Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards
Exam 1 Flashcards
Ante brachial
Forearm, between elbow and wrist
Antecubital
Anterior to the elbow
Auricular
Ear
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm, between shoulder and elbow
Buccal
Cheek
Calcaneal
Heel of foot
Carpal
Wrist
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Coxal
Hip
Cranial
Skull
Crural
Leg, between knee and ankle
Deltoid
Shoulder
Dorsal
Back
Femoral
Thigh
Fibular
Lateral aspect of the leg
Frontal
Forehead
Gluteal
Buttock
Hallux
Great toe
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Part of back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
Mammary
Breast
Manus
Hand
Mental
Chin
Nasal
Nose
Occipital
Posterior aspect of head
Olecranal
Posterior of the elbow
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eye
Palmar
Palm of hand
Patella
Knee cap
Perineal
Region between thighs that contains external reproductive organs
Pes
Foot
Plantar
Sole of foot
Pollex
Thumb
Popliteal
Area posterior to knee
Pubic
Anterior region of the pelvis
Radial
Lateral aspect of the forearm
Sacral
Posterior region between the hip bones
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Sternal
Anterior middle region of thorax
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Proximal part of foot and ankle
Thoracic
Chest or thorax
Tibial
Medial aspect of the leg
Ulnar
Medial aspect of the forearm
Umbilical
Naval
Vertebral
Spinal column
Abdominal
Inferior to thorax superior to hip bone
Head
Eyes, nose mouth
Trunk
Chest, abdomen, pelvic region
Chestb(thorax)
(a) Breasts (mammary region)
(b) Sternal region
(c) Armpits (axillary region)
(d) Vertebral region
Abdomen
) Navel (also called umbilicus).
- Cullen’s sign with intra-abdominal bleeding (peritoneal bleeding, or more rarely,
retroperitoneal bleeding)
Pelvic region
(a) Pubic area which is covered with pubic hair in sexually mature persons.
(b) The “perineum” is the region containing the external sex organs and the anal
opening.
(c) Small of the back (lumbar region)
(d) Tail (sacral region)
(e) Buttocks (gluteal region)
- Common site for intramuscular injections
- midline
Upper extremity
) The arm is divided into:
(a) Shoulder (deltoid region).
- It is a common site for intramuscular injections
(b) Upper arm (brachium)
(c) Forearm(antebrachium)
(d) Hand (manus)
2) Between the arm and forearm is the elbow.
) The small depressed area on the front of the elbow is called the anterior cubital fossa (antecubital fossa).
- This region is typically used to remove venous blood or to inject medications.
(b) The area on the back of the elbow is called the olecranal region.
3) The wrist is between the forearm and hand
4) The hand is composed of:
(a) The front (palm)
(b) The back (dorsum of hand) (c) Fingers (digits)
Lower extremity
) The lower extremity is divided into:
(a) Hip
(b) Upper leg (thigh or femoral region) (c) Knee.
- The front surface is called the kneecap (“patellar region”).
- The back of the knee is called the “popliteal fossa”. (d) The lower leg (crural region).
- The shin is the prominent bony ridge on the front. - The calf is the muscular mass at the back.
- The ankle is the junction between the leg and foot.
(e) The foot is composed of:
- The heel at the back
- The sole at the bottom (“plantar surface”) - The top (dorsum of foot)
- The toes (digits)
2 principle body cavities
Posterior and ventral
Posterior body cavity
Cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
Central body cavity
Thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
What separate the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities
The diaphragm , a sheet of skeletal muscle
Thoracic cavity
A median space referred to as the “mediastinum”, which contains the heart, thymus,
esophagus, trachea, and several major blood vessels that connect with the heart.
Thoracic cavity the heart
The heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane (and an outer fibrous layer) called the “pericardium”. The outermost serous layer (and its associated fibrous layer) is called the “parietal pericardium” (pericardial sac) while the external surface of the heart is called the “visceral pericardium” (epicardium). See Fig. on page 657.
- The “pericardial cavity” is the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia and it contains lubricating serous fluid.
Thoracic cavity the lungs
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the “pleura”. See Fig. (c) on page 16).
- The outer layer of this serous membrane is the “parietal pleura” and it is firmly
attached to the chest wall and superior surface of the diaphragm.
- The inner layer of this serous membrane is the “visceral pleura” and it is the
external surface of the lungs.
- The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae is
called the “pleural cavity” and it contains lubricating serous fluid.
Abdominal cavity peritoneum
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the “pleura”. See Fig. (c) on page 16).
- The outer layer of this serous membrane is the “parietal pleura” and it is firmly
attached to the chest wall and superior surface of the diaphragm.
- The inner layer of this serous membrane is the “visceral pleura” and it is the
external surface of the lungs.
- The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae is
called the “pleural cavity” and it contains lubricating serous fluid.
Smaller cavities in head
Oral cavity (buccal cavity)
b. Nasal cavity
c. Orbital cavities
d. Middle ear cavities
Tissues of skin
Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. Vascular tissue
d. Nervous tissue
Distinct layers of skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Functions of the integumentary
Protection, prevention of water loss, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, sensory reception, excretion by means of secretion
Layers of integument
Epidermis Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidem Stratum corneum
Epidermis
4-5 layers, 5 layers on feet, palms, and lips
30-50 cell layers thick
How does dandruff happen
Yeast
Stratum spinosum
Spine like projections
Callus
Thickened skin, by friction, to protect the tissue underneath
Bones that form in tendons in the response to stress
Sesamoid bones
What is cartilage
Cartilage is a semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible and resilient.
a. Cartilage contains a population of cells (chondroblasts that mature into chondrocytes) scattered throughout a gel-like ground substance.
1) These mature chondrocytes maintain the matrix of the cartilage and ensure that it
remains healthy and viable.
b. Mature cartilage is avascular (not penetrated by blood vessels).
3 functions of cartilage
a. Supporting soft tissue
1) C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings keep the walls of the trachea and smaller airways
open.
2) Flexible elastic cartilage supports the external portion of the ear.
b. Provides a gliding surface at articulations (joints), where two bones meet.
C. Provides a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body. This cartilage serves as a “rough draft” that is later replaced by bone tissue.
3 types of cartilage
a. “Hyaline cartilage” is the most abundant type of cartilage. It is found in the trachea (air pipe to lungs), portions of the larynx (voice box), the articular (joint) cartilage on bones, growth plates in growing bones, and the fetal skeleton.
1) It supplies support and flexibility and resilience, and its extracellular matrix has a
translucent (hyaline) appearance.
b. “Fibrocartilage” has an extracellular matrix with numerous thick collagen fibers that
help resist both stretching and compaction forces. It can act as a shock absorber and is located where this property is required, such as the pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae.
c. “Elastic cartilage” contains highly branched elastic fibers within its extracellular matrix and is found in regions requiring highly flexible support, such as the external ear, the ear canal, and the epiglottis that guards the entrance to the larynx (voice box).
The matrix of bone connective tissue is sturdy and rigid due to the deposition of minerals in the matrix, a process called
Calcification
Functions of the bone
Support and protection
Movement
Hematopoises
Hematopoises
process of blood cell formation. This is carried
out by stem cells in “red bone marrow” located in spongy bone. These stem cells form all of the different types of blood cells.
1) In children, active red marrow is in the spongy bone of most of the bones of the
body.
2) In adults, much of the red marrow becomes inactive and turns into fatty tissue
appropriately called “yellow bone marrow”.
What selection locations do adults have active red bone marrow
Flat bones of the skull
- Vertebrae
- Ribs
- Sternum (breastbone)
Bones of the pelvis (ossa coxae)
- Proximal end of the left and right humerus
- Proximal end of the left and right femur
Bones storage of energy and mineral sources
More than 90% of the body’s reserves of the minerals calcium and phosphate are
stored and released by bone.
(a) Calcium is essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse
transmission.
(b) Phosphate is needed for ATP utilization (a substance that momentarily traps useful
energy for utilization by the body).
2) Energy in the form of fat (lipids or adipose tissue) is stored in the yellow bone
marrow, which in adults is located in the shafts of long bones.
(a) However, recall that most of the body’s fat supplies are housed in the hypodermis
(subcutaneous) layer near the surface of the body.
Classifications of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Hyaline cartilage
the most abundant type of cartilage. It is found in the trachea (air pipe to lungs), portions of the larynx (voice box), the articular (joint) cartilage on bones, growth plates in growing bones, and the fetal skeleton.
1) It supplies support and flexibility and resilience, and its extracellular matrix has a
translucent (hyaline) appearance
Fibrocartilage
an extracellular matrix with numerous thick collagen fibers that
help resist both stretching and compaction forces. It can act as a shock absorber and is located where this property is required, such as the pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebra
Elastic cartilage
contains highly branched elastic fibers within its extracellular matrix and is found in regions requiring highly flexible support, such as the external ear, the ear canal, and the epiglottis that guards the entrance to the larynx (voice box).
Derivatives of ski
Hairs
Nails
Skin glands
Tissues of skin
Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. Vascular tissue
d. Nervous tissue
2 layers of the integument
Epidermis and the dermis
Functions of the integument
Protection Prevention of water loss Temperature regulation Metabolic regulation Sensory reception Excretion by means of secretion
Integument protection
The skin is selectively permeable because some chemicals can pass through the
skin while others can’t.
2) The skin protects against microbes, bumps, scrapes, harmful ultraviolet radiation,
and regenerates itself.
3) The skin contains a small population of immune cells (“epidermal dendritic
cells”) to combat infection and cancer.
Protection of water loss
The skin is water resistant, not water-proof. Realize that if you soak in a tub of water, some water will enter you skin through osmosis and cause your hands and feet to swell and give a bulging wrinkled appearance as the epidermis swells and
pulls against underlying connective fibers (washerwoman’s hands).
2) Some water is lost by the airways and skin escaping from the underlying tissues.
3) Some water is lost by normal or excessive perspiration from sweat glands.
4) Severe burns damage the skin and allow abnormally large amounts of water to
escape. This leads to dehydratio
Temperature regulation
When the body is hot, dermal blood vessels dilate (vasodilatation), epidermal sweat glands release perspiration that evaporates, and heat is dissipated to the outside.
2) When the body is cold, the dermal blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), the epidermal sweat glands become inactive, and heat is conserved inside the body.
