Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESC 1000 > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Continental Crust is younger than Oceanic Crust true or false.

A

False. Older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Convection currents occur in the _____________________ and helps pushes plates around.

A

Middle Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Continental drift was not widely accepted when it was first proposed because _______________________.

A

because Wegner could not explain how or why Earth’s continents move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Features found at divergent boundaries include __________________________________________________.

A

rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, fissure volcanoes, underwater mountain chains, and areas of frequent shallow earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The driving force of tectonic plates is related to convection currents in Earth’s _____________________________.

A

MANTLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At a convergent plate boundary between an oceanic and continental crust what will occur?

A

Because continental crust is lighter than oceanic crust, oceanic crust will create a subduction zone.
oceanic crust will slide underneath the continental crust.
This often creates deep ocean trenches and volcanic mountains like the Andes mountains in Peru and the Cascades in Washington

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Pangaea.

A

almost all continents were merged into a single supercontinent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the asthenosphere.

A

This is the layer below the lithosphere. This layer is “ plastic –like”. Maleable, somewhat solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Earth’s core is made primarily of_________________________________________________

A

iron and has NickeL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is the inner core of the Earth solid?

A

It is solid because of the pressure from the outer core, mantle, and crust compressing it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The San Andreas fault is a good representative of a __________________________

A

Transform Boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Nazca Plate seafloor is to pushing into the South American plate. What is the result of this collision?

A

subduction zone, under a convergent boundary. ocean to continent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What features are formed as a result of continental-continental convergence?

A

the two plates meet and crumple up; forming mountains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When the Indian plate moved northward towards the Eurasian plate, what was the result of that collision?

A

Himalaya Mountains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The theory of ________________________________ states that plates move around on the asthenosphere.

A

plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does the planet Earth have geologic features as earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains?

A

plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Earth’s plates ride on the liquid-like mantle, why?

A

The lithosphere is less dense than the asthenosphere, so the lithosphere “ floats” on the asthenosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the driving force behind plate tectonics?

A

convection currents from heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Continental -Continental Convergence is different than the other types of convergent boundaries. Why?

A

Since both plates are less dense than the material in the asthenosphere, no subduction occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oceanic Crust is _____________dense than ____________________crust because oceanic crust is primarily composed
of ______________________.

A

less
continental
iron magnesium calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do we know about the different layers of the Earth?

A

observations of seismic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the correct order for the structure of the interior of the Earth from the surface to the interior?

A

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain how igneous rocks are formed?

A

Formed underground by trapped, cooled magma

Formed above ground when volcanoes erupt and lava cools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The driving force of metamorphism is _________________ and ____________________.

A

heat; pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Examine the image below and answer the question: Is this an intrusive igneous rock or an extrusive igneous rock and
why?
circle rock with a lot of cracks some colored

A

Intrusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Examine the image below, is this a foliated or non-foliated metamorphic rock and why?
Lots of layers like a cake

A

foliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

You find a rock with pieces of fossilized seashells in a sedimentary rock. What is the best explanation on how
the seashells got there?

A

The hard parts of animals, such as bones and shells, can become cemented together over time to make rock.

Plant remains squashed deep underground over millions of years make an organic sedimentary rock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Write the correct explanation for the formation of the Florida Keys?

A

during the iceless ice age sea level was
higher during Pleistocene interglacial periods, southernmost Florida was under water, and remained warm enough
and protected enough from introduced clastics, to build carbonate rock. The fossilized reef that we know as the
upper Florida Keys formed during this time period. Coral reefs, oolitic shoals (made of spherical, egglike, calcium
carbonate ooid grains), and deposits of shells and bryozoans all contributed to Florida’s Pleistocene-age carbonate
formations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why does pumice and scoria tend to have air bubbles, and granite does not have air bubbles in its composition?

A

formed from volcanic lava that rapidly cools, trapping the gas bubbles that were dissolved in the magma, while granite forms deep underground where pressure prevents gas from escaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How could a metamorphic rock turn into an igneous rock?

A

subjected to extreme heat, causing it to melt and form magma, which then cools and solidifies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most caves are formed because they are made up of what kind of rock and why?

A

imestone rock because it is easily dissolved by slightly acidic rainwater, which over time can create cavities and passages within the rock,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stalagmites are found_________________________ in a cave.

A

Stalagmites rise up from the ground

Water seeping through the rock picks up the calcium carbonate and slowly build over time

33
Q

The size of the crystals that form in slowly cooling magma tend to be ________________________

A

large

34
Q

Lava cools quickly thus, tends to form _______________________________________ rocks

A

igneous

35
Q

More and more sodium chloride is added to water until a rock begins to form (rock salt), what type of rock does
this represent?

A

Halite/ chemical sedimentary rock

36
Q

Lava can only form which type of rock?

A

igneous

37
Q

Clastic Sedimentary rocks are made from _________________________

A

weathering processes

38
Q

Molten material deep inside Earth that igneous rocks form from is called___________________________.

A

Magma

39
Q

Sandstone is mostly likely formed into a sedimentary rock through what process?

A

compaction and cementation

40
Q

Shale is a sedimentary rock, under the forces of heat and pressure, shale most likely becomes _______________.

A

Slate/metamorphic rock

41
Q

Foliated metamorphic rocks are distinguished by __________________.

A

visible banded or layered texture (birthday cake)

42
Q

Magma that cools slowly forms _________________________ rock

A

(intrusive) igneous

43
Q

The minerals mica, hornblende, feldspar, and quartz mix together to form this igneous rock_____________.

A

granite

44
Q

Why will marble react with acid?

A

composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which readily reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and a calcium salt; essentially, when an acid comes in contact with calcium carbonate, a chemical reaction occurs causing the marble to fizz and dissolve slightly.

45
Q

Why is Quartzite composed mostly of quartz?

A

formed from quartz-rich sedimentary rocks like sandstone under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions
nonfoliated metamorphic rock

46
Q

If a metamorphic rock is subjected to too much heat and melts, will it still be a metamorphic rock and why or why not?

A

no because if the rock melts it becomes magma

47
Q

When forming a sedimentary rock, if the grains are too big for the rock to form, how does a sedimentary rock
form?

A

the spaces between them are filled with dissolved minerals that precipitate out of solution, acting as a “cement” to bind the large grains together

48
Q

Why is the state of Florida the nation’s number 1 place to find sinkholes?

A

Because FL is composed primarily of limestone, a highly soluble rock in a very wet climate

49
Q

Metamorphic Rocks are formed from _________________

A

heat and pressure

50
Q

If granite is subjected to heat and pressure, it will form into which type of rock?

A

gneiss (metamorphic rock)

51
Q

According to the rock cycle, what is the correct order for the formation of a sedimentary rock
1- Cementation or Compaction
2- Weathering and Erosion
3- Sedimentary Rock
4- Sediments

A
  1. weathering
  2. sediments
  3. cementation
  4. sedi. rocks
52
Q

How were the caves in Mariana Florida were formed?

A

While the area was covered in the sea, calcium carbonate was readily being deposited by marine organisms . Over the course of many years, the limestone breached the surface and the limestone started to get eroded by carbonic acid in the rainwater and groundwater, forming the caves and the famous cave features

53
Q

Explain the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive- when magma cools inside the earths surface
Extrusive- magma outside the earths surface

54
Q

What is the chemical formula for Calcite?

A

CaCO3

55
Q

What is the chemical formula for Carbonic Acid?

A

H2CO3

56
Q

Here in the state of Florida, most of the minerals that we get here are formed from ____________________________.

A

marine deposits/limestone

57
Q

Due to the properties of an Opal, an Opal is considered to be a _____________________.

A

mineraloid

58
Q

Would an iceberg be classified as a mineral, why or why not?

A

yes. it is naturally occurring, solid ice (H2O), with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure, which are the key criteria

59
Q

What are the two different geological processes are minerals formed from?

A

from stuff dissolved in liquids
from cooling of magma

60
Q

Why are silicates the most common minerals in rock forming compounds?

A

oxygen and silicon, abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, making them readily available to form minerals

61
Q

What are the two most abundant elements in earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

62
Q

What does the streak test tell you about a mineral and what are the limitations to the streak test?

A

streak is a more reliable property than color because streak does not vary.

it only works on minerals softer than the porcelain streak plate, meaning harder minerals will not leave a visible streak

63
Q

What is lust and what the two divisions of luster and give an example of a mineral that displays that type of
luster.

A

metallic and nonmetallic. Luster is the appearance of reflection of light of a minerals surface

pyrite=metalllic
quartz=nonmetallic

64
Q

When hydrochloric acid is applied to certain minerals, a chemical reaction occurs that produces carbon dioxide and water.
What mineral would this reaction occur?

A

calcite

65
Q

Which is the correct chain of events to the formation of a rock?

A
  1. weathering
  2. sediments
  3. cementation
  4. sedi. rocks
66
Q

Molten material beneath the earth’s surface is:

A

magma

67
Q

Molten material on the earth’s surface is:

A

lava

68
Q

Why is Pyrite a good example on why you should perform a streak test?

A

despite appearing visually similar to gold with its brassy yellow color, it produces a black streak when scratched against a ceramic plate, clearly distinguishing it from gold which would leave a golden streak

69
Q

Minerals that cool quickly tend to have ___________crystals because ________________

A

small
little time to grow

70
Q

List off of the characteristics that a mineral must pass to be a mineral?

A

Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Solid
Ordered internal molecular structure
Definite chemical composition

71
Q

Which two physical properties of graphite make it a good mineral for use in pencils?

A

softness and ability to leave marks on paper easily

72
Q

Which is the hardest mineral?

A

diamond

73
Q

What is the softest mineral

A

talc

74
Q

What are the major mineral groups?

A

Silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides

75
Q

A metal and an oxygen are classified as a

A

oxide

76
Q

The most common mineral group are the ..

A

silicates

77
Q

Which mineral bubbles when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid?

A

Calcite

78
Q

Label the crystalline shapes below, list some minerals that have those crystalline shapes.

A

see phone photos

ESC 1000 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions