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Intro to Forensics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adenbom Code Name

A

From Aden, Yemen, and bomb.

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2
Q

Adenbom

A

October 2000.
8:49 AM USS Cole moors in Aden, Yemen for fueling.
Terrorists row to side of boat with explosives.
11:22 AM Port side explosion occurs.
Kills 17 Americans and wounds 40.

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3
Q

Adenbom Terrorists

A

USS The Sullivans in January 2000, also refueled at Aden.

First attempt fails due to heavy explosives in boat.

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4
Q

Adenbom Crime Scenes

A 
USS Cole.
Underwater beneath the Cole.
Ramstein and Dover AFB (hospitals).
Apartment used by terrorists to survey Cole.
Sites in ashore in Aden. 
Mississippi.
UAE.
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5
Q

Adenbom Evidence

A 
40 tons scooped from beneath Cole.
Clothes of injured and victims.
Remains of victims.
Evidence found in terrorist apartment.
Evidence from the Cole itself.
60 lbs. of evidence (bone, fragments, trace).
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6
Q

Adenbom Specialists

A 
NCIS Forensic Consultant.
AFIP Forensic Pathologist.
FBI Bomb Technician.
Medical Specialist.
Divers.
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7
Q

Common Types of Physical Evidence

A 
Biological.
Chemical.
Trace.
Impression.
Digital.
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8
Q

Identification

A

The determination of the identity of a substance, object, or person with as near absolute scientific certainty as technique will permit.

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9
Q

Comparison

A

Questioned evidence is compared with known samples to help include/exclude.

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10
Q

Individual Characteristics

A

Characteristics that allow items to be attributed to individual items or people to the exclusion of all else.

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11
Q

Class Characteristics

A

Characteristics that allow items to be compared.
Include/exclude only.
Size, color, patterns, type, model, etc.

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12
Q

Common Databases

A 
PDQ.
NAPF.
CODIS.
IAFIS.
NIBIN.
EXPeRT.
Automotive Carpet Fiber Database.
FBI Footwear Database.
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13
Q

Physical Evidence Definition

A

Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim to a perpetrator.

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14
Q

Types of Evidence Presented at Trial

A

Witness Testimony.
Records or Documents.
Physical Evidence.

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15
Q

Trier-of-Facts

A

Judge and Jury

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16
Q

Biological Evidence

A

Blood, semen, saliva, plant material, wood, bones.

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17
Q

Chemical Evidence

A

Accelerants, unknown substances, glass, GSR, drugs (legal and illicit), paper, inks, metals, polymers, paint, tape, toxicology specimens.

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18
Q

Examples of Trace Evidence

A

Hairs, soils, fibers, seeds, feathers, glass, building materials.

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19
Q

Impression Evidence

A

Fingerprints, firearms, handwriting, indented writing, serial number restoration, footwear, tire treads, tool marks, bite marks. Both 2D and 3D.

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20
Q

Digital Evidence

A

Cell phones, computers, cameras, pagers.

No class/individual characteristics.

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21
Q

Serologist/DNA Analyst Questions

A

What is the stain?
Human or other?
Enough DNA to compare to known sample?
DNA profile match a person?

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22
Q

Chemist/Toxicologist Questions

A 
What is the substance?
Foreign substances present?
How much?
Quality?
Similar to known standards?
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23
Q

Known Standards

A

Samples to compare unknown samples to.

Uses both databases and evidence collected from known sources.

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24
Q

Hair Questions

A

Human or non-human?
Body part?
Included/excluded from suspect?

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25
Q

Firearms Questions

A

Type of weapon?
This weapon fired?
Distance from victim?

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26
Q

Firearms Analysis Techniques

A

Lands and grooves in barrel (I).
Direction of grooves (clockwise/counter clockwise)(C).
Firing pin impression (I).
Cartridge case striations (I).

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27
Q

Fingerprint Questions

A

Are fingerprints present?
Are they from the suspect?
Can be compared to database?

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28
Q

Fingerprint Characteristics

A 
Loops, Whorls, and Arches (C).
Galton Details (I).
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29
Q

Digital Evidence Techniques

A

Search and Analyze.

Documents, use, creation date, time, location.

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30
Q

Examples of Positive Identifications

A

Fingerprints, firearms and toolmark striations, irregular footwear, handwriting, broken/torn/cut edges, nuclear DNA.

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31
Q

PDQ

A

Paint Data Query.
American and foreign vehicles.
Maintained by Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

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32
Q

CODIS

A

Combined DNA Index System.
Missing persons and criminals.
Maintained by FBI.

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33
Q

IAFIS

A

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System.

Maintained by FBI.

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34
Q

NIBIN

A

National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.

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35
Q

EXPeRT

A 
Explosives Reference Tool Database.
Maintained by FBI.
Product Information (open source).
Technical/formulation information (proprietary).
Photographs of products.
36
Q

Paint Analysis

A

Paint types include architectural, tool, automotive.

Color, thickness, chemical composition, layers.

37
Q

NAPF

A

National Automotive Paint File.
American vehicles.
Maintained by FBI.

38
Q

Fiber Identification Techniques

A 
Fiber Databases.
Microspectrophotometer.
FTIR.
Shape, diameter.
Cross Polarized Light Microscope.
39
Q

Microspectrophotometer

A

Fiber color.

40
Q

FTIR

A

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

Chemical composition.

41
Q

Footwear Database

A

Collection of sole and heel designs.

Manufacturers, size, models.

42
Q

GRC

A

General Rifling Characteristics.

43
Q

Criminal Profile

A

Assessment of criminal behavioral characteristics.
Only a tool for investigators, least scientific part of forensics.
Uses both inductive and deductive reasoning.

44
Q

Criminal Profiler

A

Helps narrow down list of suspects.
Helps in investigation, interview, and surveillance strategies.
Deal with “why” of crime.

45
Q

Inductive Analysis

A

A statistical approach to analyzing similar crimes using data from past crimes, offenders, associates of subjects and investigations.

46
Q

Deductive Analysis

A

Every case is unique so an investigator must analyze scene to deduce behavioral characteristics each time.

47
Q

Criminal Profile General Traits

A

Age, race, sex, employment, proximity, religion, marital status, education.

48
Q

Criminal Profile Behavioral Traits

A

Psychological traits, future/past behaviors, pre/post stressors, pre/post-offense behavior, relationship history, family dynamics, etc.

49
Q

Cases Suitable for Criminal Profiles

A 
Lots of interaction between offender and victim.
Serial, ritualistic, or patterns.
Abnormal behavior.
Child abductions/murders.
Threats, workplace violence.
50
Q

Cases Not Suitable for Criminal Profiles

A

Drive-by shootings.

School/mass shootings.

51
Q

Trace Evidence Characteristics

A

Very small.

Analyzed first because it’s easy damaged or lost.

52
Q

Hair and Fiber Analysis

A

Microscopic comparisons.

Locard’s Exchange Principle.

53
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principle

A

Every time a person contacts another person, place, or object, physical material is exchanged.

54
Q

Primary and Secondary Transfers

A

Primary: Hair to chair.

Secondary. Hair to different person.

55
Q

Trace Evidence Processing Room

A

Cleaned before each use.
All samples processed separately to avoid contamination.
PPE is worn and changed between each room/sample.

56
Q

Characteristics of Hair Evidence

A 
Animal vs. Human.
Racial Characteristics.
Body Area.
Damage/disease.
Artificial Treatment.
Microscopic Characteristics.
Naturally shed or forcibly removed.
57
Q

Parts of a Hair

A 
Follicle.
Root.
Cortex.
Scales/cuticle.
Medulla.
58
Q

Hair Cuticle

A

Thin translucent layer surrounding the hair shaft (scales).

59
Q

Hair Medulla

A

Cellular column running through the center of the cortex.

60
Q

Hair Cortex

A

Main body of the hair, containing color pigments in humans.

61
Q

Hair Racial Origins/Cross-sections

A

Caucasian/European: Oval.
Negroid/African: Flattened.
Mongoloid: Round.

62
Q

Body Hair Attributes

A

Pubic: Buckled.
Limb: Little variation.
Facial Hair: Triangular.

63
Q

Hair Follicle Phases

A

Anagen: Active growth, 2-4 months, 80-90%.
Telogen: Death phase, 2-4 months, 8-18%.

64
Q

Hair Growth Rate

A

1/2 inch per month.

65
Q

Head Hair Sampling

A

Take 25 hairs from all over head for known sample comparisons, not just one.

66
Q

Hair and Fiber Comparison Conclusions

A

Samples are similar microscopically, may include subject.
Samples are different, may exclude subject.
Results are inconclusive (not enough evidence/quality samples).

67
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Natural.

Synthetic.

68
Q

Natural Fibers

A

Plant: Cotton, jute, hemp.
Animal: Wool, silk.
Mineral: Asbestos.

69
Q

Synthetic Fibers

A

Nylon, Polyester, Olefin, Rayon, Acetate, Acrylic.

70
Q

Tri-lobe Fibers

A

Common carpet fiber, designed to hide dirt.

71
Q

Fiber Analysis

A

Color

72
Q

Types of Glass

A

Tempered, Laminate, headlights, containers, etc.

73
Q

Attributes of Tempered Glass

A

Safety glass.
Breaks into tiny, rounded pieces.
Created by heating process.

74
Q

Attributes of Laminated Glass

A

Softer layer on one side, allows glass to fold in or out and stay together. Also has fewer edges.

75
Q

Glass Comparison and Analysis Techniques

A 
Physical properties.
Optical properties.
Chemical properties.
Fracture matching.
Impact analysis.
76
Q

Glass Fractures Attributes

A

Radial.
Concentric.
Cratering.

77
Q

Radial Impact Fracture

A

Rays form outward from hole.

Form on opposite side of impact.

78
Q

Concentric Impact Fracture

A

Fractures circle hole.

Form on same side of impact.

79
Q

Impact Cratering

A

Craters form opposite side of impact.

Crater is larger than entry point hole.

80
Q

Soil Analysis

A

Microscopic, physical, and chemical tests.
Compare against known samples.
Side-by-side comparisons.

81
Q

Physical Properties of Soil

A

Texture.
Structure.
Density.

82
Q

Chemical Properties of Soil

A

pH.

Nutrient availability.

83
Q

Microscopic Properties of Soil

A

Biological organisms.

84
Q

Wood Analysis

A

Determine species.
Fracture matching.
Match vascular material.

85
Q

11% Factor

A

Even when hairs are microscopically the same, DNA will show 11% still come from different people (FBI study).

Intro to Forensics (6 decks)

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