Exam 1 Flashcards
What is cultural universality?
Fixed set of disorders exist whose obvious symptoms cut across cultures
What is cultural relativism?
Values and worldviews affect expression and determination of deviant behaviors
What was the prehistoric view of abnormal behavior?
Evil spirits (demonology)
Drilling of holes in the skull so demons could be released
Trephination
Ancient Greece:
What was Hippocrates belief?
Belief that humans need a balance of fluids in our body
If something was wrong it was thought that there was too much of something (usually blood)
Hippocrates four humors?
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile
What time period returned to the belief of demonology being the sole cause of demonology?
Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages what causes the mass outbreaks of madness?
Stress/fear from social unrest and mass illness (bubonic plague)
Belief that people are turning into werewolves
Lycanthropy
Belief that you have been bitten and poisoned by a spider
Tarantism
When was there an inhumane use of asylums to house the “mad” due to no treatment
Middle Ages
When was moral treatment for mental health introduced?
19th century
Abnormality believed relating to the body
Somatogenic abnormality
What causes somatogenic abnormality?
- Physical causes (fatigue)
- Untreated disease (syphilis)
Who found that syphilis untreated led to abnormal behavior?
Kraepelin
Abnormality believed relating to the mind
Psychogenic abnormality
What led to the rise in belief of psychogenic abnormality?
- Hypnotism success
How were severe disturbances treated pre-1950s?
- Insulin shock
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Lobotomy
What led to deinstitutionalization and rise in outpatient care in the 1950s?
Psychotropic medications
What do contemporary models influence?
Influence what we:
- Observe
- What questions we ask
- Information we seek
- Our interpretation of that information
Set of assumptions to help explain and interpret
model
What does the multi path model describe as causes for mental disorders?
- Biological
- Psychological
- Sociocultural
- Social
Multipath model:
Genetics, brain anatomy, chemical imbalances, nervous system functioning
Biological
Multipath model:
Personality, cognition, emotions, learning, self-efficacy, developmental history
Psychological
Multipath model:
Race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, culture
Sociocultural
Multipath model:
Family, relationships, social support
Social
In the biological model, give examples of malfunctions in the brain and nervous system
- Brain anatomy
- Abnormal neurotransmitter activity
- Abnormal hormone activity
- Genetic
- Viral infections
What are some biological treatments?
- Drug therapy
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Psychosurgery
Examples of drug therapies?
Tranquilizers
Antidepressants
Psychotropic
What are some strengths of the biological model?
- A lot of research supporting it
- Credible explanation
What are some weaknesses of the biological model?
- Evidence is incomplete or inclusive (psychosurgery)
- Treatments produce undesirable side effects
What are some psychological models?
- Psychodynamic
- Learning/Behavior
- Cognitive
What is the psychodynamic model?
Behavior determined by underlying psychological forces of which we are not aware
3 parts of consciousness?
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
What is the Id?
part of unconscious
Need for food, water, air, and sex
born with it; drives us to want our needs satisfied; pleasure principle
What is the ego?
figures out how to meet the desire (satisfies Id)
What is the super ego?
moral center, concept of right or wrong; what your parents teach you
Defn:
Unconscious ways of coping with anxiety of disturbing impulses
Defense mechanism
Defn:
Defense mechanism in which you act opposite to the disturbing impulse
Reaction formation
Defn:
Defense mechanism in which you say you don’t have the impulse, someone else does
projection
Defn:
Defense mechanism in which you act in a way that you might have in the past as a kid, because it feels safer since it was safe to act that way back then
Regression
Why are many people not comfortable with some of Freud’s theories?
- Based on traditional gender roles in sexually restrictive victorian era (theories based around men)
- Used his personal experiences to form a “universal theory”
- Parts not supported from research
Reacting to someone you meet in a way that is consistent with someone else you know in your life
Transference
Conscious expression of an emotion that was once unconscious
Catharsis
What are psychodynamic techniques?
- Therapist gathers info, comes up with diagnosis, develops a treatment plan
- “working through” the transference
- Catharsis
Strengths of psychodynamic model?
- Recognize importance of psychological theories and treatments
- Internal conflict as important source of both health and abnormality
Weaknesses of psychodynamic model?
- Unsupported ideas (no empirical support)
- Concepts are difficult to research
Model that began in laboratory
Actions determine by life experiences
- emphasize OBSERVABLE behavior and environment
- how behavior is acquired (learned) and maintained
Behavioral model
Organisms “operates” on environment and produces an effect (reinforced or punished)
Operant conditioning
Learning a reaction through the pairing of two stimuli
Classical conditioning
Individuals learn behavior responses through observing and repeating behavior without direct reinforcement
Modeling
Behavior therapies?
- behavioral training to replace problematic behaviors with appropriate ones
- therapist as “teacher”
Strengths of behavioral model?
- can be observed and measured
- significant research support
Weaknesses of behavioral model?
- too simplistic and realistic
- downplays role of cognition
What is the cognitive model?
studies how we attend to, interpret, and use available information
ABC model?
Cognitive model
- Activating event
- Belief associated with event
- Consequence the event brings about
Thinking that leads to unrealistic beliefs, distorted and dysfunctional thinking
Maladaptive thinking
Cognitive therapies?
Teach new way of thinking to prevent maladaptive behavior
- challenge dysfunctional thoughts
- try out new interpretations
- try out new ways of thinking in daily life
Bullhorn technique
What is the bullhorn technique?
Whenever someone has a dysfunctional thought, the person shouts with a better functional thought in order to replace or lower the power of the older dysfunctional thought
New thought takes over
Strengths of cognitive thinking?
- broad appeal
- clinically useful and effective for several disorders
Weaknesses of cognitive thinking?
- singular, narrow focus
- doesn’t focus on environment or biology at all
- overemphasizes present, ignoring much of the past
Model where behavior is best understood by social and cultural influences
Must examine social surrounding to understand (abnormal) behavior
Sociocultural model
How does family structure and communication cause sociocultural abnormal functioning?
Family systems theory = abnormal functioning with in family leads to abnormal behavior
“insane” behavior becomes sane in “insane” environment
What is the role of media in sociocultural abnormal functioning?
Presents us with what is acceptable and what is not (not always accurate)
How does societal conditions cause sociocultural abnormal functioning?
Abnormality more common in lower classes.
Wealthy people are usually in power and determine the norm for society
“Downward drift hypothesis”
Lower class cannot meet the standards put on them from the wealthy
downward drift hypothesis?
people in power expect that their reality is the reality of everybody
sociocultural treatments?
- group therapy
- family therapy
- couples therapy
- community treatment
Strengths of sociocultural model?
- Adds to understanding of abnormality
- Successful when other treatments fail
Weaknesses of sociocultural model?
Not everybody from particular cultures thinks/acts/behaves the same way
Research is difficult to interpret
Unable to predict abnormality in individuals
Interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences
The biopsychosocial model
Prevention program: stopping the development of disorders before they start
primary prevention
Prevention program that focuses on detecting a disorder at its earliest stages and thereby preventing the development of the full-blown disorder
secondary prevention
Prevention program that focuses on people who already have a disorder
Seeks to prevent relapse and reduce the impact of the disorder on the person’s quality of life
Tertiary prevention
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
What was DSM-4 multi axial system?
Looked at different levels of information (axes) to get a complete clinical picture of someones functioning
5 axes to develop full clinical picture
DSM-4 multi axial system: Axis I?
- Symptoms come and go
- Most frequently diagnosed disorders
- Typically transitive
- Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, manic depression
DSM-4 multi axial system: axis II?
- Symptoms constantly present
- Personality disorders and “mental retardation”
DSM-4 axis III?
- Relevant general medical conditions
- Side effects of a physical condition can cause a psychological condition
DSM-4 axis IV?
- Anything from the social environment or stress related issues
- Psychological and environmental problems
- E.g. unemployment
DSM-4 axis V?
- Overall assessment of functioning
- 0-100 scale of global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF)
What does DSM-5 use instead of GAF for overall assessment of functioning?
Mild, moderate, or severe
on GAF scale what does 100 mean?
No stressors, functioning well
GAF 80?
Have stressor; can handle well and function
GAF 60
Have stressors; effect functioning slightly
GAF 40
Significant stressors; hard to function
GAF
Severe problems; unable to function
Definition:
Different diagnosticians agree on diagnosis
Consistency
Reliability
Definition:
Accuracy
Accuracy of info provided by diagnostic categories
Validity
How can you improve reliability and validity?
Standardize the administration and interpretation of tests
Cautions in use of DSM?
- Need specialized training to diagnose
- Based on US culture; must also consider non-Western norms
Criticisms of DSM?
- Based to much on medical model
- Categorical system; promotes “cookie cutter” approach
Definition: observable
sign
Definition: reported; no direct observable notes
symptom
Definition: unique cluster of signs and symptoms
syndrome
Definition: diagnosis linking syndroms
disorder
Definition: only having a biological basis
disease
Definition: a label for a set of symptoms that often occur together
diagnosis
Definition: the process of gathering information about a persons symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms
Assessment
What does an assessment do?
Evaluates and measures attributes of behavior
Determine problem and beneficial treatment
Types of assessments?
Clinical interview
Psychological tests
Observation
Most widely used assessment?
clinical interviews
Structured clinical interview vs unstructured?
Structured: set questions from published interview protocol, scoring
Unstructured: open-ended questions
Limitations to clinical interviews?
- May lack accuracy
- May be biased or may make mistakes in judgement
Assessment that determines cognitive, emotional, or behavior states and symptoms
Psychological tests
Type of psychological test where subjects interpret vague/ambiguous stimuli?
Projective tests
What are the two most popular projective tests (psychological tests)?
Rorschach (ink blot)
TAT (thematic apperception test)
Type of projective test where a series of picture of events and people is given and the patient comes up with a story
TAT
Problems with early memories test (type of projective test)?
fabricated memories
What kind of a projection test would ask:
The thing I fear most is ____
sentence-completion test
Pros of projective tests?
- helpful for supplementary information
Cons of projective test
- Rarely demonstrate reliability or validity
- May be biased against minority ethnic groups or low SES
What kind of psychological test is an empirically derived assessment that measures broad personality characteristics (personality inventories)?
Focus on wide range of behaviors, beliefs, and feelings; usually self-report
Objective test
Meaning of objective?
based on everyone’s experience; generalized experience
What does MMPI-2 stand for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2
What is the MMPI-2?
- 567 true or false self-statements
- statements describe physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes, and psychological symptoms
- assesses for careless responding and lying
What kind of test is the MMP-2?
Objective test
How many clinical scales does the MMPI-2 have?
10
What are profile scales?
Overall level of functioning assessments
What abnormality does the 10 clinical scales for MMPI-2 measure?
Depression
Psychological deviance
MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:
0=?
Absence of symptoms
MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:
normal range?
40-55
MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:
dysfunctional?
above 65
Why is the MMPI-2 scores graphed?
to create a profile
Pros for objective test?
- easier, cheaper, faster to administer
- objectively scored and standardized
Cons for objective test?
Fail to allow for cultural differences
What do self-report inventories focus one?
One specific area of functioning
Example of self-report inventory?
BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
21 item inventory of symptoms relating to depression (questionnaire)
BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
What indicates clinical level of depression on the BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
21 or higher
What is a critical item in the BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
suicidal idealization
Pros of self-report inventories?
- strong face validity
Cons of self-report inventories?
- rarely assess careless or inaccurate responding (easy to fake)
- few subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and/or validity procedures
Test that measures physiological response as an indication of psychological problems
psychophysiological test
Most popular psyhopysiological test?
biofeedback
polygraph
Cons of psychophysiological test?
require expensive equipment
can be inaccurate and unreliable
Neurological test?
test that directly assess brain function by assessing structure and activity
(MRI, CAT scan, EEG)
Neurophyschological test?
test that indirectly assesses brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning
Most popular neuropsychological test?
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
What is the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test?
shown a series of picture and patient is to copy exactly what they see in the picture
Pros for neuro test?
very accurate in picking up that there is an issue
what % of cases can Bender-Gestalt detect general organic impairment?
75%
Cons to neuro test?
Doesn’t tell you what/where issue is
rough and general screening device at best
test that measures intellectual ability
Intelligence test
What skills does intelligence test measure?
Verbal and spatial (performance) ability
Average IQ?
100 +/- 15 (66% of population in this range)
Most popular intelligence test?
Wechsler
- WAIS = adult
- WISC = kids
Pros of intelligence test?
- most standardized assessment
- supported empirically
- high reliability and validity
Cons of intelligence test?
- performance influenced on other factors (motivation, anxiety, vision, etc)
- doesn’t pick up on every form of performance (only verbal and spatial)
- may have cultural bias
In observation, what are the three classes of problems?
- Behavioral excesses - does normal behavior excessively
- Behavior deficits - absence of normal behavior
- Inappropriate behavior - doing something against the rules
Scientific method?
Develop a Hypothesis
Chose your method
Operationalize your variables
Ethically examine your idea
Evaluate your results
Report your conclusions
What are the 3 empirical methods in the scientific method?
- clinical
- Experimental
- correlational
what kind of method is a case study
clinical method
examination of one person or a small group of people
case study
pro for case study?
depth
con for case study
subjectivity
time distortion
lack of generalizability
method that determines effect of one variable or event on behavior
experimental method
pros for experimental method
precision and evidence for possible causal conclusions
cons for experimental method
- limited aspects possible in lab (certain variables cannot be manipulated)
- subject awareness of observation (may change behaviors)
most popular method?
correlational
measures degree of relationship between two variables
correlational method
frequency and distribution of a disorder in a population is observed to see how numbers vary across important groups within population
epidemiological studies
what types of date does epidemiological studies focus on
- Prevalence
- Incidence
- Risk factors
proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or period in time
prevalence
number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specified period of time
incidence
pros of epidemiological studies
- gives clues as to who is at high risk for disorder
Cons
no causal relationship
Informed consent?
- understanding the study
- confidentiality
- right to refuse/withdraw
talking to people after a study and seeing if they have any concerns
debriefing
