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ESC 1000 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

Astronomy

1
Q

What are Craters?

A

Circular excavated holes from impact events, usually due to material flying out from the explosive impact. Most impactors are not circular in shape.

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2
Q

What is Ejecta?

A

The impact spray material that is scattered out in all directions.

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3
Q

What are all the major parts of a crater?

A

a. Floor – bottom of crater
b. Central Peaks – forms when the crater pushes up after impact
c. Walls- the interior sides of a crater
d. Rim- The edge of the crater that is pushed up and surrounds the crater
e. Ejecta- Rock material thrown out of crater during impact
f. Rays – Bright streaks extending away from the crater composed of ejecta.

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4
Q

What is the difference between a simple and a complex crater?

A

Simple craters are small bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters, no peaks. Complex craters are large and can have terraces, central peaks, and rings.

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5
Q

What is an example of a complex crater on the moon?

A

Copernicus

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6
Q

What influences the size and shape of a crater?

A

-Geology of the surface
-The velocity and mass of the impacting body

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7
Q

The faster the incoming impactor, the [____________________]the crater.

A

larger

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8
Q

Typically, materials from space hit Earth at about [___________] kilometers per second.

A

20

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9
Q

What creates a more elongate crater shape?

A

An impactor strikes the surface at a very low angle — less than 20 degrees

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10
Q

Why does Venus not have a lot of impact craters?

A

The surface has been covered by lava flows .

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11
Q

Why does Earth not have a lot of impact craters?

A

Plate tectonic activity (and erosion).

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12
Q

What type of crater is the Barringer Crater?

A

Simple Crater

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13
Q

What type of Meteoroid struck at Barringer Crater?

A

iron rich

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14
Q

What is suspected to be the oldest and largest impact crater on Earth’s surface?

A

Vredefort Impact Crater

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15
Q

Where is this crater located? ( The oldest suspected crater)

A

south africa

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16
Q

Meteors — incorrectly called ____ ___ are the streaks of light created as particles of dust and ice ___
in our atmosphere. Misspelled words will be counted incorrect.

A

1 Shooting
2 Stars
3 Vaporize

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17
Q

What type of crater is Sierra Madera Crater?

A

complex

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18
Q

About how old is Sierra Madera crater? About what geologic time period as well?

A

Cretaceous

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19
Q

What type if crater is Chesapeake Bay Crater?

A

Complex

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20
Q

What was the geological set up at the time of impact for the Chesapeake Bay Crater?

A

marine

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21
Q

What type of crater is the Santa Fe Crater?

A

complex

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22
Q

What evidence was found to indicate that there was an impact in the Santa Fe Crater area?

A

Shattercones

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23
Q

What type of crater is the Serpent Mound in Ohio?

A

complex

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24
Q

What type of rock is Serpent Mound located in?

A

Sedimentary

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25
Q

What type of crater is Upheaval Dome?

A

Complex

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26
Q

Where, specifically is Upheaval Dome located? Select the best and most accurate answer.

A

Canyonlands national park

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27
Q

___ ___have the most amount of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. Each “ blank” should have only one word.

A

Gamma Rays

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28
Q

Which color on this image corresponds to x-rays?

short S’s on left side, loooooong S’s on right side

A

Xray is a little longer than the far left (purple/blue)

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29
Q

It takes light from the Sun about
___ minutes and seconds to reach Earth.

A

8.2

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30
Q

A telescope that uses mirrors is called a(n) ______.

A

Reflecting Telescope

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31
Q

The big radar dish looking thing is what type of telescope

A

Radio Telescope

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32
Q

Infrared space observatories are generally used to study _______.

A

Cool celestial objects

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33
Q

Sunspots are ________.

A

Solar Storms

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34
Q

Which of the following visible light colors is the most energetic?

A

again with tiny S’s that has more energy than longer S’s

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35
Q

What kind of telescope is visible in this figure?

A

has a lens and eye piece its refracting

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36
Q

When a galaxy is observed moving toward the Earth, what visible radiation (as in, which color) will it emit?

A

Blue

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37
Q

How will the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation change during the Doppler shift?

A

Short wavelengths when approaching an object, long wavelengths when moving away

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38
Q

What kind of Doppler shift has the shifted element in this figure undergone?

A

if all the colors move its blue shift

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39
Q

Which of the following is considered a form of electromagnetic radiation? Choose all that apply.

A

Visible Light
Infrared Radiation
Gamma Rays
X-Rays
Microwaves

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40
Q

Why does space make a good site for an optical observatory?

A

Optical observatories in space do not face the problems of interfering cloud cover, an atmosphere that blocks out much of the electromagnetic spectrum, and light pollution.

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41
Q

Discoveries made by the Hubble Space Telescope?

A

-Demonstration that disk shaped dust clouds are common around young stars
-Evidence for massive black holes in the center of our galaxy
-Deep space images never seen before

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42
Q

The Spitzer space telescope is ________.

A

A thermal infrared detecting telescope

43
Q

We use light years to measure objects in the ___. We use __ __ to measure objects in the solar system.

A

Universe, Astronomical, Units

44
Q

Gamma Rays and X Ray astronomy can assist astronomers in detecting/studying which of the following celestial objects. Check all that apply.

A
  • Pulsars
    -Solar flares
  • Black Holes
    -Supernovas
45
Q

Galileo invented the telescope. T/F

A

False

46
Q

X-rays are completely absorbed Earth’s atmosphere. T/F

A

True

47
Q

Which of the following has the Chandra X-Ray telescope help astrophysics? Choose all that apply.

A
  • How elements are spread after a supernova events
  • Found evidence to support the existence of dark matter.
  • Witnessed powerful eruptions from black holes
48
Q

The Hubble Space telescope has been in service for over 25 years and no upgrades have been made on the telescope. T/F

A

False

49
Q

Which of the following are missions that NASA has designed for the James Webb Telescope. Choose all that apply.

A

Observe planets and the origins of life.
To observe the birth of stars and protoplanetary systems
To observe/find the first light of the universe and reionization
To understand the assembly of galaxies

50
Q

The James Webb telescope was deployed in stages when the telescope was finally launched into space. T/F

A

True

51
Q

Which of the following are primary lines of evidence for the Big Bang? Select all that apply.

A

Red Shift of light from distant galaxies.
Residual, cosmic background microwave radiation.
Cosmic abundance of Hydrogen and Helium
Average temperature in space is 3K

52
Q

How old is the Solar System?

A

4.6 Billion Years Old

53
Q

Our own earth formed out of what was left over after the birth of the [___________].

A

Sun

54
Q

Select the planets below that are the “Inner” Planets of the Solar System.

A

Venus Earth Mercury Mars

55
Q

Which planets make up the “ Outer” Solar System?

A

Saturn Uranus Jupiter Neptune also called Jovian planets

56
Q

What are two other dwarf planets mentioned in Episode 1- Solar System?

A

Ceres, Eris

57
Q

Define the Heliosphere

A

It is a huge magnetic bubble that forms the outer edge of the solar system.

58
Q

The sun in the center of our Solar System and contains [____________]% of its mass.

A

99

59
Q

What is the name for the process that the sun converts Hydrogen into Helium to produce energy?

A

Nuclear Fusion

60
Q

Which of the following would be the best description/order of the “ death” of our sun?

A

Red Giant- Gas Shedding-White Dwarf- Black Dwarf

61
Q

Mercury orbits the Sun every [________________] days

A

88

62
Q

Mercury lacks an [_______________], thus Mercury has no weather.

A

atmosphere

63
Q

What do scientists think caused most of the erosion on Mercury?

A

The sun

64
Q

Venus spins most slowly than all of the planets, a single rotation, a single day is [____________] Earth Days.

A

243

65
Q

Which two planets in the Solar System lack a moon?

A

Mercury, Venus

66
Q

Why is mars red?

A

The surface of mars is covered by volcanic rock that is iron rich and sprinkled with Iron Oxide Rust.

67
Q

Largest known volcano in the solar system?

A

Olympus Mons

68
Q

What are the two moons of Mars?

A

Phobos, Deimos

69
Q

It is hypothesized that the moons of Mars are actually captured [_______________]

A

Asteroids

70
Q

On Mars, one of the best indicators that water used to be on the planet was that scientists come across [ ________________] a mineral that forms only in the presence of water.

A

hematite

71
Q

Jupiter has a giant storm that it is known for, what is the name of this storm?

A

The great red spot

72
Q

How has Jupiter protected Earth?

A

The gravity of Jupiter is so immense that it deflects asteroids from hitting Earth by its own gravitational pull.

73
Q

The planet Saturn rotates the slowest than any other planet in the Solar Syatem. T/F

A

False

74
Q

How do scientists think Saturn got its rings?

A

Scientists believe the rings were once a moon of Saturn that had mysteriously crumbled. This left behind particles each in their own independent orbit.

75
Q

Which one of Saturn’s moon had a visit from the Huygens probe in 2005?

A

Titan

76
Q

Why are Neptune and Uranus blue in color?

A

CH4 in the atmosphere

77
Q

Which planet has the most extreme seasons?

A

Neptune

78
Q

Neptune has the strongest winds in the solar system. T/F

A

True

79
Q

Explain the relationship between Neptune and Pluto and how that relationship “ demoted” Pluto from planetary status?

A

The orbit of both planets intersects each other. This sometimes makes Pluto closer to the Sun than Neptune instead of maintaining a consistent orbit around the Sun. Pluto being unable to clear objects from its orbital neighborhood is what demoted it from a planet and is considered a dwarf planet.

80
Q

Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have rings. T/F

A

True

81
Q

What objects does the Kuiper Belt hold?

A

Dwarf Planets, Comets, Icy Objects

82
Q

advantages of radio telescopes

A

less affected by weather
less expensive
can be used 24 hours a day
detects material that doesn’t emit visible radiation
can “see” through interstellar dust clouds

83
Q

Why is interstellar matter often referred to as a stellar nursery?

A

It is the region where a star is born

84
Q

Death of a “huge star”

A

Supergiant, supernova, neutron star

85
Q

Death of a Giant star, bigger than huge star

A

Red supergiant, supernova, black hole

86
Q

What are the 3 types of galaxies?

A

Ellipticals - galaxies that are bulge, no disk component
Spirals- Galaxies have varying amounts of disk
Irregulars- odd looking galaxies

87
Q

How do large elliptical galaxies form?

A

Spherical, egg shaped galaxies.
Have little gas and dust, mostly form from collisions and merging of spiral galaxies

88
Q

What is a NEO

A

near earth objects

89
Q

Chevy Asteroid

A

in 1992 a football sized meteorite went through the trunk of michelle knapps chevy in peekskill new york

90
Q

what is a comet?

A

Composed of dust and ice, travel faster than asteroids

91
Q

What is the Oort cloud?

A

a shell of icy bodies that surrounds our solar system, past kuiper belt

92
Q

heliocentric

A

a model where the sun is assumed to be the center while the earth and other bodies orbit it

93
Q

Ptolemaic System

A

where the earth is the center and things orbit the earth, also called geocentric

94
Q

perihelion

A

the point of orbit that an object is closest to the sun

95
Q

hubbles law

A

the velocity of recession between our galaxy and the other galaxies are directly proportional to the distance between them

96
Q

terrestrial planets are..

A

rocky worlds with water and/or carbon

97
Q

Kepler’s Laws

A

1 planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis)

98
Q

Special Relativity vs General Relativity

A

special relativity, which explains the relationship between space, time, mass, and energy; and general relativity, which describes how gravity fits into the mix

99
Q

Barred spiral galaxy

A

looks like a hurricane, made of stars for arms and a bar that runs in the middle connecting them

100
Q

Vernal Equinox

A

where the sun is exactly above the equator marking spring

101
Q

Epicycle

A

geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets

102
Q

Galilean Moons on jupiter

A

Io, Europa, Ganymede, and callisto

103
Q

circumpolar constellations

A

constellations that are always visible in the night sky because they circle the celestial poles and never set below the horizon

ESC 1000 (4 decks)

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