Exam 4

Question 1

Two levels of analysis

Answer 1

Conceptual (semantic)
Belief (speakers intent)

Question 2

Pragmatics

Answer 2

Social rules of language

Question 3

Insight

Answer 3

a deep understanding of the nature of something especially a difficult problem – a relatively sudden perception of correct relations among elements of a problem in problem solving

Question 4

Mechanistic

Answer 4

Step by step or mechanistic (cognitive science, artificial intelligence)

Question 5

Problem Space

Answer 5

the various states or conditions that are possible in the problem

Question 6

Operators

Answer 6

a set of legal operations or “moves”

Question 7

Well-Defined

Answer 7

any problem that presents an explicit or complete specification of the initial and goal states of the problem

Question 8

Ill-Defined

Answer 8

the states and/or operators are only vaguely specified

Question 9

GPS or General Problem Solver

Answer 9

production system

Question 10

Means-end Analysis

Answer 10

the problem is solved by repeatedly determining the difference between the current stage and the goal state, then finding and applying the operator that reduces the difference

Question 11

N400 ERP

Answer 11

mismatch negativity; when a stimulus does not match the current sentence context

Question 12

LEET Stimulus

Answer 12

Based on an alternative alphabet used on the internet/web (e.g, L33T LEET)

Question 13

Situation Model

Answer 13

a representation of the real world situation described by those sentences (can be person, time, location, or emotion based)

Question 14

Reference

Answer 14

the linguistic device of alluding to a concept by using another name (reduces boredom)

Question 15

Inference

Answer 15

Something the listener does: the process of drawing connections between concepts determine the referents of words and ideas in a passage, and deriving conclusions from a message

Question 16

Idioms

Answer 16

a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definition, but, instead, refers to a figurative known only through common use (“tie the knot” “kick the bucket” “a penny for your thoughts”)

Question 17

Fixations

Answer 17

when the eye stops on a. word (200-250 ms)

Question 18

Saccade Duration

Answer 18

(5-15 ms) how long eye movements last

Question 19

Reversions

Answer 19

Back tracking: when you move your eye backwards to the left to re-read a word

Question 20

Conversation

Answer 20

Normal, everyday language interactions

Question 21

Conditional Reasoning

Answer 21

if P then Q: a logical determination or whether the evidence supports, refutes, or is irrelevant to the stated if-then relationship

Question 22

Illicit Conversation

Answer 22

when the propositions “if” and “then” are reversed

Question 23

Psychophysics

Answer 23

how perceptual experience differs from the physical stimulation being perceived

Question 24

Decisions About Symbolic Distances

Answer 24

we judge differences between symbols more rapidly when they differ considerably on some symbolic
dimension (e.g., magnitude)

Question 25

Discriminate Dispersion

Answer 25

the location of an item stored in spatial memory “migrates” slightly

Question 26

Algorithm

Answer 26

a specific rule that is guaranteed to result in the correct answer if applied correctly

Question 27

Bayes Theorem

Answer 27

the odds in favor of a given hypothesis after the acquisition of a
piece of data should equal the prior odds (i.e., the odds before the datum was collected) multiplied by the likelihood ratio: P(H1/D)/P(H2/D) = P(H1)/P(H2) x P(D/H1)/P(D/H2

Question 28

Heuristic

Answer 28

rule of thumb: an informal
strategy that works under some circumstances, but is not guaranteed to result in the correct answer

Question 29

Frequency Heuristic

Answer 29

(general world knowledge)—basing judgments on frequency

Question 30

Familiarity Biases

Answer 30

the bias in availability is related to the ease of recall—our judgments
are biased by how familiar things are

Question 31

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 31

a judgment strategy in which we
make estimates based on how similar an event seems to its
population, or whether the event seems similar to the process that
produced it

Question 32

Compensatory Models

Answer 32

these models allow positive attributes to compensate for negative attributes

Question 33

Additive Difference Model

Answer 33

compares two alternatives by summing the differences between their values on each attribute

Question 34

Conjunctive Model

Answer 34

requires that all attributes satisfy some minimum criterion before considering that option

Question 35

Expected Value

Answer 35

the average value, as estimated by
combining the value of events with their probability of
occurrence

Question 36

Expected Utility

Answer 36

the subjective value of an outcome

Question 37

Problem Solving

Answer 37

the information processing involved in solving problems: goal directed activity

Question 38

Gestalt

Answer 38

emphasis of whole pattern or configuration

Question 39

Functional Fixedness

Answer 39

the tendency to use objects and concepts In the problem environment in only their customary way

Question 40

Negative Set

Answer 40

A bias or tendency to solve problems in one particular way, using a single specific approach, even when different approaches might be more productive

Question 41

Analogy

Answer 41

relationships between two similar situations, problems, or concepts

Question 42

Multi constraint Theory

Answer 42

a theory of analogical reasoning and problem solving

Question 43

Problem Similarity

Answer 43

between the source domain and the target domain

Question 44

Problem Structure

Answer 44

must be parallel structure between the source and the target problems