Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abnormal Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cultural universality?

A

Fixed set of disorders exist whose obvious symptoms cut across cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Values and worldviews affect expression and determination of deviant behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the prehistoric view of abnormal behavior?

A

Evil spirits (demonology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drilling of holes in the skull so demons could be released

A

Trephination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ancient Greece:

What was Hippocrates belief?

A

Belief that humans need a balance of fluids in our body

If something was wrong it was thought that there was too much of something (usually blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hippocrates four humors?

A

Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What time period returned to the belief of demonology being the sole cause of demonology?

A

Middle Ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the Middle Ages what causes the mass outbreaks of madness?

A

Stress/fear from social unrest and mass illness (bubonic plague)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Belief that people are turning into werewolves

A

Lycanthropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Belief that you have been bitten and poisoned by a spider

A

Tarantism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was there an inhumane use of asylums to house the “mad” due to no treatment

A

Middle Ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When was moral treatment for mental health introduced?

A

19th century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Abnormality believed relating to the body

A

Somatogenic abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes somatogenic abnormality?

A
  • Physical causes (fatigue)

- Untreated disease (syphilis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who found that syphilis untreated led to abnormal behavior?

A

Kraepelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abnormality believed relating to the mind

A

Psychogenic abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What led to the rise in belief of psychogenic abnormality?

A
  • Hypnotism success
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How were severe disturbances treated pre-1950s?

A
  • Insulin shock
  • Electroconvulsive therapy
  • Lobotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What led to deinstitutionalization and rise in outpatient care in the 1950s?

A

Psychotropic medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do contemporary models influence?

A

Influence what we:

  1. Observe
  2. What questions we ask
  3. Information we seek
  4. Our interpretation of that information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Set of assumptions to help explain and interpret

A

model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the multi path model describe as causes for mental disorders?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Sociocultural
  4. Social
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Multipath model:

Genetics, brain anatomy, chemical imbalances, nervous system functioning

A

Biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Multipath model:

Personality, cognition, emotions, learning, self-efficacy, developmental history

A

Psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Multipath model:

Race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, culture

A

Sociocultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Multipath model:

Family, relationships, social support

A

Social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In the biological model, give examples of malfunctions in the brain and nervous system

A
  • Brain anatomy
  • Abnormal neurotransmitter activity
  • Abnormal hormone activity
  • Genetic
  • Viral infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some biological treatments?

A
  • Drug therapy
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
  • Psychosurgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Examples of drug therapies?

A

Tranquilizers
Antidepressants
Psychotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are some strengths of the biological model?

A
  • A lot of research supporting it

- Credible explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are some weaknesses of the biological model?

A
  • Evidence is incomplete or inclusive (psychosurgery)

- Treatments produce undesirable side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some psychological models?

A
  • Psychodynamic
  • Learning/Behavior
  • Cognitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the psychodynamic model?

A

Behavior determined by underlying psychological forces of which we are not aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 parts of consciousness?

A

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the Id?

A

part of unconscious

Need for food, water, air, and sex

born with it; drives us to want our needs satisfied; pleasure principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the ego?

A

figures out how to meet the desire (satisfies Id)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the super ego?

A

moral center, concept of right or wrong; what your parents teach you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Defn:

Unconscious ways of coping with anxiety of disturbing impulses

A

Defense mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Defn:

Defense mechanism in which you act opposite to the disturbing impulse

A

Reaction formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Defn:

Defense mechanism in which you say you don’t have the impulse, someone else does

A

projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Defn:
Defense mechanism in which you act in a way that you might have in the past as a kid, because it feels safer since it was safe to act that way back then

A

Regression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why are many people not comfortable with some of Freud’s theories?

A
  • Based on traditional gender roles in sexually restrictive victorian era (theories based around men)
  • Used his personal experiences to form a “universal theory”
  • Parts not supported from research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Reacting to someone you meet in a way that is consistent with someone else you know in your life

A

Transference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Conscious expression of an emotion that was once unconscious

A

Catharsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are psychodynamic techniques?

A
  • Therapist gathers info, comes up with diagnosis, develops a treatment plan
  • “working through” the transference
  • Catharsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Strengths of psychodynamic model?

A
  • Recognize importance of psychological theories and treatments
  • Internal conflict as important source of both health and abnormality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Weaknesses of psychodynamic model?

A
  • Unsupported ideas (no empirical support)

- Concepts are difficult to research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Model that began in laboratory

Actions determine by life experiences

  • emphasize OBSERVABLE behavior and environment
  • how behavior is acquired (learned) and maintained
A

Behavioral model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Organisms “operates” on environment and produces an effect (reinforced or punished)

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Learning a reaction through the pairing of two stimuli

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Individuals learn behavior responses through observing and repeating behavior without direct reinforcement

A

Modeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Behavior therapies?

A
  • behavioral training to replace problematic behaviors with appropriate ones
  • therapist as “teacher”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Strengths of behavioral model?

A
  • can be observed and measured

- significant research support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Weaknesses of behavioral model?

A
  • too simplistic and realistic

- downplays role of cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the cognitive model?

A

studies how we attend to, interpret, and use available information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

ABC model?

A

Cognitive model

  • Activating event
  • Belief associated with event
  • Consequence the event brings about
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Thinking that leads to unrealistic beliefs, distorted and dysfunctional thinking

A

Maladaptive thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cognitive therapies?

A

Teach new way of thinking to prevent maladaptive behavior

  • challenge dysfunctional thoughts
  • try out new interpretations
  • try out new ways of thinking in daily life

Bullhorn technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the bullhorn technique?

A

Whenever someone has a dysfunctional thought, the person shouts with a better functional thought in order to replace or lower the power of the older dysfunctional thought

New thought takes over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Strengths of cognitive thinking?

A
  • broad appeal

- clinically useful and effective for several disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Weaknesses of cognitive thinking?

A
  • singular, narrow focus
  • doesn’t focus on environment or biology at all
  • overemphasizes present, ignoring much of the past
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Model where behavior is best understood by social and cultural influences

Must examine social surrounding to understand (abnormal) behavior

A

Sociocultural model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How does family structure and communication cause sociocultural abnormal functioning?

A

Family systems theory = abnormal functioning with in family leads to abnormal behavior

“insane” behavior becomes sane in “insane” environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the role of media in sociocultural abnormal functioning?

A

Presents us with what is acceptable and what is not (not always accurate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How does societal conditions cause sociocultural abnormal functioning?

A

Abnormality more common in lower classes.

Wealthy people are usually in power and determine the norm for society

“Downward drift hypothesis”

Lower class cannot meet the standards put on them from the wealthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

downward drift hypothesis?

A

people in power expect that their reality is the reality of everybody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

sociocultural treatments?

A
  • group therapy
  • family therapy
  • couples therapy
  • community treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Strengths of sociocultural model?

A
  • Adds to understanding of abnormality

- Successful when other treatments fail

69
Q

Weaknesses of sociocultural model?

A

Not everybody from particular cultures thinks/acts/behaves the same way

Research is difficult to interpret

Unable to predict abnormality in individuals

70
Q

Interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences

A

The biopsychosocial model

71
Q

Prevention program: stopping the development of disorders before they start

A

primary prevention

72
Q

Prevention program that focuses on detecting a disorder at its earliest stages and thereby preventing the development of the full-blown disorder

A

secondary prevention

73
Q

Prevention program that focuses on people who already have a disorder
Seeks to prevent relapse and reduce the impact of the disorder on the person’s quality of life

A

Tertiary prevention

74
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

75
Q

What was DSM-4 multi axial system?

A

Looked at different levels of information (axes) to get a complete clinical picture of someones functioning

5 axes to develop full clinical picture

76
Q

DSM-4 multi axial system: Axis I?

A
  • Symptoms come and go
  • Most frequently diagnosed disorders
  • Typically transitive
  • Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, manic depression
77
Q

DSM-4 multi axial system: axis II?

A
  • Symptoms constantly present

- Personality disorders and “mental retardation”

78
Q

DSM-4 axis III?

A
  • Relevant general medical conditions

- Side effects of a physical condition can cause a psychological condition

79
Q

DSM-4 axis IV?

A
  • Anything from the social environment or stress related issues
  • Psychological and environmental problems
  • E.g. unemployment
80
Q

DSM-4 axis V?

A
  • Overall assessment of functioning

- 0-100 scale of global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF)

81
Q

What does DSM-5 use instead of GAF for overall assessment of functioning?

A

Mild, moderate, or severe

82
Q

on GAF scale what does 100 mean?

A

No stressors, functioning well

83
Q

GAF 80?

A

Have stressor; can handle well and function

84
Q

GAF 60

A

Have stressors; effect functioning slightly

85
Q

GAF 40

A

Significant stressors; hard to function

86
Q

GAF

A

Severe problems; unable to function

87
Q

Definition:
Different diagnosticians agree on diagnosis

Consistency

A

Reliability

88
Q

Definition:
Accuracy

Accuracy of info provided by diagnostic categories

A

Validity

89
Q

How can you improve reliability and validity?

A

Standardize the administration and interpretation of tests

90
Q

Cautions in use of DSM?

A
  • Need specialized training to diagnose

- Based on US culture; must also consider non-Western norms

91
Q

Criticisms of DSM?

A
  • Based to much on medical model

- Categorical system; promotes “cookie cutter” approach

92
Q

Definition: observable

A

sign

93
Q

Definition: reported; no direct observable notes

A

symptom

94
Q

Definition: unique cluster of signs and symptoms

A

syndrome

95
Q

Definition: diagnosis linking syndroms

A

disorder

96
Q

Definition: only having a biological basis

A

disease

97
Q

Definition: a label for a set of symptoms that often occur together

A

diagnosis

98
Q

Definition: the process of gathering information about a persons symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms

A

Assessment

99
Q

What does an assessment do?

A

Evaluates and measures attributes of behavior

Determine problem and beneficial treatment

100
Q

Types of assessments?

A

Clinical interview

Psychological tests

Observation

101
Q

Most widely used assessment?

A

clinical interviews

102
Q

Structured clinical interview vs unstructured?

A

Structured: set questions from published interview protocol, scoring

Unstructured: open-ended questions

103
Q

Limitations to clinical interviews?

A
  • May lack accuracy

- May be biased or may make mistakes in judgement

104
Q

Assessment that determines cognitive, emotional, or behavior states and symptoms

A

Psychological tests

105
Q

Type of psychological test where subjects interpret vague/ambiguous stimuli?

A

Projective tests

106
Q

What are the two most popular projective tests (psychological tests)?

A

Rorschach (ink blot)

TAT (thematic apperception test)

107
Q

Type of projective test where a series of picture of events and people is given and the patient comes up with a story

A

TAT

108
Q

Problems with early memories test (type of projective test)?

A

fabricated memories

109
Q

What kind of a projection test would ask:

The thing I fear most is ____

A

sentence-completion test

110
Q

Pros of projective tests?

A
  • helpful for supplementary information
111
Q

Cons of projective test

A
  • Rarely demonstrate reliability or validity

- May be biased against minority ethnic groups or low SES

112
Q

What kind of psychological test is an empirically derived assessment that measures broad personality characteristics (personality inventories)?

Focus on wide range of behaviors, beliefs, and feelings; usually self-report

A

Objective test

113
Q

Meaning of objective?

A

based on everyone’s experience; generalized experience

114
Q

What does MMPI-2 stand for?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2

115
Q

What is the MMPI-2?

A
  • 567 true or false self-statements
  • statements describe physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes, and psychological symptoms
  • assesses for careless responding and lying
116
Q

What kind of test is the MMP-2?

A

Objective test

117
Q

How many clinical scales does the MMPI-2 have?

A

10

118
Q

What are profile scales?

A

Overall level of functioning assessments

119
Q

What abnormality does the 10 clinical scales for MMPI-2 measure?

A

Depression

Psychological deviance

120
Q

MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:

0=?

A

Absence of symptoms

121
Q

MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:

normal range?

A

40-55

122
Q

MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:

dysfunctional?

A

above 65

123
Q

Why is the MMPI-2 scores graphed?

A

to create a profile

124
Q

Pros for objective test?

A
  • easier, cheaper, faster to administer

- objectively scored and standardized

125
Q

Cons for objective test?

A

Fail to allow for cultural differences

126
Q

What do self-report inventories focus one?

A

One specific area of functioning

127
Q

Example of self-report inventory?

A

BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory

128
Q

21 item inventory of symptoms relating to depression (questionnaire)

A

BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory

129
Q

What indicates clinical level of depression on the BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory

A

21 or higher

130
Q

What is a critical item in the BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory

A

suicidal idealization

131
Q

Pros of self-report inventories?

A
  • strong face validity
132
Q

Cons of self-report inventories?

A
  • rarely assess careless or inaccurate responding (easy to fake)
  • few subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and/or validity procedures
133
Q

Test that measures physiological response as an indication of psychological problems

A

psychophysiological test

134
Q

Most popular psyhopysiological test?

A

biofeedback

polygraph

135
Q

Cons of psychophysiological test?

A

require expensive equipment

can be inaccurate and unreliable

136
Q

Neurological test?

A

test that directly assess brain function by assessing structure and activity

(MRI, CAT scan, EEG)

137
Q

Neurophyschological test?

A

test that indirectly assesses brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning

138
Q

Most popular neuropsychological test?

A

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

139
Q

What is the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test?

A

shown a series of picture and patient is to copy exactly what they see in the picture

140
Q

Pros for neuro test?

A

very accurate in picking up that there is an issue

141
Q

what % of cases can Bender-Gestalt detect general organic impairment?

A

75%

142
Q

Cons to neuro test?

A

Doesn’t tell you what/where issue is

rough and general screening device at best

143
Q

test that measures intellectual ability

A

Intelligence test

144
Q

What skills does intelligence test measure?

A

Verbal and spatial (performance) ability

145
Q

Average IQ?

A

100 +/- 15 (66% of population in this range)

146
Q

Most popular intelligence test?

A

Wechsler

  • WAIS = adult
  • WISC = kids
147
Q

Pros of intelligence test?

A
  • most standardized assessment
  • supported empirically
  • high reliability and validity
148
Q

Cons of intelligence test?

A
  • performance influenced on other factors (motivation, anxiety, vision, etc)
  • doesn’t pick up on every form of performance (only verbal and spatial)
  • may have cultural bias
149
Q

In observation, what are the three classes of problems?

A
  1. Behavioral excesses - does normal behavior excessively
  2. Behavior deficits - absence of normal behavior
  3. Inappropriate behavior - doing something against the rules
150
Q

Scientific method?

A

Develop a Hypothesis

Chose your method

Operationalize your variables

Ethically examine your idea

Evaluate your results

Report your conclusions

151
Q

What are the 3 empirical methods in the scientific method?

A
  1. clinical
  2. Experimental
  3. correlational
152
Q

what kind of method is a case study

A

clinical method

153
Q

examination of one person or a small group of people

A

case study

154
Q

pro for case study?

A

depth

155
Q

con for case study

A

subjectivity
time distortion
lack of generalizability

156
Q

method that determines effect of one variable or event on behavior

A

experimental method

157
Q

pros for experimental method

A

precision and evidence for possible causal conclusions

158
Q

cons for experimental method

A
  • limited aspects possible in lab (certain variables cannot be manipulated)
  • subject awareness of observation (may change behaviors)
159
Q

most popular method?

A

correlational

160
Q

measures degree of relationship between two variables

A

correlational method

161
Q

frequency and distribution of a disorder in a population is observed to see how numbers vary across important groups within population

A

epidemiological studies

162
Q

what types of date does epidemiological studies focus on

A
  1. Prevalence
  2. Incidence
  3. Risk factors
163
Q

proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or period in time

A

prevalence

164
Q

number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specified period of time

A

incidence

165
Q

pros of epidemiological studies

A
  • gives clues as to who is at high risk for disorder
166
Q

Cons

A

no causal relationship

167
Q

Informed consent?

A
  • understanding the study
  • confidentiality
  • right to refuse/withdraw
168
Q

talking to people after a study and seeing if they have any concerns

A

debriefing

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions