Exam 4 Flashcards
Learner directed instruction
Students have considerable control regarding issues they address and the ways they address them in a lesson
Teacher directed instruction
Teacher is largely in control of content and course of the lesson
Instructional goal
Desired long term outcome of a lesson
Instructional objective
Desired outcome of a lesson or unit
Backward design
Approach to instructional planning in which a teacher first determines the desired end result, such as what knowledge and skills students should acquire, and then identifies appropriate assessments and instructional strategies
Standards
General statements regarding the knowledge and skills that students should gain and the characteristics that their accomplishments should reflect
Blooms taxonomy
Taxonomy of six cognitive processes that lessons might be designed to foster
6 processes of blooms taxonomy
Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Task analysis
Process of identifying the specific behaviors, knowledge or cognitive processes necessary to master a particular subject area or skill
Lesson plan
Teacher constructed guide for a lesson that identifies instructional goals and materials and assessment methods
Expository instruction
Approach to instruction in which information is presented in more or less the same form in which students are expected to learn it
Advance organizer
Introduction to a lesson that provides an overall organizational scheme for the lesson
Mastery learning
Approach to instruction in which students learn one topic thoroughly before moving to a subsequent one
Direct instruction
Approach that uses a variety of techniques (ie explanations questions) in a fairly structured manner to promote learning of basic skills
Distance learning
Technology based instruction in which students are at a location physically separate from that of their instructor
Information literacy
Knowledge and skills that help a learner find use evaluate organize and present information about a particular topic
Discovery learning
Approach to instruction in which students derive their own knowledge about a topic through firsthand interaction with the environment
Inquiry learning
Students seek new information through the intentional application of higher level thinking processes
Authentic activity
Classroom activity similar to an activity that students are apt to encounter in the outside world
Lower level question
Requires students to retrieve and recite what they have learned in essentially the same way they learned it
Higher level question
Requires students to use previously learned information in a new way
Reciprocal teaching
Approach to teaching reading and listening comprehension in which students take turns asking teacher like questions of classmates
Cooperative learning
Students work with small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn
Base group
Cooperative learning group in which students work together for an entire semester or year to provide mutual support for each other’s learning
Jigsaw technique
Materials are divided among members of a group with different students being responsible for learning different content and teaching it to other group members
Scripted cooperation
Cooperative learning groups follow a set of steps or script that guides members verbal interactions
Differentiated instruction
Practice of individualize my instructional methods and possibly content or goals to align with each students existing knowledge skills and needs
Assessment
Process of observing a sample of a students behavior and drawing inferences about the students knowledge and abilities
Informal assessment
Results from a teachers spontaneous day to day observations of how students perform in class
Formal assessment
Preplanned systematic attempt to ascertain what students know and can do
Paper pencil assessment
Students provide written responses to written items
Performance assessment
Students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a non written fashion
Traditional assessment
Focuses on measuring basic knowledge and skills in relative isolation from tasks typical of the outside world
Authentic assessment
Done in a context similar to one in the outside world
Standardized test
Developed by test construction experts and published for use in many different schools and classrooms
Teacher developed assessment instrument
Developed by an individual teacher for use in his or her own classroom
Criterion referenced assessment
Instrument designed to determine what students know and can do relative to predetermined standards or criteria
Norm referenced assessment
Indicates how students perform relative to a peer group
Formative evaluation
Conducted before or during instruction to facilitate instructional planning and enhance students learning
Summative evaluation
Conducted after instruction to assess students final achievement
Reliability
Extent to which an assessment yields consistent information about the knowledge skills or characteristics being assessed
Standardization
Extent to which an assessment involves similar content and format and is administered and scored similarly for everyone
Validity
Extent to which an assessment actually measures what it is intended to measure and allows appropriate inferences about the characteristic or ability in question
Content validity
Extent to which an assessment includes a representative sample of tasks Within the content domain being assessed
Table of specifications
Two way grid indicating the topics to be covered in an assessment and the things students should be able to do with those topics
Predictive validity
Extent to which the results of an assessment predict future performance in a particular domain
Construct validity
Extent to which an assessment accurately measures an unobservable educational or psychological characteristic
Practicality
Extent to which an assessment instrument or procedure is inexpensive and easy to use and takes only a small amount of time to administer and score
Halo effect
Phenomenon in which people are more likely to perceive positive behaviors in someone they like or admire
Horns effect
People are more likely to perceive negative behaviors in someone for whom they have little affection or respect
Recognition task
Memory tasks in which one must identify correct information among incorrect statements or irrelevant information
Recall task
One must retrieve information from long term memory with only minimal retrieval cues
You should focus on ________ during the days and weeks before an assessment
Mastery goals
Rubric
List of components that a students performance on an assessment should ideally include, used to guide scoring
Dynamic assessment
Systematic examination of how readily and in what ways a student can acquire new knowledge or skills usually with adult assistance or some other form of scaffolding
Checklist
Assessment tool with which a teacher evaluates a students performance by indicating whether specific behaviors or qualities are present or absent
Rating scale
Assessment tool with which a teacher evaluates a students performance by rating the aspects of the performance on a continua
Analytic scoring
Scoring a students performance on an assessment by evaluating various aspects of it separately
Holistic scoring
Summarizing a students performance on an assessment with a single score
Testwiseness
Test taking know how that enhances test performance
Test anxiety
Excessive anxiety about a particular test or about assessment in general
Item analysis
Follow up analysis of patterns in students responses to various items on an assessment instruments
Item difficulty
Index reflecting the proportion of students getting a particular assessment item correct
Item discrimination
Index reflecting the relative proportions of high scoring versus low scoring students getting a particular assessment item correct
Raw score
Assessment score based solely on the number or point value of correctly answered items
Criterion referenced score
Specifically indicates what a student knows or can do
Norm referenced score
Indicates how a students performance compares with the performance of others
Norms
In assessment, the data regarding the typical performance of various groups of students on standardized tests or other norm referenced measures of ability
Grade equivalent score
Test score matching a particular students performance with the average performance of students at a certain grade level
Age equivalent score
Test score matching a particular students performance with the average performance of students of a certain age
Percentile rank
Test score indicating the percentage of peers in the norm group getting a raw score less than or equal to a particular students raw score
Normal distribution
Theoretical pattern where most score in the middle range and only a few at either extreme
Standard score
Test score indicating how far a students performance is from the mean in terms of standard deviation units
Scholastic aptitude test
Test designed to assess a general capacity to learn and used to predict future academic achievement
Specific aptitude test
Test designed to predict future ability to succeed in a particular content domain
School readiness test
Assesses cognitive skills important for success in a typical kindergarten or first grade curriculum
Adaptive testing
Computer based assessment in which students performance on early items determines which items are presented subsequently
High stakes testing
Practice of using students performance on a single assessment to make major decisions about students school personnel or overall school quality
Accountability
An obligation of teachers and other school personnel to accept responsibility for students performance on high stakes assessments often mandated by policy makers calling for school reform
No child left behind act
Mandates regular assessment of basic skills to determine whether students are making adequate yearly progress in relation to state determined standards in reading math and science
Bias in assssment
Factor that consistently influences students performance for reasons unrelated to the characteristic being measured and reduces validity of the performance
Cultural bias
Extent to which assessment tasks either offend or unfairly penalize someone because of their ethnicity or gender or SES
FERPA
Gives students and parents access to academic records while limiting others access to those records
