienation, and isolation

Sense of fearlessness – ability to overcome our natural fear of death (involves pain)

144
Q

In Dr. Joiner’s 3 factors of suicide how many of the factors do you need before an attempt is made?

A

Need all 3

145
Q

% of people who will attempt suicide after the first time?

A

20%

146
Q

What race is at highest risk of suicide?

A

Rate of Euro Americans = 2x African Americans and other racial groups

147
Q

what age is suicide lowest?

A

under 10

148
Q

when are suicidal actions more common

A

after 14

149
Q

when does ideation of suicide usually start?

A

adolescents

150
Q

what age has highest rates of succeeding in suicide?

A

over 80

151
Q

what are suicidal actions linked to?

A

depression
low self esteem
feelings of hopelessness

152
Q

Treatment for suicidal depression?

A

Psychotherapy or drug therapy once medically stable

Prevention

  • means restriction
  • better public education
153
Q

therapy goals for suicidal people?

A

keep alive

achieve a non-suicidal state of mind

develop better coping strategies

154
Q

what is means restriction?

A

take away the weapon the suicidal person planned to use to carry out their plan of suicide – person is less likely to attempt

155
Q

Gender difference in schizophrenia?

A

2 women for every 3 men

156
Q

why would men suffer more severe symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Estrogen might serve as protective factor

157
Q

what are the symptoms for schizophrenia for most of 1 month period (DSM criteria)

A

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganized speech

Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

Negative symptoms

158
Q

How many of schizophrenia symptoms must be present for a DSM diagnosis?

A

at least 2

159
Q

DSM criteria for schizophrenia

how long must symptoms be constant?

how long does there need to be signs of disturbances?

A

1 month

6 months

160
Q

DSM criteria for schizophrenia?

A

2+ of following symptoms for most of 1- month period

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized speech
  • Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  • Negative symptoms

Signs of disturbance for 6 months (symptoms may come and go)

Dysfunction in work, relations, or self-care

161
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations

delusions

162
Q

Sensory experiences that only the person sees that is being produced by their mind

A

hallucinations

163
Q

most common hallucination in schizophrenia?

A

auditory

164
Q

Belief that the person has about themself or the world that is illogical (no evidence)

A

delusions

165
Q

think others are out to get them, kill them, etc

A

paranoia

166
Q

think they have a special skill that no one else has; illogical beliefs with no evidence supporting it

A

grandiose

167
Q

kinds of delusions?

A

paranoia

grandiose

168
Q

do most people with schizophrenia have positive or negative symptoms?

A

positive

169
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

delusions

hallucinations

170
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Poverty of speech (alogia)

Blunted and flat affect

Loss of volition (motivation/purpose)

Social withdrawal

171
Q

alogia?

A

Poverty of speech

Person has difficulty communicating verbally during the psychotic states (schizophrenia)

172
Q

blunted/flat affect?

A

blunted - emotional expression outwardly is limited

flat - no expression of emotion at all

(schizophrenia)

173
Q

loss of volition?

A

loss of motivation/purpose to do something

174
Q

types of schizophrenia symptoms?

A

positive symptoms

negative symptoms

disorganized symptoms

psychomotor symptoms

175
Q

disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Disordered thinking and speech

  • Loose associations
  • Neologisms
  • Clang

Inappropriate affect

176
Q

disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where person jumps over to different topics; difficult to stay on tract with their thought

A

loose associations

177
Q

disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where words are made up by the person

A

neologism

178
Q

disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where person talks in a way where they say words because they sound similar to other words someone would normally say

Ex: I’m doing well  I’m doing fell

A

clang

179
Q

disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where how they present themselves does not coincide with the emotion they are feeling

A

inappropriate affect

180
Q

type of symptom in schizophrenia where person has Awkward movements, repeated grimaces, odd gestures (repetitive/consistent)

A

psychomotor symptoms

181
Q

psychomotor symptom of schizophrenia where person experiences Complete loss of voluntary muscle movements

A

catatonia

182
Q

subtypes of schizophrenia?

A 
Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic 
Undifferentiated
Residual
183
Q

most common subtype of schizophrenia?

A

paranoid

184
Q

what is paranoid schizophrenia characterized by?

A

Positive symptoms

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
185
Q

what is disorganized schizophrenia characterized by

A

disorganized and negative symptoms

186
Q

what is catatonic schizophrenia characterized by?

A

Psychomotor symptoms

Repetitive, unusual behavior

Odd gestures and facial expressions

Don’t need to have catatonic states to get the diagnosis

187
Q

schizophrenia that displays wide range of symptoms

A

undifferentiated schizophrenia

188
Q

schizophrenia that has no current prominent positive psychotic features

May still display negative symptoms

A

residual schizophrenia

189
Q

biological etiology of schizophrenia?

A

Genetic

Prenatal exposure to virususes
-If at risk due to genetic make up, being exposed to virus Increases risk

Affects dopamine (neurotransmitter) production

Early cannabis use

190
Q

In what case would cannabis use of exposure to viruses increase someone chances of developing schizophrenia?

A

if the person already is at risk due to their genetic make up

191
Q

how is dopamine affected in schizophrenic patients that demonstrate positive symptoms?

A

its being over produced

192
Q

when would someones symptoms of schizophrenia show deficits in behavior (negative symptoms)

A

not enough dopamine

193
Q

how does cannabis use increase the risk of schizophrenia?

what kind of symptoms?

A

increases dopamine production in brain

positive symptoms

194
Q

psychosocial causes of schizophrenia?

A

Families with high expressed emotion (EE)
-EE = a lot of conflict

3x more likely if raised in urban environment

195
Q

what kind of disorder is schizophrenia?

A

biological/genetic

issues in maturation that affect brain development

196
Q

biological treatment for schizophrenia

A

antipsychotics

197
Q

what do antipsychotics do for schizophrenia patients?

A

increase production of dopamine

198
Q

what kind of schizophrenia symptoms do antipsychotics work best for?

A

positive symptoms

199
Q

side effects of antipsychotics for schizophrenia patients?

A

weight gain

tardive dyskinesia

200
Q

Parkinson like symptoms – uncontrollable tremoring and intense pain

A

tardive dyskinesia

201
Q

types of treatments for schizophrenia?

A

biological - antipsychotics

learning-based therapy

family intervention

202
Q

what type of treatment for schizophrenia is more commonly used for negative, disorganized, and psychomotor symptoms?

A

learning based therapy

203
Q

what is learning based therapy for schizophrenia?

A

modify behavior to help adjust to community

204
Q

psychotic disorder where Schizophrenic symptoms last at least a day, but not more than 1 month

A

brief psychotic disorder

205
Q

what usually triggers a brief psychotic disorder?

A

significant stressors

206
Q

Identical symptoms to schizophrenia, except:

Total duration of the illness is at least 1 month but less than 6 months

Often go to full blown schizophrenia, but can go away completely in some cases

A

schizophreniform disorder

207
Q

psychotic disorder and mood disorder

A

schizoaffective disorder

208
Q

when will mood disorder occur in someone with schizoaffective disorder?

A

when in a psychotic state

209
Q

requirements for schizoaffective disorder diagnosis

A

2+ schizophrenic symptoms (e.g., positive or negative) for 1 month

AND one or more of the following
Major depressive episode
Manic episode
Mixed episode

Delusions or hallucinations for 2 weeks in absence of mood problems

210
Q

what is it called when a mood disorder causes the psychosis?

A

mood disorder with psychotic features

211
Q

Holding one or more non-bizarre delusions in absence of other significant psychopathology

A

delusional disorder

212
Q

types of delusional disorder?

A

erotomanic

grandiose

jealous

persecutory

somatic

213
Q

type of delusional disorder where they believe other people are in love with them

A

erotomanic

214
Q

type of delusional disorder where person has delusions about self, abilities, intellect, things they can do

A

grandiose

215
Q

type of delusional disorder where person might believe partner is cheating on them (example)

A

jealous

216
Q

type of delusional disorder where person is more paranoid, think people are out to get them/ harm them (physically, emotionally, or mentally)

A

persecutory

217
Q

type of delusional disorder where person has perceptions about body that it is different or unusual (one particular aspect of body that person has delusion about – usually not distressing to person)

A

somatic

218
Q

Rare disorder where two people share psychotic symptoms (usually paranoia or delusion)

A

shared psychotic disorder

219
Q

when would shared psychotic disorder potentially occur

A

Occurs when people live in very close proximity and are socially/physically isolated with someone who actually has psychotic symptoms

Confirmation bias: start seeing symptoms in themselves even though symptoms aren’t actually there

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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