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Plant > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A dynamic natural body composed of minerals and organic material and living organisms in which plants grow is what?

A

Soil

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2
Q

Composition of a soil with 45 degrees is what?

A

minerals

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3
Q

Composition of a soil with 5 degrees is what?

A

organic matter

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4
Q

Composition of a soil with 25 degrees is what?

A

air

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5
Q

Composition of a soil with 25 degrees is what?

A

water

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6
Q

Soil develps as a result of the combined effect of? Which acts on? And is influenced by ?

A

climate and organisms
soil
topography over time

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7
Q

What is a layer of soil parallel to the surface differing in characteristics from the soil above and below?

A

Soil Horizon

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8
Q

Which horizon is the mineral horizon enriched with organic matter?

A

A

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9
Q

Which horizon is the less-weathered horizon where materials such as clay accumulate?

A

B

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10
Q

Which horizon is unconsolidated parent material; least weathered horizon?

A

C

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11
Q

Which horizon is consolidated rock?

A

R

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12
Q

Which is horizon is the most important for plant development?

A

A

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13
Q

What is the organic horizon?

A

Grass

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14
Q

What horizon are most roots found in?

A

A

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15
Q

Soil provides plants with?

A

A place to anchor roots
Water
Mineral nutrients

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16
Q

Soil tilth-the physical condition of the soil as it relates to?

A

tillage
planting
germination
emergence

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17
Q

A soil with good tilth will have adequate? Which holds? and will have an adegquate supply of?

A

pore space
water and air
nutrients

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18
Q

What physical condition is texture, structure, soil organic matter, density, and porosity?

A

Tilth

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19
Q

Soil tilth is the function of soil?

A

Structure
Texture
Fertility
Organic Matter

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20
Q

Maintaining soil tilth requires careful?

It is improved by reducing?

A

Timing of farming operations

Tillage

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21
Q

Soil properties that influence soil tilth and crop growth?

A 
Texture
 Structure
 Soil Organic Matter
 Density
 Porosity
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22
Q

The relative proportion of various sizes of soil particles is?

A

Soil texture

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23
Q

What soil particle size is < .002 mm

A

Clay

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24
Q

What soil particle size is 0.002-0.05 mm

A

Silt

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25
Q

What soil particle size is 0.05-2.0 mm

A

Sand

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26
Q

Soil Textures are

A

Clay
Silt
Sand
Loam

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27
Q

Is loam considered a soil particle?

A

NO

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28
Q

What is the arrangement of soil particles in to groups called?

A

Soil structure

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29
Q

Soil structure groups are called?

A

Peds or aggregates

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30
Q

Soil structure may be an indicator of soil…

A

organic matter content or compaction

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31
Q

Resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than .5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing

A

Granular

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32
Q

What horizon are most roots located on?

A

A horizon

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33
Q

What soil structure is thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally and are usually found in compacted soil?

A

Platy

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34
Q

Platy have low accumilation of?

A

water

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35
Q

What soil structure is irrgular blocks that are usually 1.5-5.0 cm in diameter and are common in subsoils or C horizon

A

Blocky

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36
Q

What soil structure has vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long and are usually found in lower horizons and are very long adn deep within the soril adn are B or C horizons?

A

Prismatic

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37
Q

What soil strucuter has vertical columns of soil that have a salt “cap” at the top and are found in soils of arid climates with dense, low water movement?

A

Columnar

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38
Q

Which soil structure has high organic matter?

A

Granular

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39
Q

The residues of plants, animals, and microorganisms broken down over time is?

A

Soil organic matter

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40
Q

Most soils contain how much organic matter?

A

1 to 6%

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41
Q

Decompostition of living organisms is how much carbon?

A

45-50%

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42
Q

Release of NPK is?

A

Nutritional

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43
Q

Important for living organism is?

A

Biological

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44
Q

Increase water and air capactiy and also improves the porosity is?

A

Physical

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45
Q

What is the porosity?

A

How many pores are in the soil

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46
Q

Functions of soil organic matter?

A

Contributes to soil tilth
Increases water holding capacity
Releases mineral nutrients for plants

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47
Q

What is the mass of soil per unit volume or Dry soil mass/soil volume?

A

Bulk Density

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48
Q

High bulk density makes what difficult?

A

Root growth and tillage

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49
Q

Higher organic matter=

A

lower bulk density

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50
Q

Soils with low porosity have?

A

Higher bulk density

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51
Q

A portion fo a volume of soil that is not occupied by soil particles and are spaces filled with water or air is?

A

Pore space or Porosity

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52
Q

Large pores are called?

A

Macropores

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53
Q

Small pores are called?

A

Micropores

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54
Q

Macropores have roots that?

A

Penetrate easier here and there is a higher amount of air

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55
Q

Micropores is where what is found?

A

Water

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56
Q

Pore space is occupied by?

A

Either air or water

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57
Q

Total pore space is usually what and water content what?

A

Lower and higher at greater depths

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58
Q

Which horizon has a higher porosity?

A

A

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59
Q

The process of exchanging gases between the soil and the atmosphere is what?

A

Soil aeration

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60
Q

What is organisms living in the soil (including plants) use oxygen to produce carbon dioxide in respiration?

A

Soil aeration

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61
Q

Unbalanced aeration can accumulate what?

A

Toxins

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62
Q

The amount of water a soil is able to hold is?

A

Soil water content

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63
Q

Soil water content is determined by?

A

The number of pore spaces available adn the size of the pores that hold water

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64
Q

Soil water content can be measured as?

A

Weight or volume

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65
Q

Water content does not equal water?

A

Availability

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66
Q

The more negative the water potential, the ….. the plant has to work

A

harder

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67
Q

Do soil characterisitcs affect how land is used?

A

Yes

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68
Q

Only about what percent of the earth’s surface is arable land?

A

11

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69
Q

Most of the world’s utlized arable land is in?

A

US, Europe, and Asia

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70
Q

Soil characteristics and land use can be predicted by knowing?

A

Soil orders

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71
Q

How many soil orders are there?

A

12

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72
Q

Agriculturally important soil orders are?

A

Mollisol, Alfisol, and Ultisol

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73
Q

What soil order is dark coloration formed under grasslands and are very fertile and high in nitrogen?

A

Mollisol

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74
Q

What soil order looks like clay, translocation of clay, and naturally fertil so less fertilization?

A

Alfisol

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75
Q

What soil order has red coloration, humid and warm regions, adn need right management to be reproductive?

A

Ultisol

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76
Q

Reasons for tilling?

A

Improve soil condition, shape soil, and manage pests

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77
Q

Agricultural preperation fo the soil is?

A

Tillage

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78
Q

Prepare seedbeds, controls weeds: eliminates competition, adn improves physical conditions of the soil is?

A

Tillage

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79
Q

Tillage improves?

A

Seed/soil contact

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80
Q

Tillage influences?

A

Soil structure
Water holding capacity
Drainage
Aeration

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81
Q

Tillages shapes the soil by?

A

Smooth soil surface

Raise beds

82
Q

Why till?

A 
Control weeds,
Only method before herbicides
Bury seeds, rhizomes
Some weeds become more problematic
Reduce disease inoculum
Bury plant residue
Disrupt insect life cycles
83
Q

Two types of tillage?

A

Primary and Secondary

84
Q

Leaves the soil surface rough?

A

Primay Tillage

85
Q

Moldboard, Chisel, Disk, Sweep

A

Primary Tillage

86
Q

Follows primary tillage, prepares seedbed, weed control incorporate herbicides adn uproot weeds

A

Secondary tillage

87
Q

Tandem Disk, Rotary Hoe, Harrow, Bedder, Field cultivator

A

Secondary Tillage

88
Q

Compare and contrast primary and secondary?

A

Both used in tillage practices, primary is more economical and secondary is not as economical. Primary leaves the soil rough and secondary is leaves the soil smoother than primary.

89
Q

Involves plowing and or multiple tillage passes

A

Conventional

90
Q

Leaves less than 15 percent residue cover after planting?

A

Conventional

91
Q

Advantages of Conventional Tillage?

A

Excellent Seedbed
Improved aeration
Helps control pests
Levels field for easier harvest

92
Q

Disadvantages of Conventional Tillage?

A

More trips across field (time, money for fuel)
Compaction (plow pan may form)
Reduced organic matter
Increases potential for soil erosion
Poor water infiltration and no stopping wind and rain

93
Q

More than 30 percent of crop residue remains on soil surface?

A

Conservational

94
Q

Advantages of conservation tillage?

A

Reduce erosion by 95%
Better water infiltration increased water use efficiency
Increased amount of land capable of supporting row crops
Increased amount of land managed by one person
Save money on fuel

95
Q

Disadvantages of conservation tillage

A 
lower yeilds with cool wet springs
lower yeidls on poorly drained soils
poor distribution of fertilizer
increased problems with certain pests
increased dependence on herbicides
96
Q

Zero till, direct seeding or planting

A

No till

97
Q

Soil is undisturbed

A

No Till

98
Q

Tillage just for seeding

A

No till

99
Q

Tillage only for weed control with sweep

A

Mulch till

100
Q

Soil is disturbed

A

Mulch till

101
Q

Minimum tillage

A

Strip till

102
Q

Combining advantages of both conventional and conservation

A

Strip till

103
Q

Soil is partially disturbed

A

Strip till

104
Q

Planting occurs on the ridge

A

Ridge till

105
Q

Formation of ridges 1 year before seeding on ridge

A

Ridge till

106
Q

Residue remains in between ridges

A

Ridge till

107
Q

Seedbed

A

Conventional

108
Q

Pest managment

A

Conventional

109
Q

Soil organic matter

A

Conservational

110
Q

Compaction

A

Conventional

111
Q

Potential Erosion

A

Conventional

112
Q

Efficiency Managemtn

A

Conservation

113
Q

Slows water runoff, more efficient and easier on equipment

A

Contour farming

114
Q

Different than strip till-Alternates grass adn crops, reduce erosion and slows water runoff

A

Strip Cropping

115
Q

Remove water in excess, keep level moisture down

A

Drain tile

116
Q

Wide strips of native grasslange

A

Grassed waterways

117
Q

Variety or hybrid selection consider

A

Yield, environment, pest resistance, pest management strategy, other desirable traits

118
Q

An indicator of the ability of a seed to develop into a productive plant

A

Seed quality

119
Q

Seed quality factors

A 
Viability 
Purity
Vigor
Presence of pathogens, insects, or weed seed
Mechanical damage
120
Q

One way to quantify viable seeds is to calculate the

A

percent germination

121
Q

The ability of a seed to germinate under favorable conditions

A

viability

122
Q

germinated/total x 100

A

percent germination

123
Q

Testing viability

A

Rolled towel, petri dish

124
Q

Tetrazolium test

A

viability of dormant seeds

125
Q

Potential for rapid emergence of normal seedlings in field conditions

A

Seed vigor

126
Q

Tests for seed vigor

A

Cold test and accelerated aging

127
Q

Measures the percentage of the desired seed in teh sample

A

Seed purity

128
Q

Seed purity must determine

A

seeds of other crops
weed seeds
inert materials

129
Q

100%-%other crop-%weed-%inert material =purity

A

seed purity

130
Q

Injurious to health or to the environment cant sell or transport

A

Prohibited

131
Q

Must be controlled to avoid infestation, only have in small quantities

A

Restricted

132
Q

Canada thistle, quackgrass

A

prohibited

133
Q

dodder, giant foxtail

A

restricted

134
Q

State associations that provide high quality seeds of varieties developed by university breeders

A

Public seed associations

135
Q

Most common source of agronomic seeds

A

Private seed companies

136
Q

Lowest quality of seed

A

Farmer saved seed

137
Q

Farmer saved seed also called

A

Bin-run or brown bagged

138
Q

Variation of single row, better use of space, more plants per area

A

Twin row

139
Q

Reduce problems with depth, way to push the seeds, developing countries

A

hill drop

140
Q

Amount of seeds per area

A

Seeding rates

141
Q

Potimum seeding rate is important; too low resluts in

A

wasted resources

142
Q

too high results in seeding rates

A

intraspecific competition

143
Q

Planting dpth is influenced by

A

seed size
seed emergence pattern
soil conditions

144
Q

How efficiently plant uses water

A

Plant water use efficiency

145
Q

WUE=

A

Dry matter produced/water consumed

146
Q

Total water consumed in teh production of plant biomass

A

Evapotranspiration

147
Q

Water lost through transpiration by the plant plus water lost through evaporation from the soil?

A

Evapotranspiration

148
Q

Oldest method of irrigation?

A

Gravity flow or flood irrigation

149
Q

Flood irrigation is used for soils that are not easily?

A

Permeable

150
Q

Advantages of gravity flow irrigation?

A

Low initial cost

151
Q

Disadvantages of gravity flow irrigation

A

High labor costs, land leveling needed, high water losses

152
Q

Center pivot, lateral move water moves under pressure high investment at beginning

A

Sprinkler irrigation

153
Q

Advantages to Sprinkler irrigation

A

Very uniform application
Lillte land preperation
Low labor costs

154
Q

Disadvantages to Sprinkler irrigation

A

High initial cost
Energy needed to pressurize system
High evaportaive losses

155
Q

Subsurface drip
sUrface drip
Initial cost $1200/AC, Delivers small amount of water, easy to control

A

Microirrigation

156
Q

Advantages to Microirrigation?

A

Very efficient

Low erosion

157
Q

Disadvantages to microirrgation

A

High initial cost
Energy need to pressurize system
System may interfere with tillage

158
Q

Irrigation water should be free of

A

Particulates and low in salt content

159
Q

An association between a fungus and the roots of a plant

A

Mycorrhizae

160
Q

Improves nutrient and water uptake

A

Mycorrhizae

161
Q

Most plants form….associations

A

Mycorrhizae

162
Q

Mycorrhizae is a what relatioship

A

Symbiotic

163
Q

Non-mineral nutrients

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

164
Q

Non-mineral nutrients account for how much dry weight?

A

96%

165
Q

Macronutrients

A 
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Calcium
Magnesium
166
Q

Account for 3.5% of a plants dry weight

A

Macronutrients

167
Q

Micronutrients

A 
Iron
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
Boron
Chlorine
Moybdenum
168
Q

Sources of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium?

A

Synthetic fertilizer adn organic material (manure)

169
Q

Is loam a type of soil particle?

A

No

170
Q

Correct order for the soil horizon starting from the soil surface:

A

Horizon A, Horizon B, Horizon C, Horizon R

171
Q

Physical Condition of the soil is?

A

Soil Tilth

172
Q

Soil structure that is the arrangement of soil particles into groups. These groups are called?

A

Peds

173
Q

Soil Structure associated with high organic matter?

A

Granular

174
Q

Largest constituent of a typical soil?

A

Minerals

175
Q

Why is tillage done?

A

To shape the soil, to manage pests, and to improve soil conditions

176
Q

PWhich of the following is classified as a primary tillage implement? Tandem disk, Field Cultivator, Chisel Plow, or Lister

A

Chisel Plow

177
Q

Advantage of a conventional tillage system?

A

Helps pest/weed control

178
Q

Disadvantage of a conservational tillage system?

A

Increase dependence on herbicides

179
Q

Name of the form of conservation tillage in which soil is undisturbed and weed control is accomplished with herbicides?

A

No Till

180
Q

Characteristic of the conservation practice drain tile?

A

Removing excess water from soil surface

181
Q

Type of viability test?

A

Rolled towel

182
Q

Define germination?

A

Process of resuming growth in a seed

183
Q

Source of agricultural seeds has the lowest quality seeds?

A

Farmer-saved seed

184
Q

If a farmer plants too many seeds per acre?

A

Intraspecific competition

185
Q

Advantage of the twin-row planting pattern

A

Better use of available space and increase the amount of plants per area

186
Q

A small seeded crop should be planted

A

less deep in the soil

187
Q

Measure of the total amount of water required to produce one unit of dry matter?

A

Water Use Efficiency

188
Q

Oldest method of irrigation?

A

Gravity flow irrigation

189
Q

Main disadvantage fo a center-pivot irrigation system?

A

High initial cost

190
Q

Irrigation water of good quality sould be low in?

A

Salt

191
Q

Irrigation should be done when?

A

Water potential is preventing plant uptake of water and when the crop is at the critical growth stage

192
Q

Evapotranspiration differs from transpiration?

A

ET considers the water lost from the soil and by the plant; transpiration just considers the water lost by the plant.

193
Q

Association between fungus adn roots?

A

Mycorrhizae

194
Q

3 non-mineral nutrients that account for 96% of plant dry weight?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

195
Q

What are magnesium, nitrogen, and sulfur

A

Macronutrients

196
Q

Nutrients required in small concentrations?

A

Micronutrients

197
Q

Organic fertilizers can be considered a good source of which nutrients?

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus

198
Q

Non-mineral nutrients account for how much of the plants dry weight?

A

96%

199
Q

What weeds are only allowed in small quantities in commercial seed?

A

Restricted noxious weeds

200
Q

Accelerated aging tests can dtermine the what of seeds?

A

Vigor

201
Q

Macronutrients are required in what amounts by the plant?

A

Large

202
Q

Soils with what porosity have higher bulk density?

A

Low porosity

Plant (5 decks)

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