Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Forensics > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tsunami

A 
December 26, 2004.
5,000 + deceased.
8,000 + injured.
3,000 + missing.
Phuket Island, 24 Americans killed.
32 countries lost citizens.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TTVI

A

Thailand Tsunami Victim Identification.

Joint operation Royal Thai Police and International Disaster Victim Identification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tsunami Efforts

A

Evidence Response, Latent Fingerprints, Quality Control, and DNA.
Mass grave identifications, major crime scene management, mass disaster fingerprint processing, and DNA analysis of compromised or skeletal remains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tsunami Fingerprint Issues

A

Bloating makes fingerprinting and facial recognition difficult.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anti-mortem Records

A 
Records taken before death:
Fingerprints.
Dental.
DNA.
Family DNA.
Arrest Records (tattoos, etc).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tsunami Containment Issues

A

No refridgeration, had to bring in refridgeration trucks to try and preserve bodies to preserve identification traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tsunami Fingerprint Techniques

A

Glove Technique.

Osmotic Re-hydration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glove Technique

A

Bloating sloughs off skin, slip finger over glove to make print.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osmotic Re-hydration

A

Helps to identify bloated bodies.
Skin not yet sloughed off.
Soak hand in hot water to re-hydrate to get friction ridge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

FBI in Thailand

A

2 months.

As of 3/18/05 933 forensics identifications made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osmotic Re-hydration Method

A

Used on dermal layer of skin.
Cleanse target area.
Soak in 212 degree water 7-10 seconds.
Less if there are cuts/abrasions (severe damage migrates to good tissue, start with 5).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osmotic Re-hydration Cautions

A

Fats/Oils (may come through pores, cooking melts fatty tissues under skin).
Patience (inks hard to adhere, powders become smeared/contaminated, lifters slide and distorts).
Alcohol bath or soap wash may help.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Decomposers of Human Remains

A

Bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, vertebrates.

Large and small can damage, scatter, and consume remains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amount of Remains Consumed

A

85% of body weight consumed by organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Decompositional Processes

A

Mummification (friend).
Saponification (friend).
Putrefaction (foe).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mummification

A

Mumiyaa = mummy, ficare = to make.
Decomposers excluded from remains.
Hot or cold dry conditions, dries and shrivels remains.
Loses water, dehydration or organs and tissues.
Preservation of remains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Saponification

A

Sapon = soap, ficare = to make.
Decomposers excluded from remains.
Wet moist conditions, anerobic environment, high pH.
Hydrolysis of subcutaneous fat tissue.
Adipocere or “grave wax”, body is encased.
Slow but very preserving, leaves insides intact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Putrefaction

A

Composers access the remains.
Destroy body by consumption.
Biochemical decay (autolysis).
Bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Barriers to Decomposers

A

Physical: Soil, water, containers, caskets.
Chemical: Insecticides, embalming agents, lime.
Climate: Extremes of hot, cold, wind, rain, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lime

A

Put down to suppress smell and change pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chemical Barrier Attributes

A 
Changes the way body decomposes.
Limits bacterial growth.
Suppresses odors.
Reduces decomposer attraction.
Can help preserve remains.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Putrefaction Process

A

Autolytic Decay or Bacterial Decay.
Early Postmortem Changes.
Gas and Fluid Production.
Insect and Scavenger Attraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autolytic Decay

A

Anoxia, enzymes, cellular breakdown.
Breakdown in absence of oxygen.
Self-induced decay.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bacterial Decay

A

Enteric, environmental.

Bacteria consumes remains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Early Postmortem Changes

A 
Rigor mortis (stiffness).
Livor mortis (color, blood pooling).
Algor mortis (temperature).
Bacterial discoloration.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gas and Fluid Production

A

Noxious, malodorous, flammable.

Smell attracts decomposers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Forensic Entomology

A

Based on analysis of insects and other invertebrates sequentially colonizing a corpse as decomposition progresses.
Studies developmental stages of insect offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Forensic Entomologist Determinations

A 
Postmortem interval estimation.
Remains relocation.
Antemortem injury assessment.
Crime scene (habitat) characterization.
Toxicological analysis.
Sources of human DNA.
Abuse/neglect of children and elderly.
Time since colonization (NOT since death).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Insect Life Cycle

A

Larva = maggots.
Instars = stages of developement.
Stages similar to humans (baby, toddler, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Insect Colonization Locations

A

Wet, moist areas.
Natural openings (eyes, nose, mouth, ears).
Unnatural openings (wounds).
(Most insects cannot get through skin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Larval Growth and Development

A 
Eat everything soft that is available.
Begin eating immediately.
Secrete enzymes to aid in ingestion.
Larvae have little teeth.
Breath through their ends because they eat face down.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Entomologist Extractions

A

DNA, poisons, toxins, drugs from feeding insects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Carrion Community Development

A

Other insects come to eat the bugs eating remains.
Wasps and beetles eat maggots.
Can influence decay rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Larval Migration

A

Mature larvae migrate to dry, protected sites to complete maturation.
Often under or around body instead of inside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pupariation

A

Protective cases formed by hardened 3rd instar skin.

Extremely resilient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ecological Succession of Remains

A

New types of insects appear to consume what others can’t.

Moths, mites, and beetles love dry, harder things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Entomotoxicology

A

The detection of drugs, poisons, and toxins from necrophagous insects.

38
Q

Fingerprints

A 
Friction ridge (mountains and valleys).
Every person is different.
Do not change throughout life.
Unique + permanent = individualization.
39
Q

Friction Ridge Locations

A

Not only fingertips.
Entire surface of palms.
Entire surface of sole/planter surface of foot and toes.

40
Q

Friction Ridge Origination

A

Partially genetic, partially environmental.

Twins have same DNA but different fingerprints.

41
Q

Basic Fingerprint Patterns

A

Whorl.
Loop.
Arch.

42
Q

Arch Pattern

A

Most rare, 5%.
Simple ridge flow pattern: in one side and out the other.
No deltas.

43
Q

Loop Pattern

A

Most common, 65%.
Ridge flow pattern: In and out on same side.
1 delta.

44
Q

Whorl Pattern

A

30%.
Ridge flow pattern: circular.
2-4 deltas.

45
Q

Techniques for Identifying Fingerprints

A

Visual: Laser and ALS.
Processing: Porous vs. non-porous, powders, chemicals.
Preservation: Photography, digital imaging, lift tape.

46
Q

Level 1 Detail

A

Basic pattern identification, ridge flow pattern.
Number of deltas, scars.
Can only include/exclude.
Class characteristics only.

47
Q

Fingerprint Powder Techniques

A

Different colors of powders for different colored objects.

Powder print, then lift with tape and attach to black or white card.

48
Q

Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces

A

Finger exude sweat.
Paper is porous and absorbs oils, so fingerprints are IN the paper.
Ninhydrin.

49
Q

Fingerprints on Non-porous Surfaces

A

Fingerprints can easily smear or rub off.

Cyanoacrylate fuming is used for preservation.

50
Q

Cyanoacryate Fuming

A

Non-porous fingerprint preservation method.
Use suger-glue fumes to encase and preserve prints.
Used on glass, metal, plastic.

51
Q

Sequential Order for Latent Print Development Process

A

Very important.
Based on type of evidence.
Step-by-step instructions for processing prints.
Many helpful steps and techniques.

52
Q

ACE-V

A 
Comparison and identification method.
Analyze.
Compare.
Evaluate (same source?).
Verify (second examiner makes independent inspection).
53
Q

ACE-V: Analyze

A

Analyze latent prints and then exemplars.
Valuable?
Enough detail?
Basic pattern?

54
Q

ACE-V: Compare and Evaluate

A

Compare latent to known.

Same or different?

55
Q

10 Print Card

A

Used to book arrestees.
Roll Prints and slap prints.
All fingers both hands.

56
Q

Known Exemplars

A

Known samples, often from previous records or 10 print cards.

57
Q

Roll Print

A

Finger is rolled nail to nail to get entire surface of finger.

58
Q

Slap Print

A

Fingers are “slapped” collectively to ensure that the correct order of fingers is known and recorded.
Quality control check.
4 fingers, then thumb.

59
Q

Level 2 Detail

A 
Detail ridge path.
Ending ridge, bifurcation, dot.
Location and relationship to each other.
Individual characteristics.
Most commonly used, 95% of identifications.
60
Q

Level 3 Detail

A

Ridge attributes and features.
Edge shapes, end shapes and angles, width, pores.
Not as commonly used since really clear prints are needed and not as often available.
White dots are sweat pores.

61
Q

Fingerprint Points of Comparison

A

No national standard, varies everywhere.

The more points, the more accurate.

62
Q

Qualitative and Quantitative Process

A

Quality of the ridge detail and the quantity of all three levels of detail are used to determine identification.

63
Q

IAFIS

A

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Maintained by FBI.
Over 50 million criminal records.
Over 31 million civil records.
Upload prints and computer will compare plotted points.

64
Q

Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Sub-Disciplines

A

General, paints, polymers, tapes, metallurgy, poisons, powders, liquids, unknowns.
Smaller labs lump several together.

65
Q

General Chemistry Identifications

A

Bank security chemicals, drugs and drug residue, pharmaceuticals, inks and dyes, self-defense sprays, lubricants and petroleum products, gunshot primer residue, paints, powders, liquids, stains, unknown substances, etc.

66
Q

Bank Security Devices

A

Currency that is modified to contain electronic devices and unique chemicals.
Security dye packs.

67
Q

Security Dye Pack

A

Linked to device at door via radio wave.

When brought through door, pack explodes with tear gas and unique red dye (MAAQ).

68
Q

Toxicology Identifications

A

Drugs, drug residues, pharmaceuticals.

Identification and quantity of both controlled and illicit substances.

69
Q

Ink and Dye Identification

A

Compare ink on paper to ink in pen.
Possibly identify year, brand, model of ink.
International ink database maintained by Secret Service.
Uses microspectrophotometer to measure ink color.

70
Q

Self Defense Spray Identification

A

Contain capsaicinoids extracted from hot peppers.
Most are orange colored, some contain UV dyes, some are colorless.
Mace sprays = tear gas.

71
Q

Lubricants and Petroleum Product Identification

A

Used in sexual assault case (like spermacides).
Automotive products such as grease, brake fluid, transmission fluid, fuels, or motor oil.
Make comparisons and determine sources/manufacturers.

72
Q

Gunshot Primer Residue vs. Gunshot Powder Residue

A

Primer residue is used by chemists.

Powder residue used by ballistics experts.

73
Q

Gunshot Primer Residue

A

Made of three different elements.
Used by chemists to help identify suspects or witnesses.
Use scanning electron microscope to identify types of residue.

74
Q

Positive Primer Residue Results

A

Those who fire the gun or in the vicinity.
Those that come into contact with someone carrying residue.
Only tests within 4 hours due to Locard, washing, etc.

75
Q

Gunshot Primer Residue Test

A

Adhesive stubs taken from face, hands, etc.

Sticky substance on hands collects residue and labeled with area sampled.

76
Q

Paint, Tape, and Polymer Identification

A

Paints include automotive, architectural, tool, and artistic media.
Car paint determined by color, layering, and thickness.

77
Q

Metallurgy Case Example

A

Suspected fake Roman coins.
Need non-destructive method.
XRF analysis to differentiate counterfeit from genuine coins from 235 AD.

78
Q

XRF

A

X-Ray Fluorescence.
Identifies chemical composition of metals.
Can be used to compare fake coin material with materials available at time of genuine coin.

79
Q

Forensic Toxicology

A

Chemical analysis of body fluids and tissues to determine if a drug or poison is present.
Also identifies metabolites.

80
Q

Metabolites

A

Drugs/toxins/poisons break down and change within body.
Changes can be due to method of entry (inhalation, ingestion, injection.
Break into metabolites which can lead back to the parent substance.

81
Q

Postmortem Toxicology Samples

A

Blood, liver, urine, vitreous humour (liquid within the eye), hair.

82
Q

SEAMURS Background

A

Seattle Murders.
Stella Nickell tired of husband.
Replaced his Excedrin with potassium cyanide.
Death ruled “natural”.
Received insurance policy, but would have gotten twice if “unnatural”.

83
Q

SEAMURS Downfall

A

Nickell laced 4 new bottles of Excedrin and placed them back on shelf.
Healthy middle-aged woman died.
Excedrin pulled off shelves nation-wide.
Called police 2 weeks later to suggest husband also died from it.

84
Q

SEAMURS Conclusion

A

Nickell became suspect.
Fingerprint found on library book about poisons.
Also found algae-destroyer receipt and mortar/pestle with traces of cyanide in house.

85
Q

Cyanide Poisoning Symptoms

A

May be confused with heart attack or acute asthmatic attack.

Exhibits burnt almond smell in dead body.

86
Q

Blood Alcohol Analysis

A

Chemically known as ethanol.

May include breath, blood, or urine test.

87
Q

Polonium 210

A

Radioactive isotope used to assassinate former Russian agent Alexander Litvinenko.

88
Q

Ninhydrin

A

Chemical analysis technique to detect fingerprints in porous material by reacting with residue from fingers.

89
Q

Time Since Colonization

A

The age and stage of development of insects can determine when insects first colonized remains.

90
Q

Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer

A

Determine chemical composition.

91
Q

Microspectrophotometer

A

Determines color.

Intro to Forensics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions