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BIO115 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mendel’s First Law

A

Law of Segregation, every organism receives one allele from each parent for a total of 2
cells involved in reproduction have only one copy

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2
Q

diploid

A

cell with 2 alleles for each gene

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3
Q

haploid

A

cell with 1 allele for each gene

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4
Q

ploidy

A

number of alleles per gene

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5
Q

homozygous

A

both alleles for a gene are the same

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6
Q

heterozygous

A

two alleles for a gene are different from each other

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7
Q

dominant

A

allele that always expresses itself when present

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8
Q

recessive

A

allele that must be homozygous to show up in phenotype

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9
Q

null allele

A

one that does not function or show up

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10
Q

What two things are needed for sex?

A

Meiosis and Fertilization

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11
Q

What goes at the top of columns and in front of rows in Punnett squares?

A

Haploid genotypes derived from parents in meiosis

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12
Q

How do you determine the number of haploid products from a genotype?

A

2^(number of heterozygous genes)

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13
Q

Mendel’s 2nd Law

A

Independent Assortment: character inheritance is independent of other characteristics (unless in linked genes)

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14
Q

Linked genes

A

genes on the same chromosome

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15
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when a heterozygous genotype does not fully express the dominant allele, 3 phenotypes instead of 2, partial expression of dominant gene

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16
Q

Codominance

A

Alleles are equally dominant, heterozygotes show both phenotypes
common with enzyme inheritance, blood types

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17
Q

epistasis

A

One phenotype controlled by two or more genes

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18
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene controlling multiple phenotypes

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19
Q

Phenotypically plastic

A

environment affects gene functionality

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20
Q

What is the basis of evolutionary change?

A

Genetic variation generated during sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Secondary variation

A

variation from meiosis and fertilization

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22
Q

Where do all allelic variants come from?

A

mutation

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23
Q

What is evolution the product of?

A

Genetic variation and the environment

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24
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of nuclear division resulting in genetically variable haploid cells

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25
Q

Does meiosis always produce egg and sperm?

A

No, in plants produces egg and spore

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26
Q

Chromosome

A

Single, double-stranded molecule of DNA

46 in humans, bacteria have one circular chromosome

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27
Q

Genes

A

discrete regions of DNA that code for usable info

Many genes along one chromosome

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28
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes with same genes but different alleles

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29
Q

What holds DNA copies together?

A

Kinetochore protein complex at the centromere

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30
Q

Chromatid

A

condensed DNA molecule

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31
Q

Karyotype

A

displays the number and types of chromosomes in an organism

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32
Q

Autosomes

A

chromosomes that do NOT determine an individual’s sex, those are sex chromosomes

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33
Q

Four characteristics of meiosis

A

Double division process
change in chromosome number (diploid to haploid)
produces four genetically variable products (daughter cells)
produces egg, sperm, spores

34
Q

Order of meiosis processes

A

IPMAT

35
Q

interphase

A

DNA synthesis and chromosome replication

36
Q

prophase 1

A

nuclear envelope breaks down
spindles begin to form
synapis occurs to form tetrads
crossing over occurs and chiasma form

37
Q

metaphase 1

A

chromosomes line up randomly along equator
spindles attach to kinetochore
final DNA synthesis at centromeres

38
Q

What forms between homologous chromosomes during cross over?

A

synaptonemal complex

39
Q

anaphase 1

A

tetrads are split into individual homologues and transported to poles

40
Q

telophase 1

A

chromosomes uncoil and reform chromatin
nuclear envelope reforms
sometimes is circumvented, heads straight to prophase 2
forms 2 haploid cells but chromosomes are still doubled

41
Q

meiosis 2

A

essentially a mitotic division, separates sister chromatids

creates 4 haploid cells

42
Q

Where does the variation occur in meiosis?

A

Independent Assortment and Crossing Over

43
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material along length of chromosome

44
Q

chiasmata

A

crossover events

45
Q

Ultimate source of genetic variation

A

mutation

46
Q

Other sources of genetic variation?

A

Independent assortment
crossing over
(mate choice)

47
Q

amplexis

A

frogs holding onto each other

48
Q

Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction

A

Asexual: genetically identical offspring, high in number, cheap and fast, mitotic cell division
Sexual: genetically variable offspring, low in number, slow and expensive, meiosis and fertilization, parental investment

49
Q

Are all bees the same genetically?

A

No, males are haploids because they are unfertilized

50
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups, concerns diversity over long time periods

51
Q

Microevolution

A

changes in a species’ gene pool (allele frequency) between generations

52
Q

What did Darwin base his evolution ideas on?

A

Beak size

53
Q

Founder effect

A

when a new population is started by a few individuals that do not represent the full gene pool of the larger source population
can begin from one pregnant female or one seed

54
Q

CaM

A

Calcium modulating protein that causes finches’ beaks to grow long beaks

55
Q

BMP4

A

Bone modulating protein that causes finches’ beaks to grow thick and squat

56
Q

empirical thought

A

relies on observational data to form an idea or hypothesis rather than “common sense”

57
Q

John Ray

A

basic classification that species do not interbreed

58
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Swedish naturalist that began systematic classification and the fixity of species

59
Q

George Buffon

A

proposed that organisms change over time but hid it within 44 volumes

60
Q

Lamarck

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

61
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

early advocate of evolutionary change

62
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

published theory of evolution based on fossil observations

63
Q

What is the difference between evolution and natural selection?

A

Natural selection acts on individuals

Evolution acts on populations

64
Q

Why was the Origin of Species controversial?

A

It challenged old worldviews put down by people like Plato and Aristotle

65
Q

What fossils does Ohio have?

A

Ordovician

66
Q

Radiometric dating

A

most common method for determining the absolute ages of fossils
evaluates levels of radioactive isotopes in fossils or their rocks based on their decline after death

67
Q

What does modern synthesis emphasize?

A

Populations are the units of evolution
Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution
gradualism

68
Q

gradualism

A

many small changes over time add up to a large change

69
Q

gene pool

A

all the genes in all loci in a population at a time

70
Q

fixed gene

A

occurs when all organisms in a population are homozygous for a gene

71
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

A

frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant over generations unless acted on by agents other than Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles

72
Q

Five conditions for HWT

A 
Large population size to minimize genetic drift
No migration, to stop gene flow
No net mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
73
Q

Gene flow

A

transfer of alleles due to movement of individuals into or out of population

74
Q

polymorphism

A

the presence of two or more traits for a characteristic in a population

75
Q

polymorphic gene

A

a gene that has two or more alleles, each allele has a frequency of at least 1%

76
Q

monomorphic

A

gene that only has one allele, or one allele has a frequency over 99%

77
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

A

smallest type of genetic change in a gene
CTA:GAT:ACC
CTA:GAG:ACC
T to G is a mutation (SNP)

78
Q

genetic drift

A

when changes to genotype frequency from one generation to another occur because of chance errors caused by population size

79
Q

4 Factors that alter allele frequencies in a population

A

genetic drift
natural selection
gene flow
mutation

80
Q

Descent with modification

A

new species arise after many small modifications, new features are altered versions of ancestral features

81
Q

homology

A

similarities in characteristics from common ancestry

82
Q

species

A

best estimate of relatedness within organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offpspring

BIO115 (6 decks)

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