Exam 4 Flashcards
Problem solving
Two levels of analysis
Conceptual (semantic)
Belief (speakers intent)
Pragmatics
Social rules of language
Insight
a deep understanding of the nature of something especially a difficult problem – a relatively sudden perception of correct relations among elements of a problem in problem solving
Mechanistic
Step by step or mechanistic (cognitive science, artificial intelligence)
Problem Space
the various states or conditions that are possible in the problem
Operators
a set of legal operations or “moves”
Well-Defined
any problem that presents an explicit or complete specification of the initial and goal states of the problem
Ill-Defined
the states and/or operators are only vaguely specified
GPS or General Problem Solver
production system
Means-end Analysis
the problem is solved by repeatedly determining the difference between the current stage and the goal state, then finding and applying the operator that reduces the difference
N400 ERP
mismatch negativity; when a stimulus does not match the current sentence context
LEET Stimulus
Based on an alternative alphabet used on the internet/web (e.g, L33T LEET)
Situation Model
a representation of the real world situation described by those sentences (can be person, time, location, or emotion based)
Reference
the linguistic device of alluding to a concept by using another name (reduces boredom)
Inference
Something the listener does: the process of drawing connections between concepts determine the referents of words and ideas in a passage, and deriving conclusions from a message
Idioms
a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definition, but, instead, refers to a figurative known only through common use (“tie the knot” “kick the bucket” “a penny for your thoughts”)
Fixations
when the eye stops on a. word (200-250 ms)
Saccade Duration
(5-15 ms) how long eye movements last
Reversions
Back tracking: when you move your eye backwards to the left to re-read a word
Conversation
Normal, everyday language interactions
Conditional Reasoning
if P then Q: a logical determination or whether the evidence supports, refutes, or is irrelevant to the stated if-then relationship
Illicit Conversation
when the propositions “if” and “then” are reversed
Psychophysics
how perceptual experience differs from the physical stimulation being perceived
Decisions About Symbolic Distances
we judge differences between symbols more rapidly when they differ considerably on some symbolic
dimension (e.g., magnitude)
Discriminate Dispersion
the location of an item stored in spatial memory “migrates” slightly
Algorithm
a specific rule that is guaranteed to result in the correct answer if applied correctly
Bayes Theorem
the odds in favor of a given hypothesis after the acquisition of a
piece of data should equal the prior odds (i.e., the odds before the datum was collected) multiplied by the likelihood ratio: P(H1/D)/P(H2/D) = P(H1)/P(H2) x P(D/H1)/P(D/H2
Heuristic
rule of thumb: an informal
strategy that works under some circumstances, but is not guaranteed to result in the correct answer
Frequency Heuristic
(general world knowledge)—basing judgments on frequency
Familiarity Biases
the bias in availability is related to the ease of recall—our judgments
are biased by how familiar things are
Representativeness Heuristic
a judgment strategy in which we
make estimates based on how similar an event seems to its
population, or whether the event seems similar to the process that
produced it
Compensatory Models
these models allow positive attributes to compensate for negative attributes
Additive Difference Model
compares two alternatives by summing the differences between their values on each attribute
Conjunctive Model
requires that all attributes satisfy some minimum criterion before considering that option
Expected Value
the average value, as estimated by
combining the value of events with their probability of
occurrence
Expected Utility
the subjective value of an outcome
Problem Solving
the information processing involved in solving problems: goal directed activity
Gestalt
emphasis of whole pattern or configuration
Functional Fixedness
the tendency to use objects and concepts In the problem environment in only their customary way
Negative Set
A bias or tendency to solve problems in one particular way, using a single specific approach, even when different approaches might be more productive
Analogy
relationships between two similar situations, problems, or concepts
Multi constraint Theory
a theory of analogical reasoning and problem solving
Problem Similarity
between the source domain and the target domain
Problem Structure
must be parallel structure between the source and the target problems
