Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 207 > Exam 1 Mindmap > Flashcards

Exam 1 Mindmap Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endosymbiosis

A

bacteria and archaea was engulfed and evolved to be mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

koch’s postulates

A

rules for determining the link between microbe and disease
1. microbe is present in ill cells and not in healthy cells
2. when isolated and cultured inside hosts, no other microbes are present
3. healthy people injected with isolated microbe become sick
4. microbe can be isolated and cultured from those newly sick individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pasteur’s experiment

A

a broth was boiled and microbes were killed, and after 100 years, no microbes were present in broth but they accumulated in an attached tube
once the gathered microbes were tipped into the nutritious broth, they multiplied quickly (disproves spontaneous generation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

common ground between archaea and bacteria

A

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

common ground between bacteria and eukaryotes

A

membrane composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

common ground between eukaryotes and archaea

A

genetic makeup and machinery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microscope purpose

A

useful to see how microbes interact with eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

resolution

A

smallest distinguishing distance between 2 things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

detection

A

ability to determine prescence of object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

magnification

A

(what we resolve through) increase in apparent size to distinguish objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spherical bacteria

A

coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rod shaped

A

bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

box shaped

A

arcula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

appendaged

A

additive portion of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what gives us information on the type of bacteria?

A

shape of bacteria and colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can we see with light microscopes?

A

eukaryotes, prokaryotes sometimes (without sub cellular structures), NOT phages and viruses (too small)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

conditions to resolve an object

A

contrast, wavelength, magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

wavelength rule

A

can be maximum 2x the object (the size of the object must be at least half of the wavelength)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

focal point

A

where refracted light meets (and where we can see)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

immersion oil

A

use with microscope’s 100x lens, it has the same refractive index as glass (so it cancels), more waves absorb and less escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

wet mount bacteria

A

in its natural state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

smear bacteria

A

stained and dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

simple stain

A

colors cells
ex: methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

differential stain

A

stains some cells and not others (to differentiate)
ex: gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

specimen absorbs light and emits longer wavelengths
used to identify specific bacteria if they are too small to resolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chemical imaging

A

detects activity of cells and uses its mass to identify microb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dark field

A

used when size is too small to resolve with light or when the cytoplasm is transparent (uses phase contrast and scattered light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

electron microscopy

A

2 types: transmission and scanning
electrons are equal to lightwaves and the object (which is fixated and coated with metal - besides cyro EM) absorbs electrons. used to observe shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

transmission EM

A

observes internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

scanning EM

A

observes externally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

fundamental traits of bacteria

A

think and complex outer envelope, compact genome, tightly coordinated functioning (for efficiency and quick replication in compact state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cytoplasm

A

gel with DNA, RNA, proteins and solutes (unique structural filaments: MinC and MinD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cell membrane

A

encloses cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

nucleoid

A

non membrane bound area of cytoplasm containing chromosomes (looped coils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cell wall

A

rigid external structure to prevent bursting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

specialized structures

A

flagellum and chemosensors for motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

lots packed into the plasma membrane- the cell envelope is key to interaction with host and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cell components

A

water, proteins, nucleic acids, peptidoglycan, essential ions (dictactes what is transported across the envelope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

membrane composition of bacteria

A

phospholipids: made up of glycerol (carb), with ester links to hydrophobic tails and phospholipid head group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

phospholipids in archaea

A

more rigid, more ether links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

fluidity of bacterial membranes

A

adaptable by modifying fluidity
unsaturated (cis) bonds increase fluidity
cyclic structures reduce fluidity (more rigid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

teichoic acids

A

found in gram positive bacteria, holds together the layers of peptidoglycan and consists of glycerol and phosphodiester chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Gr+ cell envelope

A

cell membrane, peptidoglycan, S layer, glycosyl chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Gr- cell envelope

A

inner membrane, peptidoglycan (periplasm), outer membrane, liposacchrides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

liposacchrides

A

found in Gr- bacteria: endotoxins that are healthy for bacteria but if the cell is lysed, dangerous for host (difficult to target because antibiotics repel due to hydrophobicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

inner membrane proteins

A

YjpP and YjgQ (transport liposacchrides to the surface of the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

mutations in the cytoskeleton

A

can cause shape change, function, complications, and death!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

bacillus mutation

A

mutated mreB (rods to bubbles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

creS mutation

A

makes curved cells straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

FtsZ

A

forms complex around middle of cell (Z-ring) to help develop round shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

MreB

A

guides peptidoglycan elongation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

crescentin

A

polymerizes along inner curve to create curved shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

ribosomes

A

made of RNA and proteins in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

svedburg units

A

measures size and density
bacterial ribosomes: 70S
eukaryote ribosomes: 80S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

pilin

A

protein monomers that attach to envelope and cytoplasm (cause gonorrhea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

chromosome

A

double stranded circular DNA aggregated in the nucleoid (viruses can be single stranded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

plasmid

A

non essential pieces of DNA (important in genetic engineering which produced insulin production), passed onto offspring, exchange antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

O2 and CO2 (small and uncharged molecules)

A

passively permeate through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

H2O transport

A

uses aquaporins (proteins) to cross membrane via osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

weak acid and base transport

A

pass uncharged through the membrane and then become charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

active transport

A

low concentration to high concentration (requires energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

passive transport

A

high concentration to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

coupled transport

A

uses concentration gradient of one substance to power another against its gradient (can be symport or antiport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

ABC transport

A

ATP binding proteins dephosphorylate (making ADP) and uses that released energy to transport across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

sidrophores

A

used to transport rare nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

group translocation

A

fools gradient (uses phosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what is resolution dependent on?

A

density of photoreceptors in observer’s eye

68
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a target for antibiotics, because it is in the cell wall of bacteria. a polymer of NAM and NAG sugars that are interconnected

69
Q

S-layers

A

crystalline layers of proteins for extra protection

70
Q

capsule

A

polysaccharides and glycoproteins- protect cell from drying out and being eaten (phagocytosis)

71
Q

carboxysomes

A

bodies packed with Rubisco for CO2 fixation

72
Q

gas vesicles

A

protein bound gas filled structures to make things float

73
Q

flagella

A

spiral filament of protein monomers rotated by a proton motive force

74
Q

chemotaxis

A

flagella moving!
clockwise = tumbles (flips/switches directions)
counterclockwise = moves forward

75
Q

essential nutrients

A

must be supplied from the environment

76
Q

macronutrients

A

major elements in cell macromolecules

77
Q

cofactors

A

magnesium, iron, and potassium

78
Q

micronutrients

A

trace elements necessary for enzyme function

79
Q

autotrophs

A

fix CO2 and assemble into organic molecules (producers)

80
Q

heterotrophs

A

use preformed organic molecules (consumers)

81
Q

(chemo)organotrophs

A

use organic molecules for e- (most heterotrophs)

82
Q

(chemo)lithotrophs

A

use inorganic molecules for e-

83
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from chemical reactions triggered by light

84
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from redox reactions (two types: lithotrophs and organotrophs)

85
Q

mixotrophs

A

can use multiple methods to exist

86
Q

heterotrophy metabolism

A

external C sources cause energy transfer and C breakdown for other machinery (carbon cycle generates energy)

87
Q

autotrophy metabolism

A

energy generated is used to fix CO2, molecules are reassembled into glucose

88
Q

bacteria grown in liquid or broth

A

useful for studying the growth characteristics of a pure culture

89
Q

solid

A

useful for trying to separate mixed cultures from clinical specimens or natural environments

90
Q

dilution streaking

A

a loop is dragged across the surface of an agar plate

91
Q

spread plate

A

serial dilutions are performed on a liquid culture, a small amount of each dilution is then plated

92
Q

complex media

A

nutrient rich but poorly defined

93
Q

minimal media

A

contains only nutrients that are essential for growth of a specific microbe

94
Q

enriched media

A

complex media to which specific components are added

95
Q

selective media

A

favors growth of one organism over another

96
Q

differential media

A

exploits differences between species that grow equally well

97
Q

growth factors

A

specific nutrients required by not all, but some species (needed to grow in lab media)

98
Q

unculturable microbes

A

species that adapted so well to their environment that we cannot grow them in lab (may depend on growth factors that other species produce), or we may give too much!

99
Q

optical density

A

measures growth in real time; bacteria in a tube of liquid medium can be detected by how cloudy medium appears as the cells scatter light
-quick and easy approximation of cell density
-decreased intensity of light due to scatter by a suspension is measured as optical density

100
Q

light microscopy

A

direct counting of living and dead cells
-counted directly by placing dilutions on a special microscope (hemocytometer)

101
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

direct counting of living and dead cells
-living cells may be distinguished from dead cells using chemical dyes
(dead = red from propidium, live = green from syto-9 which can enter all cells)

102
Q

flow cytometry and cell sorting

A

direct counting of living and dead cells
-light scatter correlates to cell size and granularity
-fluorescence measures live and dead cell content

103
Q

how do most bacteria divide?

A

binary fission: one parent cell splits into two equal daughter cells
some divide asymmetrically (caulobacteria has a stalk and swimmer cell, and hyphomicrobium divides by budding)

104
Q

growth rate

A

rate of increase in cell numbers or biomass is proportional to the population size at a given time (exponential growth never lasts indefinitley)

105
Q

generation time

A

time it takes for a population to double

106
Q

final cell number for binary fission equation

A

Nt = N0 x 2^n
Nt = final cell number
N0 = original cell number
n = number of generations

107
Q

cyanobacterial heterocysts

A

every 10th anabaena cell- makes nitrogenase, forms a specialized barrier from O2, degrades photosynthetic machinery, allowing it to fix nitrogen anaerobically at night and maintain oxygenic photosynthesis during the day

108
Q

gliding motility

A

myxococcus uses gliding motility - starvation triggers the aggregation of 100,000 cells which form a fruiting body (cells inside differentiate into dormant microspores)

109
Q

what determines ability for rate and growth?

A

nutrients available, physical parameters, chemical and biological control agents (may stress response or adapt)

110
Q

normal conditions

A

pressure: sea level
temperature: 20-40 degrees C
pH: near neutral
salt concentration: 0.9%
ample nutrients

111
Q

what can microbes control?

A

pH, osmolarity, sometimes O2

112
Q

what can microbes not control?

A

internal temperature and pressure

113
Q

microbe temperature

A

matches its environment —> affects nutrient transporters, DNA/RNA stability, enzyme structure and function

114
Q

osmolarity

A

number of solute molecules (opposite of water activity)

115
Q

water activity

A

how much water is available (becomes water as solutes increase, fungi can grow with lower activity)

116
Q

hypertonic medium

A

osmolarity greater inside than outside the cell, water flows inside

117
Q

hypertonic medium

A

osmolarity greater outside than inside, water flows outside

118
Q

how do halophiles avoid high internal salt concentration?

A

using Na+/K+ antiporters (special ion pumps excrete sodium and replace it with a compatible solute)

119
Q

mechanosensitive channels

A

leak ions out of cell to avoid an influx of water

120
Q

how do alkaliphiles maintain a neutral internal pH?

A

rely on Na+/H+ antiporters to bring protons into the cell, peptidoglycan and lipid modifications reduce OH permeability, has sodium motive force (to power flagella motility)

121
Q

how do acidophiles maintain a neutral internal pH?

A

proton motive force is present, membrane permeability changes to reduce H+ entrance, K+(in)/H+(out) antiporters

122
Q

strict anaerobes

A

die in the presence of oxygen have different acceptor in the electron transport chain

123
Q

aerotolerant

A

can grow in O2 while functioning in fermentation

124
Q

microaerophiles

A

only grow at low O2 concentration

125
Q

faculatative

A

can grow with or without O2 (both types of respiration)

126
Q

probiotics

A

restore balance in intestinal microbiome

127
Q

phage therapy

A

aims to treat infectious diseases with a virus targeted to a pathogen

128
Q

halophile

A

high salt

129
Q

barophile

A

high pressure

130
Q

hyperthermophile

A

above 80 degrees C

131
Q

thermophile

A

between 50-80 degrees C

132
Q

disinfection

A

killing/removing antigens from inanimate objects

133
Q

sterilization

A

kills all living cells, spores, and viruses

134
Q

antisepsis

A

kills/removes pathogens from surface of living tissues

135
Q

antimicrobials

A

bacteriostatic = inhibits growth
bactericidal = kills bacteria

136
Q

lag phase

A

bacteria are preparing cell machinery for growth

137
Q

log phase

A

growth approximates an exponential curve

138
Q

stationary phase

A

cells stop growing and shut down their growth machinery while turning on stress responses to retain viability

139
Q

death phase

A

cells die with a “half life” similar to that of radioactive decay, a negative exponential curve

140
Q

rod shape

A

envelope elongates + peptidoglycan chains track around the cell (DNA synthesis, then separation)

141
Q

sphere

A

septation by Z ring generates cell envelope (splits then expands)

142
Q

archaea

A

more closely related to Eukarya
- unique DNA compaction
-unique and chemically distinct cell walls
-certain genetic sequences only found in rRNA

143
Q

psychrophiles

A

cold

144
Q

what shows distance in ancestry?

A

nitrogen bases in rRNA

145
Q

macronutrients

A

C, H, N, O, P, S

146
Q

micronutrients

A

Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mb, Ni

147
Q

cations necessary for enzyme function

A

cofactors: K+, Fe2+, Mg2+
cell signaling: Ca2+

148
Q

autotrophs

A

fix carbons for themselves through CO2 (glucose through fixation)

149
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain carbon for organic molecules (to glycolysis)

150
Q

phototrophs

A

energy from light

151
Q

chemotrophs

A

energy from redox reactions

152
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

use inorganic molecules for electrons

153
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

use organic molecules for electrons

154
Q

how are bacteria defined?

A

by similarities within traits

155
Q

serotype

A

stimulate distinct response of antibiotics

156
Q

subspecies/strain/type

A

same species with different characteristics

157
Q

growth cycle

A

bacteria divides by binary fission; one cell divides into 2 equal daughter cells (some divide asymmetrically)

158
Q

growth factors

A

specific nutrients required by some but not all species

159
Q

mixotrophs

A

can use multiple methods to obtain energy and carbon

160
Q

liquid culture

A

best to see growth

161
Q

solid culture

A

best to see seperation of species

162
Q

isolation techniques

A

streaking and spread plate (dilution)

163
Q

batch culture

A

liquid culture within a closed system (best for seeing change in environments)

164
Q

continuous culture

A

all cells in a population achieve a steady state, which allows detailed study of bacterial physiology
adds and removes equal amounts of culture medium (ex: stomach)

165
Q

biofilms

A

protect the cells from drying out; specialized, surface attached communities (defense against stress). can be cued by environmental signals in different species (pH, iron, temperature, oxygen, amino acids)

166
Q

steps to forming biofilms

A
  1. a signal induces a genetic program in planktonic cells, cells attach to surfaces
  2. adhered cells. coat surface and more cells attach, communicate via quorum sensing
  3. cells form extracellular matrix (polysacchrides, DNA, proteins)
  4. columns, streaks, and channels form
  5. individuals detach when nutrients become scarce
167
Q
A

Biology 207 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions