Exam 4 Flashcards
Growth Stages that are a critical time for plants ot have sufficient water?
Flowering and emergence
Is manganese a macro or micro nutrient?
Micronutrient
Denitrification is a transformation in the?
Nitrogen Cycle
What process allows plants to take in mineral nutrients?
Mass Flow, Root Interception, and Diffusion
What is required for a disease to occur?`
Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen, and Favorable Environment
The action threshold is reached before the economic threshold. True or False?
True
How can insects injure plants?
Chewing, Piercing and Sucking, and Vectoring Disease
What seed is dark and round?
Pigweed
How many pounds of diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) are required to apply 32 pounds of phosphorous per acre to a 57 acre field?
3965.2 pounds
Active ingredient at 1.2 pounds per acre, and active ingredient is 7.64 pounds per gallon, how many gallons do you need to treat a 48 acre field?
7.64 gallons
Canola is more susceptible to what temperatures and why?
Colder because it is a dicot plant and the frost will get to the growing plant above the ground.
Non-mineral nutrients?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Macronutrients?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium
Micronutrients?
Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Boron, Chlorine, and Molybdenum
What does a greenseeker do?
Applies the right amount of N in the right time at the right place and efficiently increases the yield and reduces the nitrogen input expenses
Some microorganisms are able to convert….into….that can be used by plants.
atmospheric nitrogen
organic nitrogen
What is the greatest source in the nitrogen cycle?
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is what type of plant?
Legumes
Legumes-Nodules hold what to produce compounds
Bacteria (rhizobia) and bacteria
Non-Legumes for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with?
Azolla fix N with Anabaena and Alder fix N with Frankid
To make nitrogen fertilizer it’s what process?
Haber-Basch process
Equation for the Haber-Basch process?
Hydrogen + Nitrogen heat and pressure and ammonia
The process in which excess nutrients enter a water body?
Eutrophication
Excess nutrients cause algal growth and hypoxia?
Eutrophication
Usually associated with runoff of nitrogen and phosphorous?
Eutrophication
If organic material being degraded has excess N relative to the amount of C, N will be ?
Mineralized (released)
If the organic material has too little N for the amount of C, N will be ?
Immobilized
Pest Management Strategies
Legal Control, Cultural Control, Biological Control, Mechanical Control, and Chemical Control
Stop or Slow spreading down of certain pests?
Legal Control
Legal Control ran by?
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Serivce
Prevention, Eradication, and Quarantine
Managing the growing environment using cultural practices?`
Cultrual Control
Cultural Practices?
Sanitation Host Eradication Plant Health Crop Rotation Row Spacing Drainage
Examples of Cultural Control?
Tillage, Mulching, Burning, and resistant varieties
Use of natural enemies?
Biological Control
Introduction of an animal/insect/microbial species to that is a natural predator of the pest?
Biological Control
Examples of Biological Controls?
Insects, diseases, herbivores, sheep, and goats
Using physical methods to control pests?
Mechanical control
Devices or machines to control the infestation of pests?
Mechanical Control
Examples of Mechanical Control?
Lights, sounds, traps, heat/cold, scarecrows
Using pesticides to kill pests or prevent pest infestations?
Chemical Control
Chemical control problems arise when?
Over Applied
Beneifts of Chemical Control?
Quick, Easy, Efficient, and Cheap when applied right
Risks of Chemical Control?
Contamination, injury to application and resistance
Applying the correct rate of pesticides is
Critical
Over Application of Pesticides is likely to
Injure the crop and increase potential for environmental harm
Under Application of Pesticides is likely to result in
poor pest control, which increases the likelihood of pesticide resistance
A plant growing where it is not wanted?
Weed
Sometimes a plant is considered a weed in an environment, but it is a
crop in other environments
Weeds cost American Farmers about $ /year
40 Billion
How do weeds affect crops?
Competition Reduce quality Harbor insects or diseases Decrease irrigation efficiency Interfere with harvest
What uses resources before the crop reduces grain quality (weed seeds) and may have virus/diseases that can be transmitted?
Weeds
The more closely related the weed and crop, the more difficult to
Control
Weed management Mechanical?
Cultivation
Flaming small weeds
Weed management Biological
Salt cedar beetles
Weed management Chemical?
Herbicides
Weed management Cultural?
Narrow Rows
Loss of the ability to properly fuction as aresult of prolonged irritation by a pathogen?
Disease
A species that is able to cause disease?
Pathogen
Three parts to the Disease Triangle?
Susceptible, Favorable, Virulent
Diseas only occurs if all three conditions are met. Three conditions are?
Susceptible, Favorable, Virulent
Fungi cause most?
Economically important diseases
Insect management three options?
Cultural Control
Chemical Control
Biological Control
Insect management Cultural Control
Shredding cotton stalks for boll weevil control
Plant varieties/hybrids with resistance
Insect management Chemical Control
Apply insecticides to control thrips at planting
Insect management Biological Control
Allowing natural populations of ladybugs to control aphids
Apply the proper rate
Apply in ideal conditions
Use multiple modes of action
Utilize cultural practices when possible
Resistance management
A series of pest management evalutaions and decisions that consider the agroecosystem as a whole
Integrated Pest Management
Control is just needed when prevention is not effective and or not available?
Integrated Pest Management
4 Steps to I.P.M?
Prevention
Set Thresholds
Monitor and identify pests
Control
Prevention for I.P.M.?
Manage the crop in such a way that pests do not become a threat
Crop Rotations
Pest-Resistant varieties
Clean field borders
Long term commitment involving environmental, social, and economical aspects?
Sustainable
Able to support or supply for a prolonged time?
Sustainable
Three parts to a sustainable crop production?
Economically Viable
Environmentally Sound
Socially Acceptable
Socail and Environmental=
Tolerable
Social and Economical=
Fair
Environmental and Economical=
Viable
Socail and Environmental and Economical=
Sustainable
Soundness is product or process that from beginning to end is in perfect harmony with the environment?
Environmental soundness
Includes human rights labor rights adn that future generations will have same or more access to resources than the current generation?
Social Accountability
Goals of Sustainable Crop Production
Protect and Improve natural resources
Reduce the use of nonrenewable resources
Provide adequate and dependable income
Integrated pest management (monitor for economic thresholds) and Cultural control methods (planting dates and patterns, resistant varieties)
Sustainable pest management
Cover Crops (improve siol tillage, reduce erosion)
Judicious use of fertilizers
Compost
Sustainable Soil Fertility
Other Sustainable Practices
Reduced Tillage
Diversification
Rotational Grazing
Direct Marketing
Sustainable Agriculture Advantages
Focuses on Ability to provide in the Future
Enhances natural resource conservation
Sustainable Agriculture Disadvantages
Numerous definitions of “sustainable”
No truly “sustainable” systems in place
Profitability Self-Sufficiency Bio Diversity Soil Health Water Use Local Economy
Sustainable Agriculture Indicatos
Oraginc System is always ….
Sustainable is not always….
Sustainable
Organic
What is organic crop production?
Producing crops without synthetic inputs and can only apply manure no chemicals
Cultural Control (Resistant Variety) Biological Control (Natural Predator) Mechanical Control
Organic Pest Management
Organic Soil Fertility
Crop Rotation
Green Manures
Animal Waste
“No synthetic fertilizers”
Adv. of Organic
Increase Biodiversity Improve Soil Quality Reduce Dependence on Non-Renewable Resources Reduce Pollution Sell product for a premium (sometimes)
Disadv. of Organic
Increased Requirement of land and labor
Increased pest infestations
Limited technical support
When th eplant stops deposisting energy in seeds
Physiological maturity
Plant reaches maximum dry weight?
Physiological Maturity
Whent hte moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing and storage?
Harvest maturity
Fast los of moisture; milky consistency
Milk
Even faster loss of moisture; mealy (sticky) consistency
Soft Dough
Hard to squeeze; loss of green color
Hard Dough
Ready to Harvest
Mature
Forages are harvest for hary before?
They reach physiological maturity
Maturity in Forages is
Bad
Forages are harvested
while accumulating dry matter
Maturity in Forages
Increase Fiber Content
Decrease Digestibility
Decrease Protein Content
Combines 3 phases into 1 (reaping, threshing, winnowing)
Combine
Used to cut wheat, rye, oats, corn, and soybeans
Combine
Largest part of a wheat seed?
Endosperm (83% of Kernel)
Wheat Class-Soft White
Pastery
Wheat Class-Soft Red
Cakes
Wheat Class-Hard Red
Bread
Wheat Class-Durum
Pasta
Past is what wheat class?
Durum
Bread is what wheat class?
Hard Red
Cakes are what wheat class?
Soft Red
Pastery is whate wheat class?
Soft White
Three wheat production systems
Grain
Forage
Dual Purpose
Highest wheat seeding rate is
forages
Put cattle on wheat in
Late October Early November
Take cattle of wheat in
Early Spring (before jointing)
Canola is a type of
Rape Seed
A type of rapeseed low in erucic acid
Canola
Canola grows best in
Medium-Textured well drained Soils
Canola does not tolerate
water-logged conditions
Canola seeding rate is
5-10 lbs per acre
Canola grazing issues
Nitrate Accumulation
Nitrates is toxic to
Animals
Conversion of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to ammonia using high temperature and pressure?
Haber-Bosch process
Process in which excess nutrient enters a water body?
Eutrophication
Green Seeker is a sensor based system that currently may be used to determine a crop’s need for which nutrient?
Nitrogen
Organic matarial being degraded by microorganisms has an excess N relative to the amount of C?
Mineralization
Planintg resistant varieties is a form of what kind of cutltural control?
Pests
How can weeds affect crops?
By competition
Interfering with harvest
Reducing Quality
Most economically important causes of diseases?
Fungi
Listing a plant species as a noxious weed is what type of pest management?
Legal Control
A series of pest management evaluations adn decisions that considers the entire agroecosystem?
Integrated Pest Management
Considerations when evaluating the sustainability of a cropping system?
Economics, Environment, and Society
Goal of Sustainable crop production?
To protect and improve natural resources
To reduce the use of non-renewable resources
To provide adequate and dependable income
Organic Pest Management?
Cultural control, Biological Control, and Mechanical Control
Advantage of organic system?
Reduces pollution
Small grains maturity with a mealy consistency?
Soft-Dough
Appropriate time to harvest forages?
Before they reach physiological maturity
Machinery that has three separate operations into one single process?
Combine
When the moisture content of seeds is appropriate for storage?
Harvest maturity
What comprises 83% of the total wheat kernel weight?
Endosperm
What class of wheat is appropriate for production of pasta flour?
Durum wheat
Time fo year for wheat grazing practices to begin?
Late Fall
Wheat production systems that requires the highest seeding rate?
Forages only
Why can erucic acid (found in canola) be a problem?
It can be toxic if ingested
Whay are canola seedlings more susceptible for environmental damages?
Because their meristems are above the soil
Main concern for canola forage?
Nitrate accumulation
Appropriate seeding rate for canola crop?
5 to 10 pounds per acre
Under application of pesticide is likely to result in
poor pest control and increasing pesticide resistance
What is the largest grain crop in OK?
Wheat
Canola should be grown in soils with what kind of drainage?
Good
The more closely related the weed and the crop, the
harder it is to control the weed
Long term maintenance, involving environmental, economic, and social dimensions?
Sustainability
Position of the double bonds in lipids can change what?
Shape of fatty acid
In animals are saturated fats liquid or solids?
Liquid
In animals are unsaturated fats liquid or solids?
Solids
increase number of C, melting point gets?
Higher
Increase number of double bonds melting point?
Decreases
can go into gas form quickly?
Volatile
Caproic, Caprylic, and Capric is in which species?
Goat
Olec (an unsaturated fat) is found in what?
Canola
Arachindionc, EPA, and DHA are found in which species?
Fish
Double bonds are right next to each other in what kind of linoleic acid?
Conjugated linoleic acid or CLA
Is Trans 10, cis 12 wanted?
No it causes milk depression
Is Cis 9, Trans 11 wanted?
Yes
Can account for greater than 70% of lipids in forage plants
Glycolipids
The fatty acids in Glycolipids are typically?
Polyunsaturated
Plants have what type of fatty acids?
Unsaturated
Phospholipids provide what in cells?
Structure (cell membranes)
Difference between Phospholipids and Glycolipids?
Instead of sugar and fatty acid, Phospholipids have phosphate and alcohol
True or False , Polar is attracted to water?
True
True or False, Nonpolar is not attracted to water?
True
True or False, Phospholipids are polar?
True
True or False, Fatty Acids are non polar?
True
The fatty acid tails in a phospholipid face each other because?
Fatty acids are non-polar and want to get away from the water
Large group including sterols, bile acids, adrenal corticoids, and sex steroids?
Steroids
Endogenously means?
Made in the body
Vitamin D3 provides?
Hormone calcium breakdown
Is sunlight or cholesterol the limiting factor for Vitamin D3?
Sunlight
Does enough synthesis of cholesterol occur?
No
Cholesterol is?
An important endogenously synthesized precursor, important in cell membranes.
Lipid nutritional functions included? (3S’s)
Sources of energy, signaling, structure, carrier of absorption, and essential fatty acids
How much more energy from lipids are provided than carbohydrates?
2.25
Oxidation of fat yields CO2+H20+Energy, 2.25 more times than CHO, Cheap Substitute for CHO but can be issues with palatability
Source of energy (lipids)
