Exam 3

Question 1

the membrane that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

corpus callosum

Question 2

the process through which brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Answer 2

lateralization

Question 3

a brain structure that is important in learning

Answer 3

hippocampus

Question 4

the understanding that one object or behavior can represent another

Answer 4

semiotic (symbolic) function

Question 5

piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, during which children become proficient in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but still have difficulty thinking logically

Answer 5

preoperational stage

Question 6

a young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does

Answer 6

egocentrism

Question 7

a young child’s tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time

Answer 7

centration

Question 8

the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

Answer 8

conservation

Question 9

neo-piagetian theorist Robbie Case’s term for the working memory

Answer 9

short-term storage space (STSS)

Question 10

a neo-piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time

Answer 10

operational efficiency

Question 11

knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory function

Answer 11

metamemory

Question 12

knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own though processes

Answer 12

metacognition

Question 13

the ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents

Answer 13

fast-mapping

Question 14

the period during which the grammatical features of children’s speech become more similar to those of adult speech

Answer 14

grammar explosion

Question 15

attachment of regular inflections to irregular words, such as the substation of “goed” for “went”

Answer 15

overregularization

Question 16

children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are aquiring

Answer 16

phonological awareness

Question 17

a strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write

Answer 17

invented spelling

Question 18

a range, established by one’s genes, between upper and lower boundaries for traits such as intelligence; one’s environment determines where, within limits, one will be

Answer 18

reaction range

Question 19

a theoretical perspective which asserts that social and personality development in early childhood is related to improvements in the cognitive domain

Answer 19

social-cognitive theory

Question 20

the ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender, or race

Answer 20

person perspective

Question 21

the ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behavior

Answer 21

emotional regulation

Question 22

the ability to identify with another person’s emotional state

Answer 22

empathy

Question 23

the psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex

Answer 23

gender

Question 24

the ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female

Answer 24

gender identity

Question 25

the understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic

Answer 25

gender stability

Question 26

the understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered by external appearance

Answer 26

gender constancy

Question 27

an information-processing approach to gender concept development, asserting that people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others

Answer 27

gender schema theory

Question 28

different patterns of behavior exhibited by boys and girls

Answer 28

sex-typed behaviors

Question 29

behavior that is atypical for one's own sex but typical for the opposite sex

Answer 29

cross-gender behavior

Question 30

the characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behavior

Answer 30

parenting styles

Question 31

a style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication

Answer 31

permissive parenting style

Question 32

a style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

Answer 32

authoritarian parenting style

Question 33

a style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

Answer 33

authoritative parenting style

Question 34

a style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity, demands, control, and communication

Answer 34

uninvolved parenting style

Question 35

a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why punished behavior is wrong

Answer 35

inductive discipline

Question 36

a social network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and so on

Answer 36

extended family

Question 37

a set of behaviors that usually lead to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers

Answer 37

social skills

Question 38

behavior intended to harm another person or object

Answer 38

aggression

Question 39

aggression used to gain or damage an object

Answer 39

instrumental aggression

Question 40

aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage

Answer 40

hostile aggression

Question 41

behavior intended to help another person

Answer 41

prosocial behavior

Question 42

the ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation

Answer 42

selective attention

Question 43

parts of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked

Answer 43

association areas

Question 44

the ability to identify and act on relationships between objects and space

Answer 44

spacial perception

Question 45

the ability to identify right and left from multiple perspectives

Answer 45

relative right-left orientation

Question 46

the ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space

Answer 46

spatial cognition

Question 47

an injury to the head that results in dinimished brain function such as a loss of consciousness, confusion, or drowsiness

Answer 47

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Question 48

a chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty

Answer 48

asthma

Question 49

a pattern in which children gain more weight in a year than is appropriate for their age and height

Answer 49

excessive weight gain

Question 50

comparison of an individual child's BMI against established norms for his or her age group and sex

Answer 50

BMI-for-age

Question 51

a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 95th percentile

Answer 51

obese

Question 52

a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 99th percentile

Answer 52

severely obese

Question 53

a child whose BMI-for-age is between the 85th and 95th percentiles

Answer 53

overweight

Question 54

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world

Answer 54

concrete operational stage

Question 55

thinking that takes multiple variables into account

Answer 55

decentration

Question 56

the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed

Answer 56

reversability

Question 57

a type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences

Answer 57

inductive logic

Question 58

a type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general priniciple

Answer 58

deductive logic

Question 59

the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes

Answer 59

class inclusion

Question 60

the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity

Answer 60

processing efficiency

Question 61

the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity

Answer 61

autonomaticity

Question 62

information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems

Answer 62

executive processes

Question 63

learned methods for remembering information

Answer 63

memory strategies

Question 64

planned, specific instruction in sound-letter correspondences

Answer 64

systematic and explicit phonics

Question 65

reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy

Answer 65

balanced approach

Question 66

an approach to second-language education in which children receive instruction in two different languages

Answer 66

bilingual education

Question 67

an approach to second-language education in which children attend English classes for part of the day and receive most of their academic instruction in english

Answer 67

ESL program

Question 68

a test designed to assess specific information learned in school

Answer 68

achievement test

Question 69

a tendency to focus on the details of a task

Answer 69

analytical style

Question 70

a tendency to ignore the details of a task in order to focus on the big picture

Answer 70

relational style

Question 71

a disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill, even though she possesses normal intelligence and no physical or sensory disabilities

Answer 71

learning disability

Question 72

problems in reading or the inability to read

Answer 72

dyslexia

Question 73

general term for education programs in which children with disabilities are taught in classrooms with non disabled children

Answer 73

inclusive education

Question 74

a mental disorder that causes children to have difficulty attending to and completing tasks

Answer 74

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 75

a stable pattern of responding to situations

Answer 75

trait

Question 76

bandura's model in which personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact to influence personality development

Answer 76

reciprocal determinism

Question 77

an understanding of one's stable, internal traits

Answer 77

psychological self

Question 78

belief in one's capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task

Answer 78

self-efficacy

Question 79

conclusions drawn about the self based on comparisons to others

Answer 79

social comparisons

Question 80

a global evaluation on one's own worth

Answer 80

self-esteem

Question 81

the first of piaget's stages of moral development, in which children believe rules are inflexible

Answer 81

moral realism stage

Question 82

children's ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision

Answer 82

self-regulation

Question 83

aggression aimed at damaging another person's self-esteem or peer relationships, such as by ostracism or threats of ostracism, cruel gossip, or facial expressions of disdain

Answer 83

relational aggression

Question 84

aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you

Answer 84

retaliatory aggression

Question 85

a complex form of aggression in which a bully routinely aggresses against one or more habitual victims

Answer 85

bullying

Question 86

an individual child's classification as popular, rejected, or neglected

Answer 86

social status

Question 87

a psychological disorder in which children's social and/or academic functioning is impaired by patterns of antisocial behavior that include bullying, destruction of property, theft, deceitfulness, and/or violations of social rules

Answer 87

conduct disorder