Exam 2 Flashcards
Warm Season and Summer Annual are what photosynthesis?
C4
Cool Season and Winter annual are what photosynthesis?
C3
When do warm season crops begin growing?
Spring and until temperatures get cool
Warm season crops will be injured by?
Low temperatures and above freezing
When do cool season crops begin growing?
Autumn and early spring
Cool season crops usually reach maturity?
In mid-summer
Soil conditions?
Water holding capacity, pH, and nutrient deficiencies or toxicities
Annual plants complete their lifecycle in?
One growing season
Summer annuals are planted in?
Spring and flower in the autumn
Winter annuals are planted in?
Autumn and flower in spring
Biennial plants complete their lifecycle in?
Two years with only leaves in the first year and flowering in the second
Perennial plants grow?
Year after year without re-establishing from the seed
The science of identifying, naming, and categorizing plants?
Plant Taxonomy
Plant Taxonomy is based on?
Relationships among specimens, particularly flower characteristics
Most important part of plant for taxonomy is and why?
Flower; because flowers are the most consistent across environments
Who is the father of plant taxonomy?
Carl Linneaus
Which Botanical family is the most agronomically important family of flowering plants?
Grasses
Which Botanical family fixes nitrogen and is also an important source of dietary for humans and livestock?
Legumes
Which Botanical family contains many important food crops?
Nightshade
Which Botanical family produce alkaloids?
Nightshade
What are made to protect the plant from predators?
Alkaloids
Which Botanical family has a high sulfur content?
Mustard
Which Botanical family has the largest family of flowering plants?
Sunflower
Which Botanical family is often native to tropical or subtropical regions?
Mallow
Scientific names are composed of?
Genus
Species
Authority
Genus is always? Species and Genus are always?
Capitalized
Italicized
Scientific names are used for?
Precise communication
Subdivision of species
Subspecies
Group of similar plants that can be distinguished from others in the species based on appearance or agronomic performance
Variety
Internationally accepted term for variety
Cultivar
First generation of a cross of two individual plants that are genetically different
Hybrid
Crops will fit into how many categories?
Multiple
Which crops are harvested fro their edible seed?
Grass crops or Cereal crops
What are grass crops or cereal crops harvest for?
Their edible seeds
Cereal crops are high in?
Carbohydrates
Which crops are harvested for their seeds?
Legumes or Pulse crops
Pulse crops are high in?
Lipids and Proteins
Which crops are below ground storage organs that are harvested for food and feed?
Root and tuber crops
What crops are extracted and used for food and industrial purposes?
Oil crops
Oil crops have different?
Fatty Acid Profiles
Crops that produce large amounts of vegetative matter that is used for feed
Forage Crops
Forage crops are important in what type of production?
Ruminant
Crops that are harvested for their potential to be used for biofuel production
Bioenergy Crops
Some bioenergy crops are used for?
Ferment the carbohydrates and oil
Crops that are used to produce textiles for clothing and manufacturing purposes
Fiber crops
Crop grown to sell for a profit?
Cash crop
Crops that are planted to protect or improve the soil
Cover crops
Cover crops that are tilled into the soil while they are still alive are called?
Green manures
Crops that are planted in the same field so that they will benefit from each other are?
Companion crops
Crops taht are planted to attract specific pests
Trap or Catch crops
A domesticated plant used to meet peoples’ daily need or grown for sale is?
Crop
Plants are what kind of producers?
Primary
How do plants store energy?
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates consist of?
Hull, Endosperm, and Embryo
Lipids are found in the?
Cotyledon
Crop Characteristics
High Yielding
Easily Harvested
Edible Seeds
Easily harvested have what kind of seeds
Large
Easily harvested seeds don’t
Shatter
Easily harvested seeds do not have
seed coverings
What percentage of plant species on the planet are used in agriculture?
10%
Adapting a wild species to be used by humans?
Domestication
Species becomes dependent on humans for?
Survival
What is the Center of Origin of Cultivated Plants also called
Vavilov’s Theory
What is the geographic region of enhanced variability within a crop species believed to be the place where the crop was first domesticated called?
Center of Origin
Center of Origin is also called?
Center of Diversity
Many crops also have …..centers of origins
different
Non-cultivated relative of a crop?
Wild
Varieties developed by local farmers through selection over time?
Landrace
What is the location where crops grow best away from their center of origin?
Center of Production
A geographical region where production of a particular crop is especially high?
Center of Production
Plant Growth is permanent increase in?
Cell Size or number
What is the key to cell expansion?
The vacuole
Cell division is by?
Mitosis
Cell division occures in the?
Meristem
Apicals can be found in two places…
Shoot apical or Root apical
Meristems grass has one other characteristic of Meristem dicots…
Intercalary
What si the growth of new cells for new leaves?
Apical
What is the growth of new branches?
Axillary
What is the growth of diameter?
Lateral
What pushes the leaf out of the whirl?
Intercalary
How do you measure grwoth?
Biomass and Yield
Organic matter produced in a given location at a give time is
Biomass
Output per unit area during a growing season is?
Yield
Total amount of dry matter present at harvest that includes all of the plant parts is
Biological Yield
Amount of useable plant matter is
Economic Yield
Proportion of the crop that is useable is
Harvest index
Harvest index is calculated by
Economic yield / Biological yield
Respiration produces
ATP CO2 and H2O
Photosynthesis occurs where?
Chloroplast
What converts light into CO2 and Sugar
Photosynthesis
Chloroplast captures and stores what?
Captures the light and stores ATP to be used in synthesis
Chlorophyll are pigments true or false?
True
Chlorophyll does what with light?
Absorbs and reflects it
Translocation and Transpiration both occur where?
In the vascular system
What is the transport of sugars and other molecules
Translocation
Translocation is through the
Phloem from sources to sink
Translocation does or does not require energy?
requires energy
Water movement from the roots and into the atmoshpere is?
Transpiration
Transpiration is through the
Xylem
Traspiration does or does not require energy?
Does not require energy
Process of changing that occurs as the plant matures adn responds to its enviornment
Plant Development
Factors that regulate development
Light exposure
Temperature requirement
Energy accumulation
Crops that require specific amounts of light exposure to flower are
Photoperiodism
Plants that flower under any light conditions
Day Neutral
Plants that flower when exposed to short nights
Long Day
Plants that flower when exposed to long nights
Short Day
Process of inducing flowering by meeting a requirment of exposure to cold temperatures for a given amount of time
Vernalization
Measure of heat accumulation used to predict the rate of development of plants and insects
Growing degree day
5 stages of plant development
Germination Emergence Vegetative growth Reproductive growth Senescence
Process of resuming growth in a seed
Germination
Development adn emergence from teh seed of those structures necessary to produce a normal plant
Germination
Germination begins with?
The seed imbiding water
Germination ends with?
The emergence of the radicle
Germination requirements are?
Mature Seed Water Air Correct Temperature Correct Light
Condition in some seeds that prevents germination even when all of the germination requirements are met
Dormancy
Process of the shoot rising out of the soil
Emergence
Cotyledons are above ground in what type of emergence
Epigeal
Cotyledons are below ground in what type of emergence
Hypogeal
Phase of growth during which the shoot tissue of a plant increases in volume
Vegetative growth
Growth phase during which flowers are formed and seed is produced
Reproductive growth
Which plants stop vegetative growth once reproductive growth begins
Determinate
Whihc plants continue vegetative growth while reproductive growth occurs
Indeterminate
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
Pollination
When does photosynthesis occur the most?
During vegetative growth
Pollen adn ovule are from the same plant in what type of pollination
Self-pollination
Pollen adn ovule are from different plants in what type of pollination
Cross pollination
Most common pollination
Biotic pollination
Pollen meeting the ovule is
Fertilization
Apomixis is what type of reproduction
Asexual no fertilization
Clonal propagation is what type of reproduction
Asexual or Sexual
Involves recovering the nutrients stored in old tissues
Senescence
Senescence is regulated by
Hormones and/or environmental factors
Plant stops depositing energy in seeds and reaches maximum dry weight and is controlled by hormones
Physiological maturity
Moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing adn storage
Harvest maturity
Community of selected plants and/or animals interacting with an environment that is managed by humans
Agroecosytem
Primary Consumers are
Animals and Humans
Primary Producers are
Plants
Agroecosytem has what type of diverstiy
Limited
Agroecosystem has constant
disruption
Agroecosystems have what type of losses replenished with external inputs
Nutrient
Occurs when two or more plants growing the same area need to acquire the same resources at the same time
Plant competition
Plants often compete for
Light, Water, and Nutrients
Two plants are competing from the same species
Intraspecific competition
Intraspecific is one of the factors that determines
Planting Patterns
Two plants are competing from different species
Interspecific competition
One plant produces a chemical that is harmful to another plant
Allelopathy
Allelopathy gives a plant what type of advantage
Competitive
Two important factors for enhancing the stability and sustainablity of agroecosystems
Equilibrium and Diversity
Most limiting factor determins yield potential fo a given plant in a given environment is
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
Biotic factors of Yield limiting
Crop Variety/Hybrid
Abiotic factors of Yield limiting
Water, Nutrients
Cultural factors of Yield limiting
Planting time, depth
Cultivated population of a single species
Monoculture
Advantage to Monoculture
Easy to manage; large production
Disadvantage to Monoculture
Limited diversity and less adaptable
Planting multiple crops in the same fields
Polyculture
Advantage to Polyculture
Increased diversity
More adaptable
Disadvantage to Polyculture
More complicated to manage
Planting multiple crops in the same field at the same time
Mixed cropping
Growing different species or multiple varieties of a crop in the same field
Mixtures
System in which one crop is planted in teh open acres of another
Intercropping (Alley) cropping
Planting crops in strips across the field
Strip cropping
Planting multiple crops in teh same field at different times
Multiple cropping
Examples of multiple cropping
Double cropping
Cover cropping
Crop rotations
Growing a second crop after the first crop of the season has been harvested
Double cropping
Planting a crop after harvest of one cash crop and before planting another
Cover cropping
Cover cropping improves
Soil material and erosion by legumes
Practice of growing a different crop in teh same field each year
Crop rotation
Another name for crop rotation is
Sequence cropping
What type of land is not planted and is maintained free of vegetative material
Fallow
Two types of fallow land
Mechanical and chemical
Benefits of crop rotation
Pest control
Reduce fertilizer inputs
Improve soil quality
In which type of plant would you expect to find the C4 photosynthetic pathway?
Warm season and summer annual
Crops harvested for its edible seed
Cereal crop and pulse crops
Which of the following is a characteristic of a plant that makes an ideal crop?
Easy to harvest, edible, and high yielding
China is the center of origin of soybean. The following is true about China?
China has great diversity in soybean relatives
Final product of photosynthesis is?
Carbohydrates
Type of molecule transported in the process of translocation
Carbohydrates
Cocklebur is a weed that is a short-day plant. When will cocklebur being reproductive growth?
When the nights get longer
Autoallelopathy will reduce which type of competition?
Intraspecific
Name that best describes a cropping system in which two cash crops are planted alternating in strips?
Strip Cropping
Type of crop that is used to make textiles?
Fiber Crop
Type of plants typically with a C3 photosynthetic pathway?
Cool-Season
Soybean categories?
Fabaceae family, pulse crops, bioenergy crops
Crop with high carbohydrate content?
Cereal and root
Ceral crops belong to what plant family?
Poaceae
A biennial plant grows for?
Two seasons
Most important plant part for establishing taxonomic relationships?
Flowers
Clover planted in a pecan orchard is what type of cropping system?
Alley Cropping
Benefit of crop rotation?
Reduced pest pressure
Presnet in an agroecosystme, but not a natural ecosystem?
Managers
Factor that increases ecosystem stabiliity?
Diversity
Liebig’s law of the minimum’s, what determines the yield potential fo a given plant in a given environment?
The most limiting factor
Competition that occurs because a plant produces chemicals toxic to other plants?
Allelopathy
A field that is left unplanted for a season?
Fallow Field
Green manure is an example of which type of crop?
Cover Crop
Plant that continues growing vegetatively after reproductive growth begins?
Indeterminate
Winter wheat requires exposure to cold temperatures to induce flowering. Process is?
Vernalization
When exposed to short nights and begins to flower what photoperiodic response?
Long day
What allows plants to grow leaves?
Apical Meristem
What describes a plant in which an ovule is fertilized by a pollen from a different plant?
Cross pollinated
Emergence that cotyledons stay below ground?
Hypogeal
Term that describes the ratio of the economically useful plant mass to biological yield?
Harvest index
First structure to emerge from a seed, signaling the end of germination?
Radicle
Senescence is a process controlled by hormones and environmental factors.Which of the following is also true about senescence?
Nutrients are recovered by the plant
Cell organelle that is a storage site that also helps plant cells expand by creating turgor pressure?
Vacuole
South America is the center of origin of peanut. Which of the following si also true of South America?
Great diversity within peanut occurs there
A domesticated plant used to meet daily needs?
Crop
Form of stored energy in a plant?
Carbohydrates and lipids
Respiration is the what in plants and animals?
Same
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
Plants are what kind of producers in an agroecosystem?
Primary producers
What percentage of plants on earth are used as crops?
10%
What is an important characteristic of a crop plant?
Harvest Ease
What is a group of plants wiht similar agronomic traits?
Variety
Who established the modern system of plant taxonomy?
Carl Linneaus
Harvest Maturity occurs after what maturity in grain crops?
Physiological
What competition occurs between two plants in the same species?
Intraspecific
