Exam 3 Flashcards
Define Culture
totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
What does culture include?
all objects and ideas with in a society, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people
How do human cultures change and expand?
through innovation and diffusion
What do all societies have?
Developed certain common practices and beliefs
What is universal all over the world in regards to communication?
Facial Expressions
Define Material Culture
physical or technological aspects of our daily life
Example of Material Culture
Food, houses, factories, raw material
Define Nonmaterial Culture
ways of using material objects as well as customs, beliefs, government, patterns of communication, and philosophies
What is a language?
abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all cultures
What does language include?
speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication
What are norms?
established standards of behavior maintained by society
How can norms be significant?
they must be widely understood and shared
What are the types of norms?
Formal/Informal Norms, Mores, Folkways
What are Formal Norms?
Generally written down such as laws with specifically strict punishments
What are Informal Norms?
understood practices but not written down
What are Mores?
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society like going to school
Which is more formal: Mores or Folkways?
Mores
What are Folkways?
Norms that govern everyday behavior like peeing in every other urinal
What are Sanctions?
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
What does Dominant Ideaology describe?
A set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
How does Dominant Ideaology control the means of producing beliefs about reality?
Religion, Education, and Media
Define Subculture
Segment of society that shares Mores, Folkways, and values different from the larger society
Define Argot
Specialized language that distinguishes a subculture from a larger society
Define Counterculture
subculture that deliberately opposes the larger culture
Define Culture Shock
Feeling disorientated, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture
What is it called when you view people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture?
Culture Relativism
What is it called when you assume that your culture is superior to all other cultures?
Ethnocentricism
What is it called when you assume that your culture is inferior to all other cultures?
Xenocentricism
What is what what?
WHAT WHAT DIGIMON BUTT
What is a Social Movement?
Organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society
Define the Relative Deprivation/Strain theory
Conscious feeling of a discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
What must happen before discontent will be challenged into a social movement?
1) people must feel they have a right to their goals
2) must perceive that they cannot attain their goals through conventional means
Define Political Opportunity Theory
movement emerges when the political climate is right
What must there be for Political Opportunity Theory to apply?
an opportunity to protest/ dissent
Define Resource Mobilization Theory
ways in which social movement utilizes resources such as people, money, etc.
To sustain a social movement, what needs to be in place
an organized base and continuity of leadership
Define New Social Movements Theory
promotes autonomy and self-determination as well as improvement in quality of life
What does New Social Movements Theory focus on?
the collective identity
What roles do women play in Social Movements?
often disproportionately as volunteers in organizational movements as it is more difficult to assume a leadership position
Where is the place to kiss Katrina without her knowing?
the lower left side of her lip
What is the Evolutionary Theory?
views society as moving in a definite direction, generally progressing to a higher state
Define Unilinear Evolutionary Theory
all societies pass through the same successive stages of evolution and reach the same end
Define Multilinear Evolutionary theory
Change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead in the same direction
What does the functionalist theory focus on in social change
what maintains a system, and not what changes it.
Who is the leading proponent in functionalist theory
Talcott Parsons
What are the four processes of social change that are inevitable
Differentiation, Adaptive upgrading, Inclusion, Value generalization
How does Conflict theory view social change?
It is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities
How does marx view evolution
each successive stage is not an inevitable improvement over the previous one
What are the Economic and Cultural factors resist social change
many firms not willing to pay price of meeting strict safety standards
What is Global social change
1- truly dramatic time in history to be considered global change
2- Socio-political changes can be predicted
3- Sociologists must be able to recognize upheavals and major chaotic shifts that set global changes in motion
What are vested interests?
people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change
What is Culture Lag
period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions
