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Biology 207 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

skin and mucosal surfaces

A

organism must penetrate, adhere, grow
mucus limits direct access to epithelial cells

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2
Q

normal flora

A

young are more susceptible before stable adult flora develops
diet and drugs can alter flora

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3
Q

antimicrobial secretions

A

lysozyme & other enzymes kill bacteria in saliva and tears
defensin proteins insert in microbial membranes
blood proteins sequester nutrients
fatty acids on skin lower pH

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4
Q

physical removal

A

cilia/mucus movement
urine flushing

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5
Q

general host defenses

A

skin and mucosal surfaces, normal flora, antimicrobial secretions, physical removal, stomach acid

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6
Q

components of the immune system (2nd and 3rd line of defense)

A

blood and lymph systems, organs and tissues, blood cells, plasma proteins

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7
Q

blood and lymph systems

A

two interconnected circulatory systems
- blood is closed loop powered by heart
- lymph is a drainage system returning tissue to blood

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8
Q

lymph drainage system

A
  • series of connecting vessels starting with microscopic capillaries
  • fluid drains from lymph to surrounding tissue
  • movement of fluid powered by skeletal muscle pressing on lymph vessel (one way valves keep lymph moving to chest)
  • white blood cells move in and out of lymph vessels (extravasation), WBCs collect in lymph nodes, kill bacteria, remove debris, and interact with other cells of the immune system present there
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9
Q

primary organs/tissues

A

where lymphocytes develop: thymus and bone marros

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10
Q

secondary organs/tissues

A

where lymphocytes collect: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix (MALT GALT SALT)
M cells in skin, tonsils, adenoids, intestines monitor flora

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11
Q

blood cells: erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, not part of immune system (enucleated, carry oxygen)

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12
Q

platelets

A

involved in clotting

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13
Q

leukocytes: white blood cells

A

monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes

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14
Q

monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages

A

these are phagocytic, antigen presenting cells
-engulfs foreign cells, viruses, proteins
-break these down and display foreign peptides on their surface
-monocytes circulate in blood
-dendritic cells and macrophages attach to different tissues

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15
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PNMs or granulocytes in blood)

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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16
Q

PNMs: neutrophils

A

phagocytic cells, migrate to site of infection (go where they are needed) can use NET (neutrophil extracellular trap) to kill cells

17
Q

PNMs: eosinophils

A

anti-protozoan secretions

18
Q

PNMs: basophils

A

inflammation mediator

19
Q

mast cells

A

mediate inflammation throughout the body, not in blood

20
Q

lymphocytes

A

mostly in spleen and lymph nodes:
natural killer cells, T cells, B cells

21
Q

lymphocytes: T cells

A

central to adaptive immunity

22
Q

lymphocytes: B cells

A

part of adaptive immunity, produce antibodies

23
Q

lymphocytes: natural killer cells

A

kill infected or cancerous cells

24
Q

proportion of blood

A

plasma proteins (soluble in fluid portion of blood): 55%
blood cells: 45%

25
Q

plasma proteins

A

fibrinogen - clotting
antibodies
complementary
iron sequestration and other antibacterial proteins

26
Q

response: infection via a splinter

A

resident macrophages engulf pathogens and release cytokines. vasoactive factors and cytokines help deliver additional phagocytes. some cytokines initiate healing as pathogens are destroyed.

27
Q

inflammatory response

A

a non specific response to wounds and infection, signs describes 2000 years ago: redness, heat, pain, swelling

28
Q

detection

A

triggered by unique signals of invader, bind to toll like receptors (in membrane) or nod-like receptors (in cytoplasm), cause transcription, and release of cytokines

29
Q

clotting

A

clotting factors released by platelets, attempt to contain (wall off) infection

30
Q

phagocytosis

A
  1. bacterium binds to the surface of a phagocytic cell. antibody or complement can aid binding
  2. phagocyte pseudopods extend and engulf the organism
  3. invagination of phagocyte membrane traps the organism within a phagosome
  4. lysosome fuses and deposits enzymes into the phagosome. enzymes cleave macromolecules and generate reactive oxygen species, destroying the organism
31
Q

phagocyte/macrophage engulfs the microbe

A

invader is recognized because it does not have self antigen (CD4), some pathogens can avoid because of their capsule. antibodies can increase phagocytosis

32
Q
A

Biology 207 (4 decks)

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