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Intro to Forensics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic Science

A

“The application of science to law”

“Spatial and temporal relationships between people, places, and objects involved in criminal activities”

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2
Q

Criminalistics

A

Same as Forensic Science

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3
Q

CODIS

A

Combined DNA Index System (1998)
Offenders/Arrestees
Missing Persons
Unsolved/Unidentified

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4
Q

Latent Prints

A

Latent: Hidden, not visible to the naked eye

Visualized by special lights, powders, chemicals, etc.

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5
Q

Forensic Entomology

A

Studies insects that colonize corpses

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6
Q

Forensic Serologist

A

Identifies Bodily Fluids

Blood, Urine, Saliva, Sweat, etc.

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7
Q

Biological Evidence

A

DNA, Blood, Urine, Saliva, Sweat, Semen, Skin, Hair, etc.

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8
Q

TEDAC

A

Terrorist Explosives Device Analytical Center

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9
Q

Behavioral Criminology

A

Studies mental states, motives, and behavior of criminals

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10
Q

Anthrax Attacks

A

Responsible for microbial forensics

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11
Q

Material Evidence

A

Trace evidence

Hairs, fibers, soils, building material, etc.

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12
Q

Chemical Evidence

A

Identify Unknown substances, gases, etc.

Explosive Residue, Toxicology, Fluids, Tapes, Drugs, Paints, Powders, and other materials

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13
Q

Pattern Evidence

A

Impression Evidence

Handwriting, Documents, Fingerprints, Footwear, Firearms, Tire Treads

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14
Q

Digital Evidence

A

Computers, Cell Phones

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15
Q

Forensic Pathology

A

Medical Examiner

Determines cause and manner of death

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16
Q

Forensic Odontology

A

Identify individuals through teeth

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17
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

Studies human/skeletal remains to identify individuals

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18
Q

Forensic Toxicologist

A

Analyzes poisons, alcohol levels, and other toxins

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19
Q

Forensic Engineering

A

Investigate and test materials, find causes in failed structures

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20
Q

Microbial Forensics

A

Deals with bioterrorism and biological warfare.

A response to the Anthrax cases

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21
Q

WMD Forensics

A

Weapons of Mass Destruction

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22
Q

Wildlife Forensics

A

Studies and identifies plants and animals

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23
Q

Alphonse Bertillon

A

1879

Anthropometric Measurements designed to uniquely identify individuals

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24
Q

Will and William West

A

Two prisoners with nearly identical Bertillon measurements

Discredited Bertillon Method

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25
Q

Mathieu Orfila

A

1814
Father of Forensic Toxicology
Medicologist

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26
Q

Carl Landsteiner

A

1909

Nobel Prize for discovering the different blood types

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27
Q

Leone Lattes

A

1915

Developed procedure to determine blood type for forensics

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28
Q

NIBIN

A

National Integrated Ballistics Information Network

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29
Q

Francis Galton

A

1892

Fingerprint Identification

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30
Q

First Forensics Labs

A

1) LA 1928
2) Northwestern University (Later Chicago) 1929
3. FBI 1931

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31
Q

Calvin Goddard

A

1929
Father of Microscopy
Started Northwestern University Crime Lab
Ballistics identification and comparison

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32
Q

Edmond Locard

A

Early 1900’s

Locard’s Exchange Principle

33
Q

Lisk/Silva Case

A

Locard’s Exchange Principle

Culprit found by fibers and fingerprints

34
Q

Frye V. United States

A

1923

Processing techniques must be generally accepted

35
Q

Daubert V. Merrell Dow

A 
1993
Rules of Evidence:
Validated
Reviewed
Rate of Error
Standards Exist
Widespread Accepted
36
Q

Kumho V. Carmichael

A

1999

Rules of evidence extended to cover science, technology, and other specialized knowledge

37
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principle

A

Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is an exchange of materials between them

38
Q

Alec Jeffries

A

1985
Developed DNA Profiling
First used in England’s Pitchfork Case (mid 1980’s)

39
Q

Pitchfork Case

A

(mid 1980’s)
England murder case
First time DNA used to identify culprits

40
Q

United States V. Steven Wayne Yee

A

1990

First US case to use DNA evidence

41
Q

CSI Team Leader

A

Ensures safety, administrative log, acquire equipment, evaluate scene, legal issues, narrative, makes assignments, prelim survey, defines goals, final survey, releases scene

42
Q

Sketch Preparer

A

Focuses on relationships between elements

Immediate crime scene and surrounding area

43
Q

Photographer

A

Covers entire scene (general, mid-range, close-up)
With and without scale
Surrounding area, road signs, cars, entrances, etc.
Evidence, impressions, etc.
Documents revealed latent prints

44
Q

Basic CSI Positions

A 
Team Leader
Photographer
Sketch Preparer
Evidence Recovery Personnel
Evidence Custodian
Specialists
45
Q

CSI Specialists

A

Anthropologists, Blood Spatter, Bomb Technicians, Botanists, Dive Team, HAZMAT, Drugs, etc.

46
Q

Crime Scene Sketch

A 
Legend
Case Number, Date, Sketcher
Direction, Temperature, Weather Conditions
Not to scale
Shows relationships between elements
47
Q

12 Steps of Crime Scene Processing

A 
Prepare
Secure
Preliminary
Photograph
Collect
Final Inspection 
Release
48
Q

PPE

A

Personal Protection Equipment?

49
Q

Crime Scene Preparation

A

Equipment, Vehicles, Supplies, Packaging, PPE, Specialists, Clothing, Shelter, Lighting, Security, etc.

50
Q

Known Standards

A

Evidence from a confirmed source (like the carpet of a room or car)
Used for comparison against evidence found elsewhere

51
Q

Transient Evidence

A

Evidence that may be temporary (blown, washed, or dried away, etc.)

52
Q

Proper Packaging

A

Plastic: Causes biological evidence to degrade, use for documents
Paper: Can destroy latent prints, use for biological evidence
KPACK Heat Seal Bags: Works for most things
Paint Cans: Bombs and Explosives

53
Q

Chain of Custody

A

The record of everyone who has handled a piece of evidence from the moment it is picked up to when it is presented in court, without interruption.

54
Q

Electrostatic Print Lifter

A

Uses electrostatic waves and mylar sheeting to lift and copy prints

55
Q

DNA Analysis

A

Developed in 1980’s
Used to uniquely identify someone
Can convict or exonerate

56
Q

Fingerprinting

A

Developed by Francis Galton to uniquely identify individuals

57
Q

Impression Evidence

A

Fingerprints, Tire Marks, Foot Prints, Handwriting, Ballistics

58
Q

Evidence Log

A

Description and location, who found it (two names), evidence number, must match info on package

59
Q

ALS

A

Alternative Light Source

Reveals latent prints, fluids, fibers, bones, etc.

60
Q

Cyanoacrylate Fuming

A

Super-glue that is heated in a moist environment producing fumes that reveal and preserve latent prints
Used for hard, non-porous substrates where prints are on the outside and not embedded

61
Q

Trace Evidence

A

Evidence left behind

Hairs, fibers, fluids, soil, materials, often very small

62
Q

Types of DNA

A

1) Nuclear
Organic, able to identify individual specifically
2) Mitochondrial
Bone, Teeth, Hair
Used when enough DNA cannot be found
Can be compared to relatives to narrow search

63
Q

Firearms and Toolmark Analysis

A

Study of tools that leave impressions
Weapons, bullets, ballistics
Uses microscopic analysis

64
Q

Shoe Print Database

A

Collection of all makes and models of shoes

Sole and heel designs

65
Q

Class Characteristics

A

Determines general characteristics (a model of shoe or tire)

66
Q

Individual Characteristics

A

Identifies an object/person uniquely

Not just shoe model but the exact pair of shoes

67
Q

IED

A

Improvised Explosive Device

68
Q

Evidence Custodian

A

Prepares evidence log
Receives and records all evidence
Packaging and Preservation
Located outside secure area

69
Q

Evidence Recovery Personnel

A

Locates and collects evidence
Initial, mark, and date all evidence
Turns evidence over to custodian

70
Q

Approach Scene

A

Careful, locate transient evidence, note observations, establish perimeter, define goals, determine supplies and personnel needed

71
Q

Secure Scene

A

Determine amount of protection, security, authorized personnel only, establish perimeter

72
Q

Preliminary Survey of Crime Scene

A

Cautious walk through, confirm perimeter, determine methods, procedures, equipment, and personnel, identify and protect transient evidence

73
Q

Narrative Description

A

Running general and detailed description of condition of crime scene throughout processing, prepared by CSI Team Leader
Can be audio, visual, or written

74
Q

Crime Scene Photography

A

Photograph BEFORE evidence is collected
Shows location of evidence
Photograph identifiers (like signs), surrounding area, details w/o scale, etc.

75
Q

Detailed Search

A

Methodical evaluation to ensure everything is considered and preserved thoroughly
Strip, Line, Grid, Spiral, and Zone/Quadrant
Obtain known standards
Proper equipment and safety

76
Q

Record and Collect Evidence

A

Mark evidence, name and date
Properly package and seal evidence
Log all evidence with extensive notes
Turn over to Evidence Custodian

77
Q

Final Crime Scene Survey

A

Ensure completeness, double check documentation, exit photographs, all equipment/evidence accounted for, clean up - you can’t come back!

78
Q

Release Crime Scene

A

No going back, pack up, leave the scene

Intro to Forensics (6 decks)

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