Exam 4 Flashcards
Aneurysm
a balloon-like swelling of the wall of an artery, vein, or heart; generally the result of a congenital defect in the wall or degenerative disease or infection (example: atherosclerosis or syphilis); dissecting aneurysm is longitudinal splitting of the arterial wall from hemorrhage
Anorexia
loss of appetite
Ascites
abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of serous fluid
Ballottement
a palpation technique used in detecting or examining a floating object in the body
Borborygmi
a gurgling, splashing sound heard over the large intestine; caused by passage of flatus through the intestine. Loud prolonged gurgle. 5-35/min. Stomach growling. Normal sound
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
stone formation in the gallbladder
Cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver characterized by fibrosis and alteration of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules
Colic
spasm in any hollow tubular soft organ accompanied by pain
Constipation
difficult defecation; infrequent defecation with passage of unduly hard dry fecal material; sluggish action of bowels. Often this is defined as less than three bowel movements per week
Diarrhea
frequent liquid or loose stools lasting less than four weeks in duration
Dyschezia
painful or difficult bowel movement
Dyspepsia
imperfect digestion. Not a disease in itself but symptomatic of other diseases or disorders. Characterized by vague abdominal discomfort, a sense of fullness after eating, eructation, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, and loss of appetite.
Dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
Fistula
an abnormal tube like passage from a normal cavity or tube to a free surface or to another cavity. May be congenital due to incomplete closure of parts or may result from abscesses, injuries, or inflammatory processes.
Gastroesophageal reflux
burning gnawing pain in mid-epigastrium worsens with recumbency
Hematemesis
vomiting of blood
Hematochezia
passage of stool containing blood
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver resulting on diffuse or patchy inflitrates
Hernia
protrusion of an organ or tissue through an opening in the muscle wall
Hydronephorsis
dilation of the renal pelvis and calces due to obstruction
Icterus
pigmentation of the tissues, membranes, and secretions of the eye with bile pigment
Intussusception
prolapse or telescoping of one segment of intestine into another, causing intestinal obstruction
Irritable bowel syndrome
disorder of intestinal motility
Jaundice
condition characterized by yellowness of the skin, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to deposition of bile pigment resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood
Kehr sign
abdominal pain radiating to the left shoulder, due to peritoneal irritation from blood or other irritants
Melena
evacuations resembling tar, due to action of intestinal juices on free blood
Mesentery
fan-shaped fold of peritoneum that holds the small intestine to the abdominal wall
Peristalsis
wavelike motion by which the alimentary tract propels its content
Pyelonephritis
infection of the kidney
Pyloric stenosis
narrowing of the pyloric orifice. This may be due to excessive thickening of the circular muscle of the pylorus or hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucosa and submucosa
Pylorus
distal section of the stomach
Resonance
percussion sound obtained when the body part can vibrate freely
Reflux
return or backward flow
Striae
streaks or lines (with a silvery white or purple hue); skin striae result from weakening of the elastic tissue associated with pregnancy, weight gain, rapid growth periods, and high levels of corticosteroids
Tympany
low pitched, resonant, drumlike sound heard while percussing the surface of a large, air containing body space
Volvulus
twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction
Amenorrhea
absence or suppression of menstruation
Bartholin glands
located posteriorly on each side of the vaginal orifice with openings on to the sides of the vestibule between the labia minora and hymen
Chadwick sign
a bluish discoloration of the cervix that normally occurs with pregnancy at 6-8 week’s duration.
Climacteric
a term that describes the period that marks the cessation of a woman’s reproductive period (female climacteric or menopause); a corresponding period of lessening of sexual activity in the male (male climacteric)
Clitoris
small bud of erectile tissue and a primary center of sexual excitement
Cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder usually occurring secondary to ascending infections and involve associated organs (kidney, prostrate, urethra).
Cystocele
a bladder hernia, an injury to the vesicovaginal fascia during delivery may allow the bladder to pouch into the vagina causing a cystocele.
Dilation
involves the opening of the cervical canal to allow for the passage of the fetus. Process is measured in centimeters and progresses from a closed os (internal) to 10 centimeters (full dilation).
Dysmenorrhea
painful or difficult menstruation, either primary or secondary
Dyspareunia
painful sexual intercourse
Dysuria
painful or difficult urination; symptomatic of numerous conditions
Effacement
refers to the thinning of the cervix that results when myometrial activity pulls the cervix upwards, allowing the cervix to become part of the lower uterine segment during prelabor and early labor
Endometriosis
presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
Hematuria
blood in urine
Hegar sign
softening of the cervix that occurs in pregnancy at 6-8 weeks gestation
Hydrocolpos
distention of the vagina due to an accumulation of fluid caused by a congenital obstruction.
Hymen
circular, crescentric, or fimbriated connective tissue membrane
Menarche
first menstruation and initiation of cyclic menstrual function
Menorrhagia
excessive bleeding during menstrual period that is longer in duration than usual
Menmetrorrhagia
irregular or excessive bleeding during menstruation and between menstrual periods
Metrorrhagia
menstrual bleeding at irregular intervals, sometimes prolonged, but of expected amount
Mittelschmerz
lower obdominar pain associated with ovulation
Myomas
benign uterine tumors arising from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue of the uterus
Oligomenorrhea
infrequent menstruation
Oliguria
diminished amount of urine formation or scanty urine production (frequently defined as less than 500 mL in 24 hours); results in inefficient excretion of the products of metabolism.
Polyuria
excessive excretion and discharge of urine. The urine does not, as a rule, contain abnormal constituents. Several hundred ounces a day may be voided. It is pale in color.
Pyuria
pus in urine; evidence of renal disease
Rectocele
Protrusion or herniation of posterior vaginal wall with anterior wall of the rectum through the vagina
Salpingitis
infection or inflammation of the fallopian tubes
Skene ducts
ducts that drain a group of urethral glands located on each side of the urethra opening into the vestibule.
Station
the relationship of the presenting part to the ischial spines of the mother’s pelvis. The measurement is determined by centimeters above and below the ischial spines and is recorded by plus and minus signs.
Urinary incontinence
inability to retain urine
Stress Incontinence
leakage of urine due to increased intraabdominal pressure that can occur from coughing, laughing, exercise, or lifting heavy things
Urge Incontinence
the inability to hold urine once the urge to void occurs. Causes of this abnormality can be local genitourinary conditions, such as infection or tumor; or central nervous system disorders, such as stroke
Overflow Incontinence
a mechanical dysfunction resulting from an over distended bladder. This type has many causes: anatomic obstruction by prostatic hypertrophy and strictures; neurologic abnormalities that impair detrusor contractility, such as multiple sclerosis; spinal lesions
Uterine prolapse
uterus herniation into or beyond the vagina cause by a weakening in the supporting structures
Vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
Vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulvar and vaginal tissues
Balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce
Chordee
ventral shortening and curvature of the penis
Circumscision
surgical removal of the prepuce
Cremasteric reflex
reflex that causes the scrotum and testicle to rise when the inner thigh is stroked
Epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
Escutcheon
pattern of hair growth on the pubis and abdomen
Glans
distal portion of the penis produced by the corpus spongiosum
Hydrocele
accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike cavity, especially in the tunica vaginalis testis; serous tumors of the testes or associated parts
Hypospadias
congenital defect resulting in the urethral meatus being located on the ventral surface of the glans penile shaft of the base of the penis.
Impotence
inability of the male to achieve and/or maintain penile erection
Orchitis
acute inflammation of the testis due to infection
Phimosis
inability to replace the foreskin to its usual position
Priapism
prolonged penile erection
Testicular torsion
twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord
Urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
Varicocele
abnormal tortuosity and dilation of veins of the pampiniform plexus within the spermatic cord. Associated with reduced fertility, probably from increased venous pressure and elevated testicular temperature.
Psoriasis
A chronic recurrent disease of keratin synthesis
Pustule
Elevated, superficial lesion, similar to a vesicle but filled w/ purulent fluid
Salmon Patches (Stork Bites)
Flat, deep, pink localized areas usually seen on mid-forehead, eyelids, upper lip, back of a newborn
Scale
Heaped-up, keratinized cells, flaky skin, irregular, thick or thin, dry or oily, variation in size
Scar
Thin to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the dermis
Sebum
Lipid substance that keeps skin and hair from drying out
Stellate
Star-shaped lesion
Telangiectasia
Fine, irregular, red lines produced by capillary dilation
Tinea
A group of noncandidal fungal infections
Tumor
Elevated and solid lesion may or may not be clearly demarcated, deeper in dermis, greater than 2cm in diameter
Vellus hair
Short, fine nonpigmented hair
Vernix Caseosa
Mixture of sebum and cornified epidermis that covers the infant’s body at birth
Vesicle
Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis, filled w/ serous fluid, less than 1cm in diameter
Wheal
Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema, solid, transient, variable diameter
Ulcer (skin)
Loss of epidermis and dermis, concave, varies in size
Culture
A reflection of the whole human behavior including ideas and attitudes
Cultural awareness
Self-examination of biases, stereotypes, prejudices, assumptions about cultures different from your own
Cultural humility
recognition of your limitations in a knowledge and cultural perspectives
Race
A physical characteristic not based on culture
Stereotype
A generalization regarding a particular group
Bursitis
Inflammation of the burse due to repetitive movement or pressure
Claw toe
Hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint w/ flexion of the toe’s proximal and distal joints
Clubfoot
Fixed congenital defect of ankle and foot
Dislocation
complete separation of the contact b/t two bones in a joint
Eversion
outward turning, movement of the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
Hallux Valgus
Lateral deviation of the great toe w/ overlapping of the second toe
Inversion
Inward turning, movement of the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
Legg-Cavle-Perthes Disease
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Mallet toe
Flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint of the foot
Metatarsus adductus
Most common deformity of the foot, marked by the middle bones of the foot pointing in toward the body
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
A common overuse injury of adolescents, causes painful swelling of the knee due to apophyseal traction of the anterior aspect of the tibial tubercle
Pes cavus
High arch on the sole of the foot
Pes planus
Flat foot, collapsed arch of foot
Sister Mary Joseph Sign
Periumbilical nodule or hard mass. Reflects metastatic disease. Possible causes: intrapelvic or intraabdominal malignancies
Grey Turner’s Sign
Bruising of the flanks. Causes: pancreatitis abdominal trauma, ruptured AAA, ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Low specificity and sensitivity.
Cullen’s Sign
Periumbilical ecchymosis. Suggests hemoperitoneum. Causes: pancreatitis, ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Low specificity and sensitivity.
Linea Nigra
Line of pigmentation often develops during pregnancy (below umbilicus)
Caput Medusa
Dilated tortuous superficial veins radiating upwards from the umbilicus
Diastasis Recti
Separation b/t L and R side of rectus abdominus. Prominent midline bulge when pt raises head.
Scaphoid Shape of Abdomen
May indicate malnutrition
Distended lower half of abdomen
May indicate bladder distension, pregnancy, ovarian mass, sigmoid tumor
Protuberant shape of abdomen
May indicate excess gas, ascites, organ enlargement, obesity
Increased bowel sounds
May indicate gastroenteritis, early obstruction, hunger
High-pitched tinkling bowel sounds
May indicate intestinal fluid and air under pressure, early obstruction
Decreased bowel sounds
May indicate peritonitis, paralytic ileus
Absent bowel sounds
Listen for 5mins to declare there are NO bowel sounds. Assoc w/ pain, rigidity, surgical emergency
Venous hum (vascular sounds around the umbilicus)
Increased collateral circulation b/t portal and systemic venous systems
Tympany
Musical note of higher pitch than resonance, over air-filled viscera
Hyperresonance
B/t tympany & resonance, base of lung
Resonance
Sustained note of moderate pitch, over lung tissue & sometimes abdomen
Dullness
Short, high-pitched note w/ little resonance, over solid organs adjacent to air-filled structures
Peritonitis
Inflammation of peritoneum, typically made worse by pt movement, abdominal wall percussion, deep palpation
Guarding
VOLUNTARY cx of abdominal muscles d/t tenderness, fear, cold hands, pt anxiety
Rebound Pain
abdominal tenderness that is WORSE when palpating fingers are quickly removed from place of palpable tenderness
Tenderness
Discomfort elicited by palpation
Rigidity
INVOLUNTARY cx of abdominal muscles in response to peritoneal inflammation
McBurney’s Point
1/3 from ASIS to umbilicus. Approximate position of appendix in non-pregnant adult.
Murphy’s Sign
Brief inspiratory arrest secondary to pt discomfort when examiner presses fingers inward in the RUQ mid-clavicular line. Assoc w/ cholecystitis
Blumberg Sign
Fixed dullness to percussion in L flank & dullness in R disappears w/ position change (peritoneal irritation or appendicitis)
Dance Sign
Absence of bowel sounds in RLQ (intussusception)
Markle (heel jar) Sign
Hitting heels causing jarring of body will cause pain (peritoneal irritation or appendicitis)
Romberg-Howship Sign
Pain medial aspect thigh to knee (strangulated obturator hernia)
Rovsing Sign
RLQ pain worsened by palpation of LLQ (peritoneal irritation ore appendicitis)
