Exam 3 Flashcards
the membrane that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
the process through which brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
lateralization
a brain structure that is important in learning
hippocampus
the understanding that one object or behavior can represent another
semiotic (symbolic) function
piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, during which children become proficient in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but still have difficulty thinking logically
preoperational stage
a young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does
egocentrism
a young child’s tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time
centration
the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
conservation
neo-piagetian theorist Robbie Case’s term for the working memory
short-term storage space (STSS)
a neo-piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time
operational efficiency
knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory function
metamemory
knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own though processes
metacognition
the ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents
fast-mapping
the period during which the grammatical features of children’s speech become more similar to those of adult speech
grammar explosion
attachment of regular inflections to irregular words, such as the substation of “goed” for “went”
overregularization
children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are aquiring
phonological awareness
a strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write
invented spelling
a range, established by one’s genes, between upper and lower boundaries for traits such as intelligence; one’s environment determines where, within limits, one will be
reaction range
a theoretical perspective which asserts that social and personality development in early childhood is related to improvements in the cognitive domain
social-cognitive theory
the ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender, or race
person perspective
the ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behavior
emotional regulation
the ability to identify with another person’s emotional state
empathy
the psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex
gender
the ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female
gender identity
the understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic
gender stability
the understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered by external appearance
gender constancy
an information-processing approach to gender concept development, asserting that people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others
gender schema theory
different patterns of behavior exhibited by boys and girls
sex-typed behaviors
behavior that is atypical for one’s own sex but typical for the opposite sex
cross-gender behavior
the characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children’s behavior
parenting styles
a style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication
permissive parenting style
a style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands
authoritarian parenting style
a style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication
authoritative parenting style
a style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity, demands, control, and communication
uninvolved parenting style
a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why punished behavior is wrong
inductive discipline
a social network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and so on
extended family
a set of behaviors that usually lead to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers
social skills
behavior intended to harm another person or object
aggression
aggression used to gain or damage an object
instrumental aggression
aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage
hostile aggression
behavior intended to help another person
prosocial behavior
the ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation
selective attention
parts of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked
association areas
the ability to identify and act on relationships between objects and space
spacial perception
the ability to identify right and left from multiple perspectives
relative right-left orientation
the ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space
spatial cognition
an injury to the head that results in dinimished brain function such as a loss of consciousness, confusion, or drowsiness
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
a chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty
asthma
a pattern in which children gain more weight in a year than is appropriate for their age and height
excessive weight gain
comparison of an individual child’s BMI against established norms for his or her age group and sex
BMI-for-age
a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 95th percentile
obese
a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 99th percentile
severely obese
a child whose BMI-for-age is between the 85th and 95th percentiles
overweight
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world
concrete operational stage
thinking that takes multiple variables into account
decentration
the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed
reversability
a type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
inductive logic
a type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general priniciple
deductive logic
the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes
class inclusion
the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity
processing efficiency
the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity
autonomaticity
information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems
executive processes
learned methods for remembering information
memory strategies
planned, specific instruction in sound-letter correspondences
systematic and explicit phonics
reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy
balanced approach
an approach to second-language education in which children receive instruction in two different languages
bilingual education
an approach to second-language education in which children attend English classes for part of the day and receive most of their academic instruction in english
ESL program
a test designed to assess specific information learned in school
achievement test
a tendency to focus on the details of a task
analytical style
a tendency to ignore the details of a task in order to focus on the big picture
relational style
a disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill, even though she possesses normal intelligence and no physical or sensory disabilities
learning disability
problems in reading or the inability to read
dyslexia
general term for education programs in which children with disabilities are taught in classrooms with non disabled children
inclusive education
a mental disorder that causes children to have difficulty attending to and completing tasks
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a stable pattern of responding to situations
trait
bandura’s model in which personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact to influence personality development
reciprocal determinism
an understanding of one’s stable, internal traits
psychological self
belief in one’s capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task
self-efficacy
conclusions drawn about the self based on comparisons to others
social comparisons
a global evaluation on one’s own worth
self-esteem
the first of piaget’s stages of moral development, in which children believe rules are inflexible
moral realism stage
children’s ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision
self-regulation
aggression aimed at damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationships, such as by ostracism or threats of ostracism, cruel gossip, or facial expressions of disdain
relational aggression
aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
retaliatory aggression
a complex form of aggression in which a bully routinely aggresses against one or more habitual victims
bullying
an individual child’s classification as popular, rejected, or neglected
social status
a psychological disorder in which children’s social and/or academic functioning is impaired by patterns of antisocial behavior that include bullying, destruction of property, theft, deceitfulness, and/or violations of social rules
conduct disorder
