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Sociology 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Inequality?

A

inequality in the distribution of power, resources, or other “things” between people, groups, or societies

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2
Q

What is Social Stratification

A

a condition in which the inequality in society is structured into social layers that are difficult to permeate

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3
Q

What are the systems of stratification?

A

Slavery, castes, estates

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4
Q

Define Slavery

A

Most extreme form of legalized social inequality;

enslaved individuals are owned by other people

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5
Q

Define Castes

A

hereditary system of rank, usually religious dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile

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6
Q

Define Estate System

A

Feudalism; required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection

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7
Q

How do you measure inequality?

A

Gini Coefficient

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8
Q

Define Gini Coefficient

A

a number on a scale of 0-100 that represents the inequality in the distribution of X.
Interpretable as the % of X to be redistributed to make X equally distributed

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9
Q

Define poverty

A

economic “diet” times three (for cost of living)

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10
Q

What is the Poverty line

A

$10K for an individual, $20K for a family of 4

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11
Q

How many people live below poverty?

A

1 in 9

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12
Q

Define Absolute Poverty

A

Minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below

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13
Q

Define Relative Poverty

A

floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

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14
Q

Define Social Mobility

A

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

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15
Q

What is an open stratification system

A

position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved position

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16
Q

What is a closed stratification system

A

allows little or no possibility of moving up

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17
Q

How are racial groups set apart?

A

by obvious physical differences

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18
Q

How are ethnic groups set apart?

A

due to national origins or cultural differences

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19
Q

How is a minority group set apart?

A

less power/smaller numbers

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20
Q

Why is race insignificant by biology?

A

We are all 99.9% the same genetic material

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21
Q

What is the social construction of race?

A

Process whereby people define a group as “race” on physical features despite the fact that there is little biological basis

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22
Q

How is ethnicity as a category taken?

A

sometimes ambiguous, but less problematic than race

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23
Q

What does culture include?

A

foods, festivities, religious background, etc.

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24
Q

Define Stereotype

A

unreliable generalization of people of a group

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25
Define Prejudice
Negative attitude toward an entire category of people
26
Define Ethnocentricism
Tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior
27
Define racism
Belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
28
Define Glass ceiling
Invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because gender, race, or ethnicity
29
Define Sex
the biological characteristics that distinguish male and female
30
Define Gender
the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women
31
Which is more fluid, gender or sex?
Gender
32
Define Gender roles?
expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of men and women
33
Gender role socialization of boys must be?
``` Masculine Aggressive Tough Daring Dominant ```
34
Gender role socialization of girls must be
``` Feminine Soft Emotional Sweet Submissive ```
35
What is the status of women world wide
o Women’s subordination is institutionally sanctioned o Women remain in second-class positions in most of the world o Women are exploited for labor in many developing countries
36
How are women in the work force doing?
o Women entering job market find options restricted in important ways o Women underrepresented in occupations historically defined as “men’s jobs”
37
To a man's $1, how much does a woman make?
$.75
38
What is the "second shift"
double burden that working women face—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—and which few men share equitably
39
House work in 1960
Women- 35 hrs | Men- 5 hrs
40
House work in 2006
Women-20 hrs | Men- 10 hrs
41
Explaining stratification by gender: functionalist perspective
gender differentiation contributes to social stability
42
Define Expressiveness
concern for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family
43
Define Instrumentality
emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions
44
Explaining stratification by gender: conflict
gender differences are a result of subjugation of women by men
45
Explaining stratification by gender: Feminist
women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization oppression of women is inevitable in all male-dominated societies in US, male dominance goes far beyond economic sphere
46
Explaining stratification by gender: Interactionists
study micro level of everyday behavior
47
Men are more likely to...
 Change topics of conversation  Ignore topics chosen by women  Minimize ideas of women  Interrupt women
48
What is power?
the ability to exercise your will over someone else
49
What does Lukes argue about power?
Power is also the ability to make up rules or even shape someone's wants
50
Force (aka...)
coercion
51
Influence (aka...)
persuasion
52
What are the sources of power in a political situation?
Force and Influence
53
What are Weber's types of authorities?
Traditional, Legal-Rational, and Charismatic authorities
54
Define Traditional Authority
legitimate power is obtained by custom and accepted practice
55
Define Legal-Rational Authority
Power is made by legitimate law
56
Define Charismatic Authority
power is made legitimate by leader's exceptional personal appeal.
57
What are the power elite models?
Mill's model and Domhoff's model
58
What is Mill's Model?
A small ruling elite of military, industrial, and government leaders. Power rested in the hands of the few in and out of government, the power elite.
59
What is Domhoff's Model?
stresses roles played by elites of corporate community and leaders of policy-formation organizations such as the chamber of commerce
60
What is the Pluralist Model?
Many conflicting groups within the community have access to government, and no single group is dominant. A variety of groups play a role in decision making
61
What are Cialdini's principles of persuasion?
Reciprocation, Consistence, Scarcity, Authority, Social Proof, and Liking.
62
What is reciprocation?
the giving of candy to make the other person want to give you a good review
63
what is consistence?
The want to stay consistent with what you have done before over time
64
what is scarcity?
the fear that something will go away and is limited so one would act immediately
65
what is authority (in regards to cialdini's principles of persuasion) ?
forcing someone to do something through your influence
66
what is social proof?
saying that something has happened before by people just like you so therefore it will happen again by you
67
what is liking?
the more you like someone, the more likely you are to be persuaded by them.
68
What are the hate groups in America?
KKK, Racist Skinhead, Black Separatist, Neo-Nazi, Identity, Neo-Confederate, and other.
69
Current wealth inequality in the US
87

Sociology 101 (3 decks)

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