Exam 4 Flashcards
goals based on a desire to be superior to others
ability goals
the transitional period between childhood and adulthood
adolescence
the fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
formal operational stage
the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
an internalized set of behavioral standards usually derived from a teenager’s peer group
imaginary audience
the beginning of menstrual cycles
menarche
the belief that the events of one’s life are controlled by a mentally constructed autobiography
personal fable
gland that triggers other glands to release hormones
pituitary gland
the part of the frontal lobe that is just behind the forehead and is responsible for executive processing
prefrontal cortex
the sex organs; ovaries, uterus, and vagina in the female; testes and penis in the male
primary sex characteristics
collective term for the physical changes which culminate in sexual maturity
puberty
body parts such as breasts in females and pubic hair in both sexes
secondary sex characteristics
a change that occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improve - for example, the decline in average age of menarche and the increase in average height for both children and adults that happened between the mid 18th and mid 19th centuries in western countries
secular trend
the process of finding a solution to a problem by testing single factors
systematic problem solving
goals based on a desire for self-improvement
task goals
four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another
clique
in Kohlberg’s theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on rules or norms of a group to which the person belongs
conventional morality
a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females
crowd
a form of aggression in which electronic communications are used to intentionally inflict harm on others
cyberbullying
antisocial behavior that includes law breaking
delinquency
in Marcia’s theory, the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
foreclosure
an understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they have been, are, and will be manifested across all ages, situations, and social roles
identity
in Marcia’s theory, the identity status achieved by a person who has been through a crisis and reached a commitment to ideological or occupational goals
identity achievement
Erikson’s term for the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved
identity crisis
in Marcia’s theory, the identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
identity diffusion
in Marcia’s theory, the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but has made no commitment
moratorium
in Kohlberg’s theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on an integration of individual rights and the needs of society
postconventional morality
in Kohlberg’s theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on authorities outside the self
preconventional morality
the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective
role-taking
knowledge and judgment acquired through education and experience
crystallized intelligence
a form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty
dialectical thought
the aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and does not depend on specific experience
fluid intelligence
the part of the brain that regulates emotional responses
limbic system
a set belief about the causes of events
locus of control
a measure of the body’s ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs
maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
an inflexible pattern of behavior that leads to difficulty in social, educational, and occupational functioning
personality disorder
an irrational fear of an object, a person, a place, or a situation
phobia
types of thinking that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development
postformal thought
any kind of formal educational experience that follows high school
postsecondary education
age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable
primary aging (senescence)
the idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false
relativism
a serious mental disorder characterized by disturbances of thought such as delusions and hallucinations
schizophrenia
age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease
secondary aging
sociologists’ term for the tendency to mate with someone who has similar traits to one’s own
assortative mating (homogamy)
the process of adapting to the workplace, managing career transitions, and pursuing goals through employment
career development
the period from the late teens to early 20s when individuals explore options prior to committing to adult roles
emerging adulthood
a family role, usually occupied by a woman, which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships
kin keeper
the theory that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child rearing
parental investment theory
an approach to enhancing job satisfaction by basing job and workplace design on analyses of the quality of employee experiences in an organization
quality of work-life (QWL) movement
the idea that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are adaptations to gender roles
social role theory
the interactive influences among employees’ work and non work roles
work-life balance
