Exam 4 Flashcards
Define Achievement
the development of motives, capabilities, intersts and behaviours that have to do with performance in evaluative situations
What is achievement motivation?
(asking for charcteristics)
self-control, persistence, grit, and conscientiousness
- also linked with success in school and work during adolescence.
There is a link between perserverance & _______________
delayed gratification
What are two ways that fear of failure interact with achievement motivation?
1) can interact with feelings of anxiety..
2) can interfere with successful performance
Is fear of failure a cognitive or non cognitive factor?
apparently non cognitive…
dont ask me why
What sorts of outcomes do High acievement motivation + low fear of faure create?
kids will be more likely toa pproach challenge with determination..
its the gold standard
What sorts of outcomes do low ahcievement motivation and high fear of failure create?
Kids dread challenging achievements and do what they can to avoid it..
- creates underachievers..
- have the skill and abilities but perform lower because of the fear of failure.
What are some self-handicapping strategies that ‘underachievers’ use?
- procrastinating
- missing class
- engaging in these ^ depends on students levels of achievement and motivation
What are the two kinds of motivation that are affected by adolescents beliefs about their abilities?
1) Mastery motivation (intrinsic)
2) Performance motivation (extrinsic)
what is matstery motivation?
- stive to achieve because of intrinsic motivation to achieve.
- genuine interest.
- want to master material for own enjoyment
what is perfomrance motivation (extrinsic)?
- outside motivators that drive decisions around achievement.
- e.g., reard for performing well
- punishment for not performing well
Durring highschool… do kids have more performance or mastery motivation
performance
external pressure
How does stereotype threat influence beleifs bout success and failure?
- influences how likely (ethnic / racial / gender minorities) feel their chances of success or failure are.
- if they believe stereotypes can influence their performance.
- more likely to behave in ways that society expects you to.
The way adolescence think about intelligence is important in achievement (yupp). what is one factor that predicts performance?
growth mindset
you can doooo it
What are 3 factors that predict students behavioru in school?
1) beliefs about intelligence,
2) performance vs. mastery
3) confidence
What are 2 INTERNAL factors that contribute to how individuals attribute their success?
- Ability
- Effort
What are 2 EXTERNAL factors that contribute to how individuals attribute their success?
- Task Difficulty
- Luck
What does an “internal” attribution of performance result in?
high achievement motivation.
- more likely to try harder
What does an “external” attribution of performance result in?
- more liekly to feel helpless
- extert less effort in future
- doesn’t make a difference bc of bad luck
What is a term for when someone feels like their efforts don’t make a difference?
learned helplessness
Students’ motivation and school performance decline when they move into secondary school…
whyy?
There is less structure but more expectation because adolescents are now autonomous.
are older adolescence more or less likely to view their intelligence as stable?
more likely.
this means they feel like success / failure is due to lack of ability opposed to lack of effort.
= dysfunctional attritbutions of success / failure
What is the role of parenting on academic performance?
3 things
- parents values and expectations
- parents general approach to parenting
- quality of the home environment provided (e.g., cultural capital / social capital)
How do parents values affect adolescents academic success? (*)
- parents + adolescents expectations influence each other.
– low expectations = poor achievement
– authoritative parenting style = good.
– don’t want to be too pushy.
– adapt boundaries and expectations.
– laid back parents might not create environment for achievement because low expectations.. - when the values they hear at school are consistent at home its better for kid.
- parents who encourage success are more likely to be involved in kids life.
What kind of parenting approach is lined to school success during adolescence?
authoritative
- warm, firm, fair.
What type of parenting style is linked to diminished achievement & lower school engagement?
Authoritarian
Why is indulgent parenting not good for achievement?
no structure in home
What matters more for academic achievement?
quality of the home environment OR the quality of the physical facility of the school?
quality of the home enviornemnt.. duh
What are 3 things that make up the quality of the home environment?
- cultural capital
- SES on parent involvement
- Social capital
why does cultural capital influcence academic motivtion?
-exposes kids to enriching environment.
- art, music, literature
- range of experiences matter in terms of achievement.
- opportunities to build skills and interests
How does the effect of SES on parent involvement influence academic motivation?
more financially stable = more funds to cultural capital
how does social capital influence academic motivation?
- support, emotional encouragement, presence from adults influences success..
- mentors, elders, teachers, parent envolvement = social capital.
(parents who have financial constraints might not be able to provide emotional support)
_____ have a bigger impact on long term educational influence… but ______ impact the day to day more.
parents, peers
How does affiliation with peers = performance?
- they choose peers with similar grades.
– grades up = choose higher achieving class mates
– grades down = lower achieving peers. - they are also more worried about peer reactions to success
– might be cool / not cool
– academics is part of self concept
Does the family environment have an effect on adolescents choice of friends?
yes.
the interaction affects school achievement.
context matters.
List 3 ways that educational achievement is defined
- school performance
- academic achievement
- educational attainment.
give short defintion of: (too similar)
1. school performance
2. Academic achievement
3. educational attainment
+ engagement (her little extra add)
- school performance = grades
- academic achievemnet = performance on tests
- educational attainment = completion of highschool / university
- engagement = your behaviours that are related to achievement
What are some important considerations about adolescence?
-generally, ado don’t develop serious psychological or social problems
-onset and variables are important
-probs during ado aren’t necessarily caused by ado
-ado is just a period of vulnerability
What are 3 types of psychosocial problems
- Probs with physical health
(eating, drugs, sleep etc) - Internalizing probs
(depression + anxiety) - Externalizing probs
(conduct + defiance)
problems are often comorbid
Explain the theory of comorbidity: Problem Behaviour Syndrome
- Explains the underlying cause of externalizing problems
- ado who display externalizing probs show sense of unconventionality
-unconventional ppl = less tolerant of deviance, so if in unconventional environments that support aggression + violence they will latch on
What is the Problem clusters perspective (comorbidity of externalizing probs)
Problems in one domain can create problems in another (cascading effects)
external probs as kid > academic probs as ado > internal probs as adult
What is Social Control Theory
Clustering of probs may not stem from a problem in the person but from an underlying weakness in the attachment of the youth to society.
ex. SES problems: how society treats these individuals could bring up problems - not because of inherent issues, but societal
What is one underlying factor that appears to be comorbid with internalizing problems?
- negative emotionality (subjective state of distress)
-high negative emotionality = how easily someone becomes distressed = becomes more at risk for internalizing probs
internalizing disorders are more common among those who are _________
Anhedonic
(low positive emotions = risk for internalizing probs
How does society send mixed messages to youth about substance use?
- TV programs say “just say no”
- TV ads and comedies say “having a good time is impossible with out alcohol”
Cigarette use has gone ______, e-cigs have gone _____
down, up
What are the most used substances lol
alcohol then ganja
Are there gender differences in substance use?
not really in early ado
otherwise men win
What are age differences in substance use
Older youth engage in more substance, but riskier problematic use is associated with onset
- also use young = more likely to report substance use disorder + bullying
What are gateway drugs?
use substances before harder drugs (tabacco, alcohol, weed)
What does desist mean in regards to substance use?
Early onset, then declines over time
Ado who’s substance use begins early or escalates rapidly are most at risk for _____ _______ ______ as adults
substance use problems
Developmental. trajectories of weed: ______ is associated with the poorest maladjustment outcomes
high, chronic, stable use
What are 4 categories of risk factors for substance use and abuse?
- Psychological: personality risk - sensation seeking, impulsivity, personal vulnerabilities, inhibitory probs
-
2. Familial: poor parenting, hostile fam env., neglect
-
3. Social: peer influences + norms abt substances
-
4. Contextual: broader things like societal ex. society telling us its safe to drive high, now its available to young ppl, pricing of weed + alc matters
Tell me about youth + cannabis + driving
- 15-24 yr olds smoke more than 25+ yr olds
-youth crash more high
-chronic users are most likely to drive high
Why are drugs particularly bad for ado?
- brain is malleable
- frequent use interferes w maturation of dopamine system
- ado exposure leads to more addiction than older exposure
-lasting effects on brain functioning (hippocampus + prefrontal cortex)
Explain Ado Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
- include substance dependance and substance abuse
- criteria for substance abuse = 2 or more harmful repeated neg. consequences of substance use over last 12 months
What is the severity specifier of substance use disorder based on
number of symptoms
What 3 factors do efforts to prevent substance abuse focus on?
- limiting supply (pricing, laws)
- modifying environment (where dispensaries are, changing peer norms)
- focusing on individual risks (risk factors, increase inhibition)
What do the most encouraging programs foe prevention of substance use do?
Combine:
- social competence training (individual)
- community-wide intervention (their social environments like peers, parents, teachers)
- target harms associated w binge drinking + impaired driving
What are 2 treatments of substance abuse disorders?
Family approaches + motivating interviewing
What do family approaches for treating substance abuse seek to do?
- modify neg. interactions between family members
- improve communication
- develop effective problem solving skills to address areas of conflict
What does motivational interviewing for treating substance abuse do?
- patient-centered + directive approach
-engage intrinsic motivation within individual to change behaviour - address ambivalence any discrepancies between a person’s current values and behaviours and their future goals
When would ado require an inpatient or residential setting to treat substance abuse?
when they have more severe levels of abuse, unstable living conditions, of comorbid psychopathology
Feelings of body dissatisfaction can contribute to to disordered eating, but its a ________
continuum (range from healthy diet > symptoms meeting clinical criteria
Disordered eating can be blamed on
western values, sociocultural values, family environments, transitions in middle/high school + pressures to conform
What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?
- refusal to maintain normal body weight
- restricting food intake
- intense fear of gaining weight
- significant disturbance in perception + experiences of body size
What is Bulimia Nervosa characterized by?
- recurrent binge eating
-binges followed by compensatory behaviours - more common than anorexia
What is binge eating disorder characterized by?
- periods of eating more than other people would
- accompanied by feeling of loss of control
- similar to bulimia without the compensatory behaviours
What is the prevalence of eating disorders
- bulimia more common than anorexia
- common among all genders
- gender minorities are high risk
- gay ppl are exposed to more stressors so that’s why high risk
What are some determinants of disordered eating patterns
- neural biological factors
- menty health probs
-cogitive deficits
-social contexts - family influences
- trauma (not specific to ED but increases risk)
What are some treatments for disordered eating
- psychosocial interventions
- comprehensive treatment plans
- resolution of family + interpersonal probs
-in or out-patient treatment - individual or family oriented CBT to change eating behaviours with rewards and modeling
______ is the most common internalizing disorder among ado
depression
What are significant impairments in daily functions for internalizing problems
- disturbances in thinking, physical functioning, and social behaviour
- although associated with feelings of sadness, can include cog, motivational, and physical symptoms
- loss of enjoyment of pleasurable activities, low self-esteem
What two general categories does the DSM-5 divide mood disorders into?
- Depressive disorders
- bipolar disorder
MDD needs ______ or more of the criteria present during the same ____ week period and represent a change from previous functioning
five, 2
What is persistent depressive disorder (PDD) characterized by?
- symptoms of depressed mood that occur on most days, and persistent for at least one year
- symptoms are less severe, but more chronic than MDD
- youth with both MDD and P-DD are more severely impaired than youth with just one
What is suicide contagion
- someone around them commits suicide, and their risk goes up
What are higher risk populations for suicide?
- men + boys
- 2sLGBTQ+ youth
- youth in First Nation and Metis communities
What percent of youth commit nob-suicidal self-injury?
24%
What is the ethology of depression and internalizing disorders?
- those with a predisposition toward internalizing probs are exposed to chronic or acute stressors and unable to cope
What is the diatheses-stress model of depression?
Diathesis: biological origin or cognitive style
Stress: having high-conflict and low-cohesion fam, being unpopular, reporting more chronic and acute stressors, peer victimization
What is anxiety?
a mood state characterized by strong negative emotion and bodily symptoms of tension
- stuck in fight/flight
-excessive and debilitation anxiety
What are the anxiety response systems?
- physical system (brain > sympathetic nervous system, fight/flight)
- cognitive system (feeling nervousness & panic)
- behavioural system (desire to escape)
What are the 7 categories of anxiety disorders?
- separation anxiety disorder (SAD)
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- specific phobia
- social anxiety disorder
- panic disorder (PD)
- agoraphobia
- selective mutism
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
- excessive, uncontrollable anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities on most days
prevalence + comorbidity: other AD and depression
onset etc:
avg. age = early ado
older kids have more symptoms
symptoms persist over time
-
WHat are some treatment approaches of internalizing probs?
- Biological therapies (like SSRIs)
- Psychotherapies ( like CBT)
- family therapy
Does early intervention help low SES kids?
- ya
- helps parents strengthen boonds with kids
- addresses academic challenges so ready for school
_____________ at home can buffer negtive influene of socioeconomic disadvantage
positive relations
What age is the most important for intervention for low SES kids for educational achievement?
pre schoool
helps with:
- school readiness for academic achievement
- timing is key
- school readiness = nurturing parent child relationships, getting along with peers and teachers, and getting them used to being in a structured environment
What kinds of social problems can undermine achievement motivation?
- interpersonal stress.
- fatigue
- poor emotional regulation
study looking at kids in the pandemic..
(essentially their achievement was lowered because they were stressed. the stress made them tired and dysregualted.. then they didn’t want to engage in school) no shit.
Educational attainment is a powerful predictor of ________________ and earnings
adult occupational success
Occupational plans develop in parallel to identity development.
includes:
- examining ones traits, abilities and interests
- experimentation with different work roles
- integration of influences from ones past with ones hope for the future
- influenced by social environment.
just literally fun facts.
what is the most common internalizing disorder among adolescence?
despression
list some things that happen with depression
- disturbacnes in thinking, physical functioning, social behaviour
- sad, cognitive motivational, physical symtpmos
- loss of enjoyment
what are the 2 general categories of mood disorders?
- depressive disorders
- has excessive unhappiness (dysphoria)
- nd loss of interest in activities (anhedonia) - bipolar disorder
- deep sad / euporia / mania
How is persistent depressive disorder different than regular depression
- depression on most days, persists for one year.
- symptoms are less severe, but more chronic
- treatment rate is lower
Are youth with both MDD and PDD more severely impared than youth with just one?
hell ya
Depression can lead to suicidal ideation.
who are high risk populations?
- men/ boys
- LGBTQ
- indigenous
what are some other factors that can increase suicdie risk
- family history of sucide
- intesne stress
- experiencing extreme conflict
- suicide contagion (if friends / people in community have offed themselves)
What percentage of BC youth engage in NSSI (nonsuicidal self injury)
24%
What is the etiology (cause) of depression?
- diathesis..
- people have a predisposition toward inernalizing problems..
- then they are exposed to chronic or ACC ute stressors.
do people without the diathesis for depression develop psychological problems when met with stressors?
nooo.
What 2 origins can the diathesis be?
- biological (neuroendicrine / genetics)
OR - cognitive style (hopelessness, pessimism, blame)
What are some things that count as stessors (diathesis stress model)
- high conflict & low cohesion family
- being unpopular
- chronic and acute stress
- peer victimization
What is annnxiiety
- mood state
- characterized by negative emotions
- body symptoms of tension
when is anxiety a disorder?
when it is excessive and debilitating
Anxiety is _________, ___________, and _________
dumb words
multidimensional, dynamic, contextual
What are 3 parts of the anxiety response system?
- physical system
– brain
– sympathetic nervous system
- fight / flight - Cognitive system
- feelings of nervousness / panic - behavioural system
- desire to escape
What is generalized anxiety disorder (loooll)
its us <3
excessive, uncontrollable anxity and worry about a number of events or activities on most days
onset = adolescence
- older children more symptoms
- symptoms persist over time
if parent is overprotective.. what might it lead to (disorder)
anxiety
if parent psychological control what disorder migth it lead to?
depression
both together (depression + anxiety)
more severe / more risk
What is aggression defined as, and what are the two types?
Behaviour that is done intentionally to hurt someone
Physical and Relational
Why is the purpose of categorizing externalizing problems
tells you if it meets clinical criteria, how severe it is, and the legal implications
aggression can be ________ or ______
instrumental (planned) or reactive (unplanned)
Category is:
conduct disorder
what 2 things fall under it?
CD
ODD
aggression is ______ over time, but usually _______ over the course of childhood and ado
stable, declines
Category is:
Agression
what 2 things fall under it?
Overt + Covert
Category is:
Delinquency
what 2 things fall under it?
- Antisocial acts
- Juveline offending
What is “Juvenile offending”?
A legal term that includes delinquency
- * although a large % of offenders have CD, not all ado with CD are offenders (bc depends if they broke the law)
- violence and property crimes
What is conduct disorder?
Antisocial behaviour
invovles repetitive nd persistent patterns of antisocial behaviour
e.g., wrecking private property, stealing, imposing physical harm on others.
What is Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD)
A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness
childhood, no adult*
The onset of serious delinquency between early/mid ado, peaks in _______ _______, and declines during _______ _____
late ado, young adulthood
*known as the age crime curve
What is antisocial personality disorder? (APSD)
- a disorder of adulthood
- lack of regard for moral or legal standards of the community
- ability to get along with others or abide by societal laws
What are 3 ways antisocial behaviour takes form?
- authority conflicts (truancy)
- covert antisocial behaviour (stealing)
- overt antisocial behaviour (assault)
Explain Life-course-persitent (LCP) offenders (ado aggression)
- begins early and persists into adulthood
- histories of aggression, identifiable as early as age 8
-lower intelligence, cog deficits (hostile attribution bias etc) - tends to be quite stable across lifespan
What type of traits are antisocial personality disorder characterized by?
psychopathic or callous-unemotinoal traits
- they might seem charming, but they are manipulative, impulsive and indifferent to emotions of others
Do all adolescents who demonstrate antisocial behaviour develop APSD as adults?
nope.
but those who score higher on CU traits (callous-unemotional traits) are more likely to commit crimes
What are Adolescent-limited offenders (ado aggression)
- path begins at puberty and ends in YA
- don’t always show psychological probs or family pathology
- less extreme antisocial behaviour
- delinquency related to temporary situational factors
- less likely to be criminal as adult
- similar risk across genders + ethnic
- mostly due to peer influence
Conduct problems fall on a continuous dimenson of externalizing problems..
what are these 2 different dimensions?
- Overt vs. Covert dimension
– forms of aggression - Destructive vs. nondestructive dimension
What type of conduct problems do you get if you have adolescents who are OVERT & DESTRUCTIVE?
- Aggressive
- Assault
- Spiteful
- Cruel
- Blames others
- Fight
- Bullies
What is Juvenile delinquency?
- apprehension and court contact; antisocial behaviours at home of school
What type of conduct problems do you get if you have adolescents who are OVERT & NONDESTRUCTIVE
- Annoys
- Temper
- Defies
- Argues
- Angry
- Touchy
- oppositional behaviour
(lololol little pic of a boy crossing his arms and frowning evil)
What did the youth criminal justice act do?
reduced the number of juvenile cases
- restorative justice practices
-reduced incarceration
- those detained represent the most troubled youth committing the most serious crimes
What type of conduct problems do you get if you have adolescents who are COVERT & DESTRUCTIVE
- Property violations
- cruel to animals
- vandalism
- steals
- fire setting
- lies
What type of conduct problems do you get if you have adolescents who are COVERT & NONDESTRUCTIVE
- Runaway
- Truancy (skipping school)
- Swears lol
- Break rules
- Substance use
- Status Violation
What is the profile of at-risk BC youth in custody?
- indigenous overrepresentation
-50% of youth admissions
-48% of male, 62% of female - most youth have history of unstable housing
- most involved with justice system before 14 yrs
What are the 3 defining features of CD?
A) pattern of behaviour where basic rights of others, social norms and rules are violated.
– e.g., aggression to people and animals
– destruction of property
– deceitfulness or theft
– violations of rules (run away from home / skipping school)
B) causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning
c) if 18 or over, criteria is not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder
Most youth detained have a _______
Behavioural problem
(or general mental disability of some sort)
What are risk factors for juvenile delinquency?
- genetic + env
- biochemistry (cortisol levels)
- cog deficits
- peer influence
- high crime neibourhoods
- family
What age of onset for conduct disorder is the most severe?
childhood onset.
What did they find about family influence for low SES kids at risk for juvenile delinquency?
- there was a protective effect of family cohesion on association between witnessing community violence and delinquent behaviours
- doesn’t mean they won’t do delinquent, just less likely/ lowers risk
What makes CD a mild, moderate, or severe specifier
its bassed on the degree of harm caused.
e.g., minor harm (lying / staying out after dark without permission lololol)
moderate. (stealing, vandalism)
severe (weapon, BnE, physical cruelty)
What domains can externalizing problems impair?
- relationships
- stress (causes it)
- physical health risks
ex. being irritable, hostile, defiant - symptoms of ODD - impact physical health like headaches, abdominal and back pain etc - always in edge and in conflict influences bodies ability to handle stress and compromise body functoin
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is marked by a pattern of what 3 things?
(Catergory A)
- Angry / Irritable mood
- Argumentative / Defiant Behaviour
- Vindictiveness
Adolescent limited treatment is more effective. What are 4 comprehensive strategies?
- resist peer pressure and aggression
- help parents manage
- change contexts (like classrooms, neighbourhoods)
- treat delinquency seriously when it occurs
How do you treat chronic antisocial behaviour?
- prevent disruption in early family relationships
- head off early academic problems
- improve transition from school to work roles
What treatments for ado delinquency are not very effective?
- group treatments can worsen problem (iratogenic effects)
- restrictive approaches (residential treatment, incarceration
Category B and C of ODD are
B) associated with distress
C) not a psychotic episode, substance use, depressive /bipolar thing
ya
What are three effective treatments for ado delinquency?
- Parent management training (PMT): manage Childs behaviour using contingency management. Focus on improving parent-child interactions + enhance parenting skills
- Problem-solving skills training (PSST): identifies child;s cognitive deficiencies and distortions in social situations. child learns to change cog deficiencies, be more sensitive bla blah blah
- Multisystemic Therapy (MST): draws on the other two, and marital therapy + specialized intervention (like education) + referral to substance abuse treatment
What is the specifieer mild / med / severe for ODD
of settings
What is the typical age of CHILDHOOD ONSET for CD?
10
(dispaly at least one symptom before age 10)
Does childhood onset CD impact boys or girls more?
boys
is childhood CD persistent over time?
yup. more severe
What about Adolescent onset CD?
risks for boys and girls?
same risks boys and girls
Is adolescent onset CD more or less likely to commit violent crimes?
less likely. persists less. not as severe
Is CD always predicted by ODD?
YES.
BUT - ODD does not always predict CD
do most kids who have ODD progress to CD?
no
For most children ODD is a strong risk factor for later
ODD
and CD
