Exam 4

Question 1

goals based on a desire to be superior to others

Answer 1

ability goals

Question 2

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood

Answer 2

adolescence

Question 3

the fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts

Answer 3

formal operational stage

Question 4

the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

Answer 4

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 5

an internalized set of behavioral standards usually derived from a teenager’s peer group

Answer 5

imaginary audience

Question 6

the beginning of menstrual cycles

Answer 6

menarche

Question 7

the belief that the events of one’s life are controlled by a mentally constructed autobiography

Answer 7

personal fable

Question 8

gland that triggers other glands to release hormones

Answer 8

pituitary gland

Question 9

the part of the frontal lobe that is just behind the forehead and is responsible for executive processing

Answer 9

prefrontal cortex

Question 10

the sex organs; ovaries, uterus, and vagina in the female; testes and penis in the male

Answer 10

primary sex characteristics

Question 11

collective term for the physical changes which culminate in sexual maturity

Answer 11

puberty

Question 12

body parts such as breasts in females and pubic hair in both sexes

Answer 12

secondary sex characteristics

Question 13

a change that occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improve - for example, the decline in average age of menarche and the increase in average height for both children and adults that happened between the mid 18th and mid 19th centuries in western countries

Answer 13

secular trend

Question 14

the process of finding a solution to a problem by testing single factors

Answer 14

systematic problem solving

Question 15

goals based on a desire for self-improvement

Answer 15

task goals

Question 16

four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another

Answer 16

clique

Question 17

in Kohlberg’s theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on rules or norms of a group to which the person belongs

Answer 17

conventional morality

Question 18

a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females

Answer 18

crowd

Question 19

a form of aggression in which electronic communications are used to intentionally inflict harm on others

Answer 19

cyberbullying

Question 20

antisocial behavior that includes law breaking

Answer 20

delinquency

Question 21

in Marcia’s theory, the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment

Answer 21

foreclosure

Question 22

an understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they have been, are, and will be manifested across all ages, situations, and social roles

Answer 22

identity

Question 23

in Marcia’s theory, the identity status achieved by a person who has been through a crisis and reached a commitment to ideological or occupational goals

Answer 23

identity achievement

Question 24

Erikson’s term for the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved

Answer 24

identity crisis

Question 25

in Marcia's theory, the identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment

Answer 25

identity diffusion

Question 26

in Marcia's theory, the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but has made no commitment

Answer 26

moratorium

Question 27

in Kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on an integration of individual rights and the needs of society

Answer 27

postconventional morality

Question 28

in Kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on authorities outside the self

Answer 28

preconventional morality

Question 29

the ability to look at a situation from another person's perspective

Answer 29

role-taking

Question 30

knowledge and judgment acquired through education and experience

Answer 30

crystallized intelligence

Question 31

a form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty

Answer 31

dialectical thought

Question 32

the aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and does not depend on specific experience

Answer 32

fluid intelligence

Question 33

the part of the brain that regulates emotional responses

Answer 33

limbic system

Question 34

a set belief about the causes of events

Answer 34

locus of control

Question 35

a measure of the body's ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs

Answer 35

maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)

Question 36

an inflexible pattern of behavior that leads to difficulty in social, educational, and occupational functioning

Answer 36

personality disorder

Question 37

an irrational fear of an object, a person, a place, or a situation

Answer 37

phobia

Question 38

types of thinking that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development

Answer 38

postformal thought

Question 39

any kind of formal educational experience that follows high school

Answer 39

postsecondary education

Question 40

age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable

Answer 40

primary aging (senescence)

Question 41

the idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false

Answer 41

relativism

Question 42

a serious mental disorder characterized by disturbances of thought such as delusions and hallucinations

Answer 42

schizophrenia

Question 43

age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease

Answer 43

secondary aging

Question 44

sociologists' term for the tendency to mate with someone who has similar traits to one's own

Answer 44

assortative mating (homogamy)

Question 45

the process of adapting to the workplace, managing career transitions, and pursuing goals through employment

Answer 45

career development

Question 46

the period from the late teens to early 20s when individuals explore options prior to committing to adult roles

Answer 46

emerging adulthood

Question 47

a family role, usually occupied by a woman, which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships

Answer 47

kin keeper

Question 48

the theory that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child rearing

Answer 48

parental investment theory

Question 49

an approach to enhancing job satisfaction by basing job and workplace design on analyses of the quality of employee experiences in an organization

Answer 49

quality of work-life (QWL) movement

Question 50

the idea that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are adaptations to gender roles

Answer 50

social role theory

Question 51

the interactive influences among employees' work and non work roles

Answer 51

work-life balance