Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Social Inequality?

A

inequality in the distribution of power, resources, or other “things” between people, groups, or societies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Social Stratification

A

a condition in which the inequality in society is structured into social layers that are difficult to permeate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the systems of stratification?

A

Slavery, castes, estates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Slavery

A

Most extreme form of legalized social inequality;

enslaved individuals are owned by other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Castes

A

hereditary system of rank, usually religious dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Estate System

A

Feudalism; required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you measure inequality?

A

Gini Coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Gini Coefficient

A

a number on a scale of 0-100 that represents the inequality in the distribution of X.
Interpretable as the % of X to be redistributed to make X equally distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define poverty

A

economic “diet” times three (for cost of living)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Poverty line

A

$10K for an individual, $20K for a family of 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many people live below poverty?

A

1 in 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Absolute Poverty

A

Minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Relative Poverty

A

floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Social Mobility

A

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an open stratification system

A

position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a closed stratification system

A

allows little or no possibility of moving up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are racial groups set apart?

A

by obvious physical differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are ethnic groups set apart?

A

due to national origins or cultural differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is a minority group set apart?

A

less power/smaller numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is race insignificant by biology?

A

We are all 99.9% the same genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the social construction of race?

A

Process whereby people define a group as “race” on physical features despite the fact that there is little biological basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is ethnicity as a category taken?

A

sometimes ambiguous, but less problematic than race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does culture include?

A

foods, festivities, religious background, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Stereotype

A

unreliable generalization of people of a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Prejudice

A

Negative attitude toward an entire category of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define Ethnocentricism

A

Tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define racism

A

Belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define Glass ceiling

A

Invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because gender, race, or ethnicity

29
Q

Define Sex

A

the biological characteristics that distinguish male and female

30
Q

Define Gender

A

the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women

31
Q

Which is more fluid, gender or sex?

A

Gender

32
Q

Define Gender roles?

A

expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of men and women

33
Q

Gender role socialization of boys must be?

A 
Masculine
Aggressive
Tough
Daring
Dominant
34
Q

Gender role socialization of girls must be

A 
Feminine
Soft
Emotional
Sweet
Submissive
35
Q

What is the status of women world wide

A

o Women’s subordination is institutionally sanctioned
o Women remain in second-class positions in most of the world
o Women are exploited for labor in many developing countries

36
Q

How are women in the work force doing?

A

o Women entering job market find options restricted in important ways
o Women underrepresented in occupations historically defined as “men’s jobs”

37
Q

To a man’s $1, how much does a woman make?

A

$.75

38
Q

What is the “second shift”

A

double burden that working women face—work outside the home followed by child care and
housework—and which few men share equitably

39
Q

House work in 1960

A

Women- 35 hrs

Men- 5 hrs

40
Q

House work in 2006

A

Women-20 hrs

Men- 10 hrs

41
Q

Explaining stratification by gender: functionalist perspective

A

gender differentiation contributes to social stability

42
Q

Define Expressiveness

A

concern for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family

43
Q

Define Instrumentality

A

emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions

44
Q

Explaining stratification by gender: conflict

A

gender differences are a result of subjugation of women by men

45
Q

Explaining stratification by gender: Feminist

A

women’s subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization

oppression of women is inevitable in all male-dominated societies

in US, male dominance goes far beyond economic sphere

46
Q

Explaining stratification by gender: Interactionists

A

study micro level of everyday behavior

47
Q

Men are more likely to…

A

 Change topics of conversation
 Ignore topics chosen by women
 Minimize ideas of women
 Interrupt women

48
Q

What is power?

A

the ability to exercise your will over someone else

49
Q

What does Lukes argue about power?

A

Power is also the ability to make up rules or even shape someone’s wants

50
Q

Force (aka…)

A

coercion

51
Q

Influence (aka…)

A

persuasion

52
Q

What are the sources of power in a political situation?

A

Force and Influence

53
Q

What are Weber’s types of authorities?

A

Traditional, Legal-Rational, and Charismatic authorities

54
Q

Define Traditional Authority

A

legitimate power is obtained by custom and accepted practice

55
Q

Define Legal-Rational Authority

A

Power is made by legitimate law

56
Q

Define Charismatic Authority

A

power is made legitimate by leader’s exceptional personal appeal.

57
Q

What are the power elite models?

A

Mill’s model and Domhoff’s model

58
Q

What is Mill’s Model?

A

A small ruling elite of military, industrial, and government leaders. Power rested in the hands of the few in and out of government, the power elite.

59
Q

What is Domhoff’s Model?

A

stresses roles played by elites of corporate community and leaders of policy-formation organizations such as the chamber of commerce

60
Q

What is the Pluralist Model?

A

Many conflicting groups within the community have access to government, and no single group is dominant. A variety of groups play a role in decision making

61
Q

What are Cialdini’s principles of persuasion?

A

Reciprocation, Consistence, Scarcity, Authority, Social Proof, and Liking.

62
Q

What is reciprocation?

A

the giving of candy to make the other person want to give you a good review

63
Q

what is consistence?

A

The want to stay consistent with what you have done before over time

64
Q

what is scarcity?

A

the fear that something will go away and is limited so one would act immediately

65
Q

what is authority (in regards to cialdini’s principles of persuasion) ?

A

forcing someone to do something through your influence

66
Q

what is social proof?

A

saying that something has happened before by people just like you so therefore it will happen again by you

67
Q

what is liking?

A

the more you like someone, the more likely you are to be persuaded by them.

68
Q

What are the hate groups in America?

A

KKK, Racist Skinhead, Black Separatist, Neo-Nazi, Identity, Neo-Confederate, and other.

69
Q

Current wealth inequality in the US

A

87

Sociology 101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions