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Biosciences I > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of mitosis (M phase)?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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2
Q

Which part of the cell cycle includes G1, S, & G2?

A

Interphase, which is not part of mitosis

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3
Q

What is prophase?

A

Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. Chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, & the spindle starts to form

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4
Q

What is prometaphase?

A

Prometaphase is the second phase of mitosis. The spindle attaches to the chromosomes at the kinetochores & starts to line them up in the middle of the cell.

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5
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis. Chromosomes are aligned to form the metaphase plate. Chromosomes are under tension.

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6
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Metaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis. Sister chromatids separate & are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. This is the shortest phase

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7
Q

What is telophase?

A

Telophase is the fifth & final phase of mitosis. Nuclear envelopes form.

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8
Q

What is the part of the cell cycle called where the cell membrane splits in 2, finally forming 2 individual cells?

A

cytokinesis

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9
Q

What are the enzymes that regulate the cell cycle called?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

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10
Q

What is the main difference between meiosis II & mitosis?

A

DNA is not replicated in meiosis II. This produces haploid cells, meaning that there is only one of each chromosome.

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11
Q

What is mitosis? What is meiosis?

A

Mitosis is used to create an exact duplicate of a cell, while meiosis is used to crated a haploid cell for sexual reproduction.
Mnemonic: mi-TOE-sis happens in your toes

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12
Q

What is a germline cell?

A

It is a cell that will make gametes, but has not yet undergone meiosis. It is a diploid cell because of this.

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13
Q

What is a chiasma?

plural chiasmata

A

It’s the location on the chromosome where it crosses over in meiosis.

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14
Q

What does the synaptonemal complex do?

A

It connects the 2 homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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15
Q

In which phase of meiosis does the crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

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16
Q

What did Mendel call genes?

A

Factors

17
Q

What is the ratio for a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

18
Q

How do you combine the probability of mutually exclusive events?

A

add them

19
Q

How do you combine the probability of independent events?

A

multiply them

20
Q

What is nondisjuction?

A

It’s when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate during meiosis, creating a gamate that does not have that chromosome & a gamate that has 2

21
Q

Which shape represents each sex on a pedigree?

A

Square represents male. Circle represents female.

22
Q

In general, what is the condition of having too many or not enough of a chromosome called?

A

Aneuploidy. Not down syndrome; That’s chromosome 21 specifically.

23
Q

What causes aneuploidy?

A

Nondisjunction

24
Q

What is reverse genetics?

A

Replacing a normal copy of a gene with a mutant in an attempt to figure out what that gene does.

25
Q

What is a locus?

plural loci

A

A position on a chromosome.

26
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

The collection of amniotic fluid from the uterus using a hypodermic needle during the 4th month of pregnancy, usually to analyize the fetal DNA for genetic disorders

27
Q

What is it called when multiple alleles are expressed in the phenotype?

A

Codominance. Example: blood type

28
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross?

A

3 dominant to 1 recessive

29
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?

A

1 true-breeding dominant to 2 non-true-breeding (heterozygous) dominant to 1 true-breeding recessive

recessive is always true-breeding

30
Q

Fill in the blank

A [?] allele has more than one effect on the phenotype

adjective

A

pleiotropic

31
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

It’s when the phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediate form between the homozygotes

Biosciences I (5 decks)

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