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BIO115 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Innovations from phragmoplasts

A

plasmodesmata, intercellular communication, multicellularity From streptophytes

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2
Q

Rosette proteins

A

used to build cellulose wall build from inside, strands separate instead of stretch as cell grows changing orientation of microtubules to weave instead of parallel can change shape of cell: established controlled directionality of cell growth, determines plant form

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3
Q

Tissue differentiation

A

results from phragmoplasts and rosette proteins working together

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4
Q

apical meristem

A

streptophyte synapomorphy region of extreme growth/mitosis

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5
Q

lateral branches

A

streptophyte synapomorphy greater exposure for photosynthesis

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6
Q

gametangia

A

from streptophytes multicellular sex organs with protective jacket layers

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7
Q

gametophyte

A

gamete-producing plants, use mitosis, haploid

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8
Q

archegonia

A

gametophyte that develops egg

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9
Q

antheridium

A

gametophyte that develops sperm

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10
Q

oogamy

A

differentiation between gametes, egg and sperm, gives eggs more food and investment and makes sperm smaller expensive, lower in number, one motile and one sessile, more resources to egg

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11
Q

isogamy

A

equivalent gametes, cheap, high in number, both motile, any two gametes, less resources for offspring

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12
Q

parental investment

A

putting more energy into offspring to increase their chances of survival

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13
Q

2 changes from oogamy

A

egg retention post fertilization enlargement of zygote

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14
Q

gametophytic iteroparity

A

only gametes are used up, rest of plant is capable of continued growth only possible because of phragmoplasts, rosette proteins, tissue differentiation, parental investment

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15
Q

zygospores

A

new individuals produced by meiosis

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16
Q

First degree synapomorphies for embryophyta

A

cuticle, delayed meiosis, stoma

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17
Q

Streptophyte first degree synapomorphies

A

phragmoplast, rosette protein, tissue differentiation, parental investment, gametophytic iteroparity

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18
Q

cuticle

A

layer of waxes and cutin over a discoid shape (good for PS) that protects plant from UVB radiation (mutations, heat) and prevents water loss

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19
Q

delayed meiosis

A

diploid zygote conducts mitosis rather than meiosis while in archegonium, producing multicellular diploid (embryo) Huge increase in fitness

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20
Q

embryo

A

mass of diploid cells in archegonium

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21
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid that undergoes meiosis to produce spores

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22
Q

placental transfer tissue

A

connection between gametophyte and sporophyte that enhances nutrient transfer thru increased SA

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23
Q

sporangium

A

multicellular diploid structure, covered by layer of cells, undergoes meiosis to produce spores

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24
Q

embryophyte problems

A

increased energy costs, must feed sporophyte dispersion of propagules feeding the developing sporophyte (placental transfer tissue)

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25
Q

stem

A

increases dispersal of spores through wind caused by lifting of sporangium by elongated placental transfer cells clear color, no PS, parasitic on host plant embryophytes

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26
Q

Pros and cons of embryophyte adaptations

A

Pros: upright sporophyte allows for better dispersal, 2n reduced mutations, shape allows for less heat absorption Cons: limited growth potential, semelparous sporophyte, parasitic sporophyte, cuticle covered sporophyte can’t get oxygen

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27
Q

stomatal complexes

A

allows for opening in cuticle, can be opened/closed for water and gas exchange, lets heat escape thru water embryophytes

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28
Q

Tracheophyte synapomorphies

A

branching, vascular tissue, diploid dominance

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29
Q

branching

A

doubles fitness potential by doubling spore output per sporophyte still semelparous, can be made iteroparous by making more stems without sporangia size limited by water transfer to top cells (sun dries them out) after sporophyte is established, gametophyte undergoes senescence back to gametophytic semelparity sporophytes are now PS tracheophyta

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30
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem, tracheids, phloem very expensive to make, no PS cells that support and transfer materials thru plant, let them grow bigger tracheophyta

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31
Q

xylem

A

wood, water conducting cells, faster transfer, structural support part of vascular tissue tracheophyta

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32
Q

phloem

A

food transfer cells vascular tissue from tracheophyta

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33
Q

diploid dominance

A

allows for less impact from UVB induced mutations allows for functionality in a wider environmental gradient 2n is more expensive to replicate more genetic load tracheophyta

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34
Q

euphyllophyta synapomorphies

A

“true leaf” megaphyll

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35
Q

webbing

A

connects stems and increases PS area

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36
Q

leaf

A

complex set of branches

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37
Q

What enabled leaves?

A

Planation of branches, then webbing connected them

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38
Q

sympodium

A

overtopping of branches, led to planation to increase PS area

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39
Q

sequence that produced leaves

A

branching, overtopping, planation, webbing

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40
Q

homospory

A

single spore establishes bisexual gametophyte all spores are identical sexual expression occurs when egg/sperm are produced pros: relatively cheap and small, colonization potential cons: heterozygosity issues, low initial offspring fitness

41
Q

When is sexual expression in heterospory?

A

When spores are being produced

42
Q

Microspores

A

produce male gametes that only make sperm

43
Q

megaspores

A

produce female gametes that only make eggs

44
Q

Heterospory

A

Two kind of sporangium make two kinds of spores Earlier gender expression Free-sporing in ferns and lycopods can’t diffuse using wind since spores are too small

45
Q

free-sporing

A

heterosporous ferns and lycopods spores released into environment where they develop gametophytes

46
Q

Ovules

A

spermatophytes

integumented sporangia megasporangia surrounded by parental cup-shaped tissue (integuments) Opening at top allows microspores in to form embryo ovule becomes seed after fertilization

47
Q

Pollen

A

male gamete in the wind

48
Q

How do ovules catch microgametes?

A

Release water at the tip of ovule, catch gamete, gamete releases hormone causing ovule to bring it back in

49
Q

Anthophyta synapomorphies

A

flower, carpel, pollen tube, fruit

50
Q

flower

A

short stem with highly modified leaves

51
Q

carpel

A

modified leaf, protects ovules, evolutionary structural unit of pistil

52
Q

Fruit

A

nothing more than a modified leaf

53
Q

Steps of embryonic development

A

zygote > 8-cell stage > blastula > gastrula

54
Q

gastrulation

A

blastula to gastrula, blastula invaginates and creates a hole

55
Q

blastocoel

A

hollow hole in middle of blastula

56
Q

Hox genes

A

regulate development of body form, part placement highly conserved, only in animals

57
Q

Fossil formation

A

permineralization - minerals replace organic tissue molds, cast, impressions - can leave behind evidence of activity whole organism preservation

58
Q

Neoproterozoic era

A

first generally accepted animal fossils Ediacaran fauna

59
Q

Paleozoic era

A

Cambrian explosion first appearance of many major groups of living animals

60
Q

Causes of increased body part diversity

A

Hox genes for developmental flexibility rise in atmospheric O2, allows metabolisms and more energy predator-prey relationships, arms race

61
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

age of the dinosaurs as dominant terrestrial animals coral reefs emerged ended with comet impact, left niches for small animals

62
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

began with mass extinction of terrestrial and marine animals modern mammals and insects diversified during this time

63
Q

What are body plans traditionally based on?

A

Presence or abscence of different tissue types Type of body symmetry Presence or absence of true body cavity (coelom) Embryonic development patterns

64
Q

common ancestor of modern animals

A

ancestral colonial choanoflagellate

65
Q

Tissue

A

cells of specialized function together sharing a basement membrane

66
Q

organ

A

multiple tissue types working together

67
Q

organ system

A

combination of organs

68
Q

organism

A

series of organ systems

69
Q

cephalization

A

development of a head, sensory organs to front caused by predator-prey relationships and bilateral symmetry allows for brain and more complex nervous systems

70
Q

Types of gut

A

Gastrovascular: sac-like gut that fills with water, same mouth/anus, jellyfish Incomplete: mid-body mouth, same mouth/anus, planaria Complete: separate mouth/anus, food goes one way

71
Q

schizocoelus

A

solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

72
Q

enterocoelus

A

folds of archenteron form coelom

73
Q

coelom

A

true body cavity, derived from mesoderm

74
Q

coelomate

A

true coelom surrounded by tissue from mesoderm cavity derived from mesoderm

75
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

body cavity only partially lined by tissue from mesoderm cavity derived from blastocoel

76
Q

acoelomate

A

lack body cavity between digestive tract and outer body wall

77
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

use water pressure to provide rigidity in body turgid column of water within body space

78
Q

exoskeleton

A

shell outside of a snail, involves molting/ecdysis

79
Q

endoskeleton

A

bones inside body (humans)

80
Q

strobilation

A

segment divided by another process, used for reproduction

81
Q

protostome

A

cleavage is spiral and determinate, schizocoelus, blastopore becomes mouth, anus secondarily developed

82
Q

deuterostome

A

cleavage is radial and indeterminate, enterocoelus, blastopore becomes anus, mouth secondarily developed

83
Q

determinate vs. indeterminate

A

determinate: each cell already has a determined function at the 8-cell stage indeterminate: each cell could grow a whole new organism if removed at 8-cell stage

84
Q

lophophore

A

lophotrochozoans horseshoe shaped crown of cilia waved in water to catch food

85
Q

porifera

A

parazoans, no true tissues sponges closest lineage to colonial choanoflagellates sessile, relatively unspecialized cells suspension feeders, flagellated choanocytes line spongocoel and use flagella to create flow of water, catch food in collars no basement membrane

86
Q

Cnidarians

A

eumetazoa, radiata jellyfish, anemones include polyp (sessile) and medusa (floating) forms have basement membrane carnivores, use tentacles/cnidocytes to catch prey

87
Q

ctenaphores

A

eumetazoa, radiata, triploblastic comb jellies 8 rows of comblike plates composed of fused cilia long pair of retractable tentacles

88
Q

platyhelminthes

A

flukes, tapeworms, planaria flattened dorsoventrally, have gastrovascular cavity

89
Q

mollusca

A

snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopi, squids soft bodied, muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle trochophore larval stage

90
Q

annelids

A

segmented worms, series of fused rings marine and terrestrial worms, leeches leeches = hirudinea, secrete hirudin as anticoagulant

91
Q

ecdysozoa

A

nematoda some of the most widespread animals

92
Q

arthropods

A

segmented coelomates, exoskeleton, jointed appendages became more specialized thru evolution body covered by cuticle grew because of angiosperms (flowers)

93
Q

echinodermata

A

modified radial symmetry, five parts simple nervous system, no head or brain starfish, sea urchins, sea dollars, sea cucumbers

94
Q

chordata

A

notochord - single flexible rod dorsal, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits (gills) postanal tail

95
Q

craniates

A

have cranium - protective bony or cartilaginous opening neural crest - embryonic cells that disperse thru embryo and lead to development of skeleton hagfish, include vertebrates

96
Q

vertebrates

A

craniates with a backbone vertebral column - notochord replaced by interlocking vertebrae endoskeleton of cartilage or bone, two pairs of appendages internal organs - liver, kidneys, heart with at least two chambers

97
Q

Where did jaws first develop?

A

fish

98
Q

chondricthyes

A

sharks and rays skeleton made of flexible cartilage among first to develop teeth lateral line for pressure wave detection

99
Q

oviparous, ovoviparous, viviparous

A

oviparous lay eggs ovoviparous have egg retained in female, no placenta viviparous have eggs develop in uterus and placenta to nourish young

BIO115 (6 decks)

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