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Clinical Medicine > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature

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2
Q

Amsler grid

A

a set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects of the central visual field

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3
Q

Anisocoria

A

inequality of the diameter of the pupils;
may be normal
or congenital. Often normal if
inequality is within 1mm

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4
Q

Aphakia

A

a condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually because of
surgical removal for the
treatment of cataracts

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5
Q

Aqueous humor

A 
the watery trans
parent liquid containing trace
albumin and small amount of salts
produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. It circulates through the anterior and posterior chambers
of the eye
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6
Q

Astigmatism

A

abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the
retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

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7
Q

Cataracts

A

opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused
by aging

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8
Q

Chalazion

A

small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion

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9
Q

Choroid

A

the middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera.
Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. Consists
of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers

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10
Q

Ciliary body

A

the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior
portion of the choroid. Consist of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle.

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11
Q

Cones

A

the photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and
color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with
increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina

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12
Q

Confrontation

A

a test for estimating peripheral vision

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13
Q

Conjunctiva

A

the mucous
membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior
surface of the lids

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14
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly
called pinkeye.

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15
Q

Cornea

A

the clear, transparent anterior port
ion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth
of its surface. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye

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16
Q

Corneal arcus

A

opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years
of age. This is due to deposit of lipids in the cornea or to hyaline degeneration. May indicate a lipid
disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age (if seen in younger people, it is called arcus juvenilis)

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17
Q

Cotton wool spot

A

an ill-defined yellow area due to infarcation of the nerve layer of the retina

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18
Q

Depth perception

A

perception of spatial relationships; 3 dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance

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19
Q

Diabetic retinopathy (background)

A

a condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates

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20
Q

Diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)

A

a condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor

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21
Q

Diopter

A

refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as unit of measurement in
refraction

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22
Q

Diplopia

A

the condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects
(double vision)

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23
Q

Drusen

A

tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or in the optic nerve head

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24
Q

Ectropion

A

eversion (outword rolling) of an edge or margin; especially margin of the lower eyelid

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25
Q

Episcleritis

A

inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera located in front of the insertion of rectus muscle

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26
Q

Entropion

A

inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid

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27
Q

Exophthalmos

A

an increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward. It may be bilateral or unilateral. The most common cause of bilateral is Graves’ disease (thyroid
disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected.

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28
Q

Farsightedness

A

an error of refraction in which, with accommodation completel
y relaxed, parallel rays
come to focus behind the retina

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29
Q

Glaucoma

A

a disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping
appearance of the optic nerve. An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from
obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. Produces defects in the visual field and may result in
blindness

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30
Q

Hemianopia

A

blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes

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31
Q

Hordeolum (sty)

A

a suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid

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32
Q

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the
retina

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33
Q

Hypertelorism

A

eyes spaced widely apart

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34
Q

Hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris

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35
Q

Iris

A

the colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of
the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the
pupil. By contraction and dilatation it regulates the entrance of light.

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36
Q

Iritis

A

inflammation of the iris

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37
Q

Legal blindness

A

in the United States, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the
better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees
or less in the better eye

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38
Q

Macula (or fovea)

A

site of central vision

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39
Q

Mydriasis

A

pupillary dilation

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40
Q

Miosis

A

abnormal contraction of pupils

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41
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

a condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina

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42
Q

Night blindness

A

decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod
function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A

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43
Q

Nystagmus

A

involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical,
rotary, or
mixed

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44
Q

Papilledema

A

edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is
increased intracranial pressure

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45
Q

Peripheral vision

A

vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula

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46
Q

Pinguecula

A

a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris
that stops at the limbus

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47
Q

Presbyopia

A

hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally
developing during middle age

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48
Q

Pterygium

A

a triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea.

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49
Q

Ptosis

A

the drooping of one or both upper eyelids

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50
Q

Punctum

A

the tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct

51
Q

Red reflex

A

response caused by light illuminating the retina

52
Q

Refraction

A

the act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction
of them by lenses

53
Q

Retina

A

sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are
transmitted through the optic nerve

54
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

a chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by
degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium

55
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

an embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two
years of life.
Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil. (Cat’s eye reflex)

56
Q

Rods

A

the photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external
granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive
layer of rods and cones

57
Q

Sclera

A

tough white fibrous tissue which covers the white of the eye. Extends from optic nerve to cornea

58
Q

Scleritis

A

superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera

59
Q

Strabismus

A

both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently

60
Q

Uveitis

A

inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or entire uvea

61
Q

Vitreous body

A

a transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery
fluid (vitreous humor)

62
Q

Xanthelasma

A

an elevated plague commonly found on the nasal portion of the eyelid due to elevated
cholesterol

63
Q

Adventitious breath sounds

A

abnormal auscultated breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes and
friction rub

64
Q

Apnea

A

temporary halt to breathing

65
Q

Asthma (reactive airway disease)

A

small airway obstruction caused by inflammation and hyperactive airways

66
Q

Atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of the lung

67
Q

Barrel chest

A

increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, often with some degree of kyphosis; commonly seen with COPD

68
Q

Biot respirations

A

irregular respirations varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea that lacks repetitive pattern

69
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated infections or bronchial obstructions

70
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the large airways

71
Q

Bronchophony

A

exaggeration of vocal resonance emanating from a bronchus surrounded by consolidated lung tissue (greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken word)

72
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles

73
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD

A

disease process which causes decreased ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation (nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema)

74
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult and labored breathing, shortness of breath

75
Q

Egophony

A

auditory quality associated with an increased intensity of the spoken voice along with a nasal quality (e’s become stuffy broad a’s). May be present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue

76
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum from the respiratory tree

77
Q

Kyphosis

A

increased convex curvature of the thoracic spine

78
Q

Normal breath sounds

A

Vesicular, Tubular, Bronchovesicular

79
Q

Vesicular

A

heard over most of the lung fields; low pitch, soft and short expirations - normal breath sounds

80
Q

Tubular

A

heard only over trachea, high pitch; loud and long expirations, sometimes a bit longer than inspiration - normal breath sounds

81
Q

Bronchovesicular

A

heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch; expiration equals inspiration - normal breath sound

82
Q

Orthopnea

A

shortness of breath that begins or increases when patient lies down

83
Q

Pectoriloquy

A

striking transmission of voice sounds through the pulmonary structures, so they are clearly audible through the stethoscope; commonly occurs from lung consolidation

84
Q

Pectus carinatum (Pigeon chest)

A

forward protrusion of the sternum

85
Q

Pectus excavatum (Funnel chest)

A

depression of the sternum

86
Q

Resonance

A

quality of the sound heard on percussion of a hollow structure such as the chest or abdomen

87
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapic, usually shallow, breathing

88
Q

Tactile fremitus

A

tremor or vibration in any part of the body detected on palpation

89
Q

Whispered pectoriloquy

A

the transmission of a whisper in the same way as that of more readily audible
speech, commonly, detected when the lung is consolidated by pneumonia (increase in the volume of voice
sounds)

90
Q

Areola

A

pigmented area surrounding the nipple

91
Q

Colostrum

A

clear or milky fluid that is expressed from the breast before milk production

92
Q

Cooper ligaments

A

band of subcutaneous fibrous tissue that provides support to the breast

93
Q

Duct ectasia

A

benign condition of the subareolar ducts that can cause a nipple discharge

94
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

benign tumor of the breast

95
Q

Fibrocystic disease

A

benign condition that presents
with fluid-filled cyst due to ductal enlargement that
is usually bilateral and multiple

96
Q

Galactorrhea

A

lactation not associated with childbearing

97
Q

Gynecomastia

A

abnormally large mammary glands in the male; sometimes may excrete milk

98
Q

Intraductal papillomas

A

benign tumors of the subareolar ducts that produce a nipple discharge

99
Q

Lactation

A

production and secretion of milk from the breast

100
Q

Mastitis

A

inflammation of the breast

101
Q

Mastodynia

A

pain in the breast

102
Q

Montgomery follicles

A

tiny sebaceous glands that may appear on the areola

103
Q

Paget disease

A

skin manifestations that are indicative of ductal carcinoma

104
Q

Pea d’orange

A

skin changes of the breast due to edema caused by blockage of the lymph drainage associated with inflammatory breast cancer

105
Q

Tail of Spence

A

area where most malignancies of the breast tissue occurs

106
Q

Thelarche

A

beginning of female pubertal breast development

107
Q

Angina

A

severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to the myocardium, which
reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and
ischemia and the sharp precordial pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually refers to angina pectoris

108
Q

Arrhythmia

A

loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat

109
Q

Atherosclerotic heart disease

A

narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart

110
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow beating of the heart, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute

111
Q

Bruit

A

harsh or musical intermittent ausculatory sound, especially an abnormal one

112
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart and valves

113
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

excessive fluid accumulation between the pericardium and heart

114
Q

Congestive heart failure

A 
a failure of the heart to pump effectively
resulting in congestion within the
pulmonary and systemic
circulation
of the heart
115
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease

116
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

ischemic myocardial necrosis due to decrease blood flow to a segment of the myocardium

117
Q

Myocarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium

118
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer of the heart

119
Q

Palpitations

A

forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an
increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity in rhythm

120
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

121
Q

Pericardium

A

fibrous sac encasing the heart

122
Q

Tachycardia

A

rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 beats per minute

123
Q

Thrill

A

a fine, palpable sensation

Clinical Medicine (4 decks)

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