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Plant > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth Stages that are a critical time for plants ot have sufficient water?

A

Flowering and emergence

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2
Q

Is manganese a macro or micro nutrient?

A

Micronutrient

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3
Q

Denitrification is a transformation in the?

A

Nitrogen Cycle

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4
Q

What process allows plants to take in mineral nutrients?

A

Mass Flow, Root Interception, and Diffusion

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5
Q

What is required for a disease to occur?`

A

Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen, and Favorable Environment

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6
Q

The action threshold is reached before the economic threshold. True or False?

A

True

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7
Q

How can insects injure plants?

A

Chewing, Piercing and Sucking, and Vectoring Disease

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8
Q

What seed is dark and round?

A

Pigweed

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9
Q

How many pounds of diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) are required to apply 32 pounds of phosphorous per acre to a 57 acre field?

A

3965.2 pounds

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10
Q

Active ingredient at 1.2 pounds per acre, and active ingredient is 7.64 pounds per gallon, how many gallons do you need to treat a 48 acre field?

A

7.64 gallons

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11
Q

Canola is more susceptible to what temperatures and why?

A

Colder because it is a dicot plant and the frost will get to the growing plant above the ground.

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12
Q

Non-mineral nutrients?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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13
Q

Macronutrients?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium

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14
Q

Micronutrients?

A

Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Boron, Chlorine, and Molybdenum

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15
Q

What does a greenseeker do?

A

Applies the right amount of N in the right time at the right place and efficiently increases the yield and reduces the nitrogen input expenses

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16
Q

Some microorganisms are able to convert….into….that can be used by plants.

A

atmospheric nitrogen

organic nitrogen

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17
Q

What is the greatest source in the nitrogen cycle?

A

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation

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18
Q

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is what type of plant?

A

Legumes

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19
Q

Legumes-Nodules hold what to produce compounds

A

Bacteria (rhizobia) and bacteria

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20
Q

Non-Legumes for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with?

A

Azolla fix N with Anabaena and Alder fix N with Frankid

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21
Q

To make nitrogen fertilizer it’s what process?

A

Haber-Basch process

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22
Q

Equation for the Haber-Basch process?

A

Hydrogen + Nitrogen heat and pressure and ammonia

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23
Q

The process in which excess nutrients enter a water body?

A

Eutrophication

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24
Q

Excess nutrients cause algal growth and hypoxia?

A

Eutrophication

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25
Q

Usually associated with runoff of nitrogen and phosphorous?

A

Eutrophication

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26
Q

If organic material being degraded has excess N relative to the amount of C, N will be ?

A

Mineralized (released)

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27
Q

If the organic material has too little N for the amount of C, N will be ?

A

Immobilized

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28
Q

Pest Management Strategies

A

Legal Control, Cultural Control, Biological Control, Mechanical Control, and Chemical Control

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29
Q

Stop or Slow spreading down of certain pests?

A

Legal Control

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30
Q

Legal Control ran by?

A

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Serivce

Prevention, Eradication, and Quarantine

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31
Q

Managing the growing environment using cultural practices?`

A

Cultrual Control

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32
Q

Cultural Practices?

A 
Sanitation
Host Eradication
Plant Health
Crop Rotation
Row Spacing
Drainage
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33
Q

Examples of Cultural Control?

A

Tillage, Mulching, Burning, and resistant varieties

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34
Q

Use of natural enemies?

A

Biological Control

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35
Q

Introduction of an animal/insect/microbial species to that is a natural predator of the pest?

A

Biological Control

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36
Q

Examples of Biological Controls?

A

Insects, diseases, herbivores, sheep, and goats

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37
Q

Using physical methods to control pests?

A

Mechanical control

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38
Q

Devices or machines to control the infestation of pests?

A

Mechanical Control

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39
Q

Examples of Mechanical Control?

A

Lights, sounds, traps, heat/cold, scarecrows

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40
Q

Using pesticides to kill pests or prevent pest infestations?

A

Chemical Control

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41
Q

Chemical control problems arise when?

A

Over Applied

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42
Q

Beneifts of Chemical Control?

A

Quick, Easy, Efficient, and Cheap when applied right

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43
Q

Risks of Chemical Control?

A

Contamination, injury to application and resistance

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44
Q

Applying the correct rate of pesticides is

A

Critical

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45
Q

Over Application of Pesticides is likely to

A

Injure the crop and increase potential for environmental harm

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46
Q

Under Application of Pesticides is likely to result in

A

poor pest control, which increases the likelihood of pesticide resistance

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47
Q

A plant growing where it is not wanted?

A

Weed

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48
Q

Sometimes a plant is considered a weed in an environment, but it is a

A

crop in other environments

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49
Q

Weeds cost American Farmers about $ /year

A

40 Billion

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50
Q

How do weeds affect crops?

A 
Competition
Reduce quality
Harbor insects or diseases
Decrease irrigation efficiency
Interfere with harvest
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51
Q

What uses resources before the crop reduces grain quality (weed seeds) and may have virus/diseases that can be transmitted?

A

Weeds

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52
Q

The more closely related the weed and crop, the more difficult to

A

Control

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53
Q

Weed management Mechanical?

A

Cultivation

Flaming small weeds

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54
Q

Weed management Biological

A

Salt cedar beetles

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55
Q

Weed management Chemical?

A

Herbicides

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56
Q

Weed management Cultural?

A

Narrow Rows

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57
Q

Loss of the ability to properly fuction as aresult of prolonged irritation by a pathogen?

A

Disease

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58
Q

A species that is able to cause disease?

A

Pathogen

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59
Q

Three parts to the Disease Triangle?

A

Susceptible, Favorable, Virulent

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60
Q

Diseas only occurs if all three conditions are met. Three conditions are?

A

Susceptible, Favorable, Virulent

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61
Q

Fungi cause most?

A

Economically important diseases

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62
Q

Insect management three options?

A

Cultural Control
Chemical Control
Biological Control

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63
Q

Insect management Cultural Control

A

Shredding cotton stalks for boll weevil control

Plant varieties/hybrids with resistance

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64
Q

Insect management Chemical Control

A

Apply insecticides to control thrips at planting

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65
Q

Insect management Biological Control

A

Allowing natural populations of ladybugs to control aphids

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66
Q

Apply the proper rate
Apply in ideal conditions
Use multiple modes of action
Utilize cultural practices when possible

A

Resistance management

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67
Q

A series of pest management evalutaions and decisions that consider the agroecosystem as a whole

A

Integrated Pest Management

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68
Q

Control is just needed when prevention is not effective and or not available?

A

Integrated Pest Management

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69
Q

4 Steps to I.P.M?

A

Prevention
Set Thresholds
Monitor and identify pests
Control

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70
Q

Prevention for I.P.M.?

A

Manage the crop in such a way that pests do not become a threat
Crop Rotations
Pest-Resistant varieties
Clean field borders

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71
Q

Long term commitment involving environmental, social, and economical aspects?

A

Sustainable

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72
Q

Able to support or supply for a prolonged time?

A

Sustainable

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73
Q

Three parts to a sustainable crop production?

A

Economically Viable
Environmentally Sound
Socially Acceptable

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74
Q

Socail and Environmental=

A

Tolerable

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75
Q

Social and Economical=

A

Fair

76
Q

Environmental and Economical=

A

Viable

77
Q

Socail and Environmental and Economical=

A

Sustainable

78
Q

Soundness is product or process that from beginning to end is in perfect harmony with the environment?

A

Environmental soundness

79
Q

Includes human rights labor rights adn that future generations will have same or more access to resources than the current generation?

A

Social Accountability

80
Q

Goals of Sustainable Crop Production

A

Protect and Improve natural resources
Reduce the use of nonrenewable resources
Provide adequate and dependable income

81
Q

Integrated pest management (monitor for economic thresholds) and Cultural control methods (planting dates and patterns, resistant varieties)

A

Sustainable pest management

82
Q

Cover Crops (improve siol tillage, reduce erosion)
Judicious use of fertilizers
Compost

A

Sustainable Soil Fertility

83
Q

Other Sustainable Practices

A

Reduced Tillage
Diversification
Rotational Grazing
Direct Marketing

84
Q

Sustainable Agriculture Advantages

A

Focuses on Ability to provide in the Future

Enhances natural resource conservation

85
Q

Sustainable Agriculture Disadvantages

A

Numerous definitions of “sustainable”

No truly “sustainable” systems in place

86
Q 
Profitability 
Self-Sufficiency
Bio Diversity
Soil Health
Water Use
Local Economy
A

Sustainable Agriculture Indicatos

87
Q

Oraginc System is always ….

Sustainable is not always….

A

Sustainable

Organic

88
Q

What is organic crop production?

A

Producing crops without synthetic inputs and can only apply manure no chemicals

89
Q 
Cultural Control (Resistant Variety)
Biological Control (Natural Predator)
Mechanical Control
A

Organic Pest Management

90
Q

Organic Soil Fertility

A

Crop Rotation
Green Manures
Animal Waste
“No synthetic fertilizers”

91
Q

Adv. of Organic

A 
Increase Biodiversity 
Improve Soil Quality
Reduce Dependence on Non-Renewable Resources
Reduce Pollution
Sell product for a premium (sometimes)
92
Q

Disadv. of Organic

A

Increased Requirement of land and labor
Increased pest infestations
Limited technical support

93
Q

When th eplant stops deposisting energy in seeds

A

Physiological maturity

94
Q

Plant reaches maximum dry weight?

A

Physiological Maturity

95
Q

Whent hte moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing and storage?

A

Harvest maturity

96
Q

Fast los of moisture; milky consistency

A

Milk

97
Q

Even faster loss of moisture; mealy (sticky) consistency

A

Soft Dough

98
Q

Hard to squeeze; loss of green color

A

Hard Dough

99
Q

Ready to Harvest

A

Mature

100
Q

Forages are harvest for hary before?

A

They reach physiological maturity

101
Q

Maturity in Forages is

A

Bad

102
Q

Forages are harvested

A

while accumulating dry matter

103
Q

Maturity in Forages

A

Increase Fiber Content
Decrease Digestibility
Decrease Protein Content

104
Q

Combines 3 phases into 1 (reaping, threshing, winnowing)

A

Combine

105
Q

Used to cut wheat, rye, oats, corn, and soybeans

A

Combine

106
Q

Largest part of a wheat seed?

A

Endosperm (83% of Kernel)

107
Q

Wheat Class-Soft White

A

Pastery

108
Q

Wheat Class-Soft Red

A

Cakes

109
Q

Wheat Class-Hard Red

A

Bread

110
Q

Wheat Class-Durum

A

Pasta

111
Q

Past is what wheat class?

A

Durum

112
Q

Bread is what wheat class?

A

Hard Red

113
Q

Cakes are what wheat class?

A

Soft Red

114
Q

Pastery is whate wheat class?

A

Soft White

115
Q

Three wheat production systems

A

Grain
Forage
Dual Purpose

116
Q

Highest wheat seeding rate is

A

forages

117
Q

Put cattle on wheat in

A

Late October Early November

118
Q

Take cattle of wheat in

A

Early Spring (before jointing)

119
Q

Canola is a type of

A

Rape Seed

120
Q

A type of rapeseed low in erucic acid

A

Canola

121
Q

Canola grows best in

A

Medium-Textured well drained Soils

122
Q

Canola does not tolerate

A

water-logged conditions

123
Q

Canola seeding rate is

A

5-10 lbs per acre

124
Q

Canola grazing issues

A

Nitrate Accumulation

125
Q

Nitrates is toxic to

A

Animals

126
Q

Conversion of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to ammonia using high temperature and pressure?

A

Haber-Bosch process

127
Q

Process in which excess nutrient enters a water body?

A

Eutrophication

128
Q

Green Seeker is a sensor based system that currently may be used to determine a crop’s need for which nutrient?

A

Nitrogen

129
Q

Organic matarial being degraded by microorganisms has an excess N relative to the amount of C?

A

Mineralization

130
Q

Planintg resistant varieties is a form of what kind of cutltural control?

A

Pests

131
Q

How can weeds affect crops?

A

By competition
Interfering with harvest
Reducing Quality

132
Q

Most economically important causes of diseases?

A

Fungi

133
Q

Listing a plant species as a noxious weed is what type of pest management?

A

Legal Control

134
Q

A series of pest management evaluations adn decisions that considers the entire agroecosystem?

A

Integrated Pest Management

135
Q

Considerations when evaluating the sustainability of a cropping system?

A

Economics, Environment, and Society

136
Q

Goal of Sustainable crop production?

A

To protect and improve natural resources
To reduce the use of non-renewable resources
To provide adequate and dependable income

137
Q

Organic Pest Management?

A

Cultural control, Biological Control, and Mechanical Control

138
Q

Advantage of organic system?

A

Reduces pollution

139
Q

Small grains maturity with a mealy consistency?

A

Soft-Dough

140
Q

Appropriate time to harvest forages?

A

Before they reach physiological maturity

141
Q

Machinery that has three separate operations into one single process?

A

Combine

142
Q

When the moisture content of seeds is appropriate for storage?

A

Harvest maturity

143
Q

What comprises 83% of the total wheat kernel weight?

A

Endosperm

144
Q

What class of wheat is appropriate for production of pasta flour?

A

Durum wheat

145
Q

Time fo year for wheat grazing practices to begin?

A

Late Fall

146
Q

Wheat production systems that requires the highest seeding rate?

A

Forages only

147
Q

Why can erucic acid (found in canola) be a problem?

A

It can be toxic if ingested

148
Q

Whay are canola seedlings more susceptible for environmental damages?

A

Because their meristems are above the soil

149
Q

Main concern for canola forage?

A

Nitrate accumulation

150
Q

Appropriate seeding rate for canola crop?

A

5 to 10 pounds per acre

151
Q

Under application of pesticide is likely to result in

A

poor pest control and increasing pesticide resistance

152
Q

What is the largest grain crop in OK?

A

Wheat

153
Q

Canola should be grown in soils with what kind of drainage?

A

Good

154
Q

The more closely related the weed and the crop, the

A

harder it is to control the weed

155
Q

Long term maintenance, involving environmental, economic, and social dimensions?

A

Sustainability

156
Q

Position of the double bonds in lipids can change what?

A

Shape of fatty acid

157
Q

In animals are saturated fats liquid or solids?

A

Liquid

158
Q

In animals are unsaturated fats liquid or solids?

A

Solids

159
Q

increase number of C, melting point gets?

A

Higher

160
Q

Increase number of double bonds melting point?

A

Decreases

161
Q

can go into gas form quickly?

A

Volatile

162
Q

Caproic, Caprylic, and Capric is in which species?

A

Goat

163
Q

Olec (an unsaturated fat) is found in what?

A

Canola

164
Q

Arachindionc, EPA, and DHA are found in which species?

A

Fish

165
Q

Double bonds are right next to each other in what kind of linoleic acid?

A

Conjugated linoleic acid or CLA

166
Q

Is Trans 10, cis 12 wanted?

A

No it causes milk depression

167
Q

Is Cis 9, Trans 11 wanted?

A

Yes

168
Q

Can account for greater than 70% of lipids in forage plants

A

Glycolipids

169
Q

The fatty acids in Glycolipids are typically?

A

Polyunsaturated

170
Q

Plants have what type of fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated

171
Q

Phospholipids provide what in cells?

A

Structure (cell membranes)

172
Q

Difference between Phospholipids and Glycolipids?

A

Instead of sugar and fatty acid, Phospholipids have phosphate and alcohol

173
Q

True or False , Polar is attracted to water?

A

True

174
Q

True or False, Nonpolar is not attracted to water?

A

True

175
Q

True or False, Phospholipids are polar?

A

True

176
Q

True or False, Fatty Acids are non polar?

A

True

177
Q

The fatty acid tails in a phospholipid face each other because?

A

Fatty acids are non-polar and want to get away from the water

178
Q

Large group including sterols, bile acids, adrenal corticoids, and sex steroids?

A

Steroids

179
Q

Endogenously means?

A

Made in the body

180
Q

Vitamin D3 provides?

A

Hormone calcium breakdown

181
Q

Is sunlight or cholesterol the limiting factor for Vitamin D3?

A

Sunlight

182
Q

Does enough synthesis of cholesterol occur?

A

No

183
Q

Cholesterol is?

A

An important endogenously synthesized precursor, important in cell membranes.

184
Q

Lipid nutritional functions included? (3S’s)

A

Sources of energy, signaling, structure, carrier of absorption, and essential fatty acids

185
Q

How much more energy from lipids are provided than carbohydrates?

A

2.25

186
Q

Oxidation of fat yields CO2+H20+Energy, 2.25 more times than CHO, Cheap Substitute for CHO but can be issues with palatability

A

Source of energy (lipids)

Plant (5 decks)

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