Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines intelligence

A

number of active synapses among neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the typical brain volume and weight

A

1300cc

3 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

folds in the brain

A

gyri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

shallow depressions

A

sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

6 week embryo order

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diencephalon

A

diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mesencephalon

A

mesencephalon, forms a short section between the dicephalon and the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What determines the boundaries of the brains cavities

A

bends and creases that occur in the developing brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gray matter

A

motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
dendrties
branching axon terminals
unmyelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

white matter

A

derives color from the myelin in the myelinated axons

also contains dendrites and associated neurogiial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inner region of white matter is called:

A

medulla (marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what protects and isolates the brain

A

bony cranium
meninges (connective tissue membranes)
cerebrospinal fluid
blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

meninges

A

3 connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pia mater

A

delicate mother, innermost of cranial meninges, highly vascular, follows every contour of brains surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

arachnoid

A

internal to dura mater, delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
also contains the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what lies between the arachnoid and the overlaying dura mater

A

subdural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother, most external, tough dense irregular connective tissue with 2 fibrous layers, strongest of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 layers of the dura mater

A 
meningeal layer (deeper of the 2)
periosteal layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

blood filled spaces

A

dural venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

large veins that drain blood from the brain and transport the blood to the internal jugular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

epidural space

A

contains arteries and veins that nourish the meninges
not actually a space
can become a spce due to trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cranial dural septa

A

double layers of dura mater

separate specific regions of the brain and provide stabilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

4 cranial dura septa

A
  1. falx cerebri
  2. tentorium cerebelli
  3. falx cerebelli
  4. diphragma sellae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

falx cerebri

A

largest
sickle shaped
extends off of crista galli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

contains the tentorial notch to allow passage of the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

falx cerebelli

A

sickle shaped, divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

diphragma sellae

A

smallest, forms roof over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

brain ventricles

A

cavities within the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

4 brain ventricles

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • 3rd ventricle
  • 4th ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lateral ventricles

A

in cerebrum,separated by septum pellucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

third ventricle

A

located in diencephalon, communicates with lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

fourth ventricle

A

between pons and cerebellum, merges with central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

buoyancy
protection
environmental stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CSF buoyancy

A

reduces weight by 95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CSF protection

A

provides liquid cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CSF environmental stability

A

transports nutrients, chemical messengers, removes waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

CSF formation

A

formed by choroid plexi, filtrate of plasma that contains proteins and salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

blood brain barrier

A

protects nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where the blood brain barrier is reduced or missing

A

choroid plexi
hypothalamus
pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cerebrum

A

location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

cerebrum is the center for what

A

intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, judgment, voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the outer gray layer of the cerebrum called

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

inner white layer of the cerebrum

A

cerebral medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What separates the paired cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

largest white matter tract

A

corpus callosum, provides main method of ommunication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

five lobes

A 
frontal 
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (not visible from the surface)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

frontal lobe

A 
voluntary motor functions
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

parietal lobe

A

general sensory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing
interpreting speech and language
smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

occipital lobe

A

process incoming visual info

stores visual memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

insula

A

can be seen by pulling aside the temporal lobe
memory
interpretation of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

injury to the cerebrum after a blow to the head

A

coup-contrcoup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

diencephalon

A

between inferior regions of teh cerebral hemispheres, including the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

epithalamus

A

houses pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes the melatonin which helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

thalamus

A

oval masses

final relay point for all sensory info except for the sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

hypothalamus

A 
infundibulum
heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, respiration
hormone secretino
thermostat
emotional response
controls hunger/thirst
sleep/wake cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

bidirectional passageway

A

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

mesencephalon

A

superior portion
visual and auditory reflexes
control of posture and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

pons

A

relay impulses

regulate breathing

66
Q

medulla oblongata

A

all communication between brain and spinal cord involves nerve fibers tracts that go through here
cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
coughing, sneezing, salvation, gagging, vomiting

67
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest part of the brain and develops from the metencephalon

68
Q

outer layer of cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex

69
Q

inner layer of cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

70
Q

functions of cerebellum

A 
smooth movement
muscle contraction
muscle memory
coordination of muscle movement
equilibrium and posture
muscle tone
attention
processing language, music and other stimuli
71
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized core of gray matter
regulate muscle tone
RAS-maintain a state of awareness or consciousness

72
Q

RAS

A

reticular activating system

73
Q

limbic system

A

emotions
border around diencephalon
motivationnal and mood states
odors can provoke emotions here

74
Q

Rostrocaudal brain deterioration

A

sequence of events that occurs when the cerebrum pushes down through the tentorial incisure because of head trauma

75
Q

steps of rostrocaudal brain deterioration

A
  1. pressure builds, CSF is squeezed out
  2. hypoxia (loss of oxygen)
  3. unconsciousness
  4. decorticate posturing
  5. decerebrate posturing (last reversible stage)
  6. brain death
76
Q

most common serious disease of the CNS

A

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

77
Q

causes of cerebrovascular accidents

A

thrombus formation
intrecerebral hemorrhage
aneurysm
fatty plaque build up

78
Q

hemiplegia

A

contralateral paralysis of body (result of stroke)

79
Q

I

A

olfactory

80
Q

olfactory

A

sensory
chemoreceptors
smell

81
Q

II

A

optic

82
Q

optic

A

sensory
enter optic foramen converge to form optic chiasm
meninges travel along here

83
Q

III

A

oculomotor

84
Q

oculomotor

A

motor
internal muscles constrict the eyeball
trauma can cause same side paralysis

85
Q

IV

A

Trochlear

86
Q

Trochlear

A

motor
in mesencephalon
downward and lateral movement of eyeball

87
Q

V

A

trigeminal

88
Q

Trigeminal

A 
both
sensations of touch, temperature and pain
ophthalmic branch
maxillary branch (photic sneeze reflex)
mandibular branch (dental anasthesia)
chewing
89
Q

VI

A

abducens

90
Q

abducens

A

motor

moves eye laterally

91
Q

VII

A

facial

92
Q

facial

A

both
facial expression
taste (sweet)
stimulate salivary glands

93
Q

VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

94
Q

vesibulocochlear

A

sensory
vestibular branch- balance
cochlear branch-hearing

95
Q

IX

A

glossopharyngeal

96
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

both
stimulate swallowing
bitter taste on posterior portion of the tongue

97
Q

X

A

vagus

98
Q

vagus

A

both
longest cranial nerve
innervates most muscles of pharynx and larynx
receives input from EAC and eardrum, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, esophagus, abdominal organs

99
Q

XI

A

accessory

100
Q

Accessory

A

motor
innervates pharynx
innervates trapezius

101
Q

XII

A

hypoglossal

102
Q

hypoglossal

A

motor
innervates muscles of tongue
damage can lead to diffiuclty of speech

103
Q

tapering inferior end of spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

104
Q

inferior to the conus medullaris, group of axons

A

cauda equima

105
Q

thin strand of pia mater that is the anchor

A

filum terminale

106
Q

cervical enlargement

A

inferior cervical region of the spinal cord contains the neurons that innervate the upper limb

107
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

innervates the lower limbs

108
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves

A 
c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
co
109
Q

outermost to innermost structures and space that encircle the spinal cord

A 
vertebra
epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid
subarachnoid space
pia
110
Q

what is the epidural space made up of

A

loose connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose connective tissue

111
Q

what is found in the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid

112
Q

peripheral white matter of spinal cord

A

myelinated axons

neural communication to and from brain

113
Q

central gray matter of spinal cord

A

dendrites and cell bodies
spinal reflexes
has central canal filled with CSF

114
Q

dermatome

A

specific skin segment supplied by a single spinal nerve (except c1)

115
Q

referred visceral pain

A

pain or discomfort from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome

116
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of interweavinf spinal nerves t2-t12 and s5-co1 do not for plexuses

117
Q

cervical plexus

A

deep to the neck
c1-c4
*phrenic nerve

118
Q

brachial plexus

A

upper limbs

c5-t12

119
Q

major nerves from the brachial plexus

A 
axillary nerve
median nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
ulnar nerve
120
Q

lumbar plexuses

A

l1-l4

121
Q

nerves of the lumbar plexus

A 
femoral nerve (medial)
obturator nerve (supramedial)
122
Q

sacral plexus

A

l4-s4

123
Q

nerves of sacral plexus

A

sciatic nerve (largest)
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve

124
Q

the neural canal develops into what

A

central canal

125
Q

trauma above c3

A

death by asphyxiation innervation to the intercostal muscles and innervation to the diaphragm are lost

126
Q

trauma between c4 and c7

A

quadriplegia

127
Q

what happens if c3 and c4 are intact after trauma

A

phrenic nerve functions and will be able to breath on their own

128
Q

trauma between t1 and l1

A

paraplegia of lower extremities

129
Q

amount of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute is called

A

cardiac output

130
Q

two blood vessels

A

arteries

veins

131
Q

arteries

A

away from heart
arterioles
carry blood high in oxygen

132
Q

veins

A

towards the heart

low in oxygen

133
Q

great vessels

A

blood vessels leaving the hear, large in diameter

134
Q

unidirectional flow`

A

no backflow prevented by valves

135
Q

right side pump

A

directs blood to the lungs for gas exchange

136
Q

left side pump

A

blood to body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery

137
Q

blood pressure

A

alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation (minimal blood pressure is needed)

138
Q

2 circulations

A

pulmonary

systemic

139
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side of heart
pulmonary arteries-poorly oxygenated blood to lumgs
pulmonary veins-high oxygen to lungs

140
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side

all named blood vessels that carry blood to all peripheral organs and tissues

141
Q

sac that contains the heart

A

pericardium, double layered serous lining

142
Q

two parts of pericardium

A

outer= fibrous

inner=serous

143
Q

2 layers of serous pericardium

A 
parietal layer (in)
visceral layer (out)
144
Q

potential space between parietal and visceral

A

pericardial cavity

145
Q

pericardial cavity

A

serous fluid lubricates membranes, prevents friction

146
Q

bleeding in the pericardial cavity can lead to:

A

cardiac tamponade- pulsus paradoxus, jugular vein disention

147
Q

3 layers of heart

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

148
Q

epicardium

A

outermost
visceral layer
becomes fattier with age

149
Q

myocardium

A

middle
thickest
heart attacks occur here

150
Q

endocardium

A

internal
covers external surfaces of the heart valve
contiguous with endothelium

151
Q

hollow chambers

A

smaller atria

larger ventricles

152
Q

atria

A

thin walled chambers

auricle

153
Q

right atrium

A

receives blood from systemic circuit

154
Q

left atrium

A

receives blood from pulmonary circuit

155
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

carries blood from right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit

156
Q

aorta

A

conducts blood from the right ventricle into the systemic circuit

157
Q

valves

A

lined with endothelium, allow blood to only travel in one directino

158
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

between atria and ventricles, dense irregular connective tissue

159
Q

functions of fibrous skeleton

A

separates atria and ventricles
anchors heart valves
electrical insulation (not randomly spread impulses)
framework

160
Q

right atrium

A

receives blood from systemic circulation

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions