Exam 3 Flashcards
Accommodation
adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature
Amsler grid
a set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects of the central visual field
Anisocoria
inequality of the diameter of the pupils;
may be normal
or congenital. Often normal if
inequality is within 1mm
Aphakia
a condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually because of
surgical removal for the
treatment of cataracts
Aqueous humor
the watery trans parent liquid containing trace albumin and small amount of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. It circulates through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Astigmatism
abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the
retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
Cataracts
opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused
by aging
Chalazion
small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion
Choroid
the middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera.
Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. Consists
of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers
Ciliary body
the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior
portion of the choroid. Consist of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle.
Cones
the photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and
color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with
increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina
Confrontation
a test for estimating peripheral vision
Conjunctiva
the mucous
membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior
surface of the lids
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly
called pinkeye.
Cornea
the clear, transparent anterior port
ion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth
of its surface. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye
Corneal arcus
opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years
of age. This is due to deposit of lipids in the cornea or to hyaline degeneration. May indicate a lipid
disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age (if seen in younger people, it is called arcus juvenilis)
Cotton wool spot
an ill-defined yellow area due to infarcation of the nerve layer of the retina
Depth perception
perception of spatial relationships; 3 dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance
Diabetic retinopathy (background)
a condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates
Diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)
a condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor
Diopter
refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as unit of measurement in
refraction
Diplopia
the condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects
(double vision)
Drusen
tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or in the optic nerve head
Ectropion
eversion (outword rolling) of an edge or margin; especially margin of the lower eyelid
Episcleritis
inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera located in front of the insertion of rectus muscle
Entropion
inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid
Exophthalmos
an increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward. It may be bilateral or unilateral. The most common cause of bilateral is Graves’ disease (thyroid
disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected.
Farsightedness
an error of refraction in which, with accommodation completel
y relaxed, parallel rays
come to focus behind the retina
Glaucoma
a disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping
appearance of the optic nerve. An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from
obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. Produces defects in the visual field and may result in
blindness
Hemianopia
blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes
Hordeolum (sty)
a suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the
retina
Hypertelorism
eyes spaced widely apart
Hyphema
blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris
Iris
the colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of
the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the
pupil. By contraction and dilatation it regulates the entrance of light.
Iritis
inflammation of the iris
Legal blindness
in the United States, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the
better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees
or less in the better eye
Macula (or fovea)
site of central vision
Mydriasis
pupillary dilation
Miosis
abnormal contraction of pupils
Myopia (nearsightedness)
a condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina
Night blindness
decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod
function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A
Nystagmus
involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical,
rotary, or
mixed
Papilledema
edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is
increased intracranial pressure
Peripheral vision
vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula
Pinguecula
a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris
that stops at the limbus
Presbyopia
hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally
developing during middle age
Pterygium
a triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea.
Ptosis
the drooping of one or both upper eyelids
Punctum
the tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct
Red reflex
response caused by light illuminating the retina
Refraction
the act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction
of them by lenses
Retina
sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are
transmitted through the optic nerve
Retinitis pigmentosa
a chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by
degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium
Retinoblastoma
an embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two
years of life.
Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil. (Cat’s eye reflex)
Rods
the photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external
granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive
layer of rods and cones
Sclera
tough white fibrous tissue which covers the white of the eye. Extends from optic nerve to cornea
Scleritis
superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera
Strabismus
both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently
Uveitis
inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or entire uvea
Vitreous body
a transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery
fluid (vitreous humor)
Xanthelasma
an elevated plague commonly found on the nasal portion of the eyelid due to elevated
cholesterol
Adventitious breath sounds
abnormal auscultated breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes and
friction rub
Apnea
temporary halt to breathing
Asthma (reactive airway disease)
small airway obstruction caused by inflammation and hyperactive airways
Atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lung
Barrel chest
increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, often with some degree of kyphosis; commonly seen with COPD
Biot respirations
irregular respirations varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea that lacks repetitive pattern
Bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated infections or bronchial obstructions
Bronchitis
inflammation of the large airways
Bronchophony
exaggeration of vocal resonance emanating from a bronchus surrounded by consolidated lung tissue (greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken word)
Bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD
disease process which causes decreased ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation (nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
Dyspnea
difficult and labored breathing, shortness of breath
Egophony
auditory quality associated with an increased intensity of the spoken voice along with a nasal quality (e’s become stuffy broad a’s). May be present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue
Hemoptysis
coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum from the respiratory tree
Kyphosis
increased convex curvature of the thoracic spine
Normal breath sounds
Vesicular, Tubular, Bronchovesicular
Vesicular
heard over most of the lung fields; low pitch, soft and short expirations - normal breath sounds
Tubular
heard only over trachea, high pitch; loud and long expirations, sometimes a bit longer than inspiration - normal breath sounds
Bronchovesicular
heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch; expiration equals inspiration - normal breath sound
Orthopnea
shortness of breath that begins or increases when patient lies down
Pectoriloquy
striking transmission of voice sounds through the pulmonary structures, so they are clearly audible through the stethoscope; commonly occurs from lung consolidation
Pectus carinatum (Pigeon chest)
forward protrusion of the sternum
Pectus excavatum (Funnel chest)
depression of the sternum
Resonance
quality of the sound heard on percussion of a hollow structure such as the chest or abdomen
Tachypnea
rapic, usually shallow, breathing
Tactile fremitus
tremor or vibration in any part of the body detected on palpation
Whispered pectoriloquy
the transmission of a whisper in the same way as that of more readily audible
speech, commonly, detected when the lung is consolidated by pneumonia (increase in the volume of voice
sounds)
Areola
pigmented area surrounding the nipple
Colostrum
clear or milky fluid that is expressed from the breast before milk production
Cooper ligaments
band of subcutaneous fibrous tissue that provides support to the breast
Duct ectasia
benign condition of the subareolar ducts that can cause a nipple discharge
Fibroadenoma
benign tumor of the breast
Fibrocystic disease
benign condition that presents
with fluid-filled cyst due to ductal enlargement that
is usually bilateral and multiple
Galactorrhea
lactation not associated with childbearing
Gynecomastia
abnormally large mammary glands in the male; sometimes may excrete milk
Intraductal papillomas
benign tumors of the subareolar ducts that produce a nipple discharge
Lactation
production and secretion of milk from the breast
Mastitis
inflammation of the breast
Mastodynia
pain in the breast
Montgomery follicles
tiny sebaceous glands that may appear on the areola
Paget disease
skin manifestations that are indicative of ductal carcinoma
Pea d’orange
skin changes of the breast due to edema caused by blockage of the lymph drainage associated with inflammatory breast cancer
Tail of Spence
area where most malignancies of the breast tissue occurs
Thelarche
beginning of female pubertal breast development
Angina
severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to the myocardium, which
reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and
ischemia and the sharp precordial pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually refers to angina pectoris
Arrhythmia
loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat
Atherosclerotic heart disease
narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart
Bradycardia
slow beating of the heart, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute
Bruit
harsh or musical intermittent ausculatory sound, especially an abnormal one
Bacterial endocarditis
bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart and valves
Cardiac tamponade
excessive fluid accumulation between the pericardium and heart
Congestive heart failure
a failure of the heart to pump effectively resulting in congestion within the pulmonary and systemic circulation of the heart
Cor pulmonale
enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease
Myocardial infarction
ischemic myocardial necrosis due to decrease blood flow to a segment of the myocardium
Myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium
Myocardium
middle layer of the heart
Palpitations
forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an
increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity in rhythm
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericardium
fibrous sac encasing the heart
Tachycardia
rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 beats per minute
Thrill
a fine, palpable sensation
