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Biosciences I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where a reactant gains an electron, & often a hydrogen, too. It is the opposite of oxidation. These 2 are often paired in a redox reaction

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2
Q

What does thermodynamics study?

A

Energy changes

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3
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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4
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy transformations are not 100% efficient. Some energy will be lost as heat in every transformation. In other words, entropy is continuously increasing

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5
Q

What is free energy?

A

The energy available to do work. For our purposes, free energy usually refers to the energy contained within the bonds of a molecule

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6
Q

What does endergonic mean?

A

It means that the products of a reaction contain more energy than the reactants, so additional energy from other sources is required. Positive ∆G. These reaction cannot happen spontaneously.

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7
Q

What does exergonic mean?

A

It means that the products of a reaction contain less energy than the reactants, so energy is released. Negative ∆G. These reactions may occur spontaneously.

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8
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

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9
Q

What does a negative ∆G mean?

A

Energy is released

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10
Q

Why is ATP good for storing energy?

A

The bond between the phosphates is unstable & easy to break. This reaction releases a lot of energy.

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11
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant molecule that an enzyme is acting upon

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12
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

It’s where the reactant or substrate goes so that the enzyme can catalyze the reaction

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13
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

A substance that binds to an enzyme to prevent it binding to a substrate & working.

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14
Q

What is a allosteric inhibitor?

A

An inhibitor that binds to a part of the enzyme opposite the active site (the allosteric site) & causes the shape of the active site to change so that the substrate can’t fit, inhibiting the enzyme from working

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15
Q

What does metabolism mean?

A

All of the chemical processes that happen in a cell

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16
Q

What is a biochemical pathway?

A

A sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes, where each enzyme catalyzes the product of the previous enzyme’s reaction

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17
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Enzymes are catalysts, meaning they decrease the energy required for a chemical reaction to happen. In simple terms, they make the reaction easier & faster.

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18
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

A phosphate-phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis. The energy that was contained within the bond can then be used.

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19
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

The process by which ATP is continuously hydrolyzed into ADP + P to provide the energy for endergonic reactions in the cell, then ADP is recombined with P to synthesize ATP again using energy from exergonic reactions, often in the mitochondria, using energy from cellular respiration.

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20
Q

What is the range of the pH scale & what is the pH of water?

A

The pH scale ranges from 0–14, with water in the middle at 7

21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The cytoplasm

22
Q

What is NAD+ used for?

A

It it can accept electrons for cellular respiration

23
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

It means that the process requires oxygen. The opposite is anaerobic, meaning that a process does not require oxygen.

24
Q

What do autotroph & heterotroph mean?

A

Autotroph means “self-feeder.” It refers to organisms like plants that harvest energy directly, usually via photosynthesis. A heterotroph takes energy from another organism, usually by eating it.

25
Q

Why is it advantageous to have many small reactions rather than one big reaction?

A

It is easier to control the reaction & to capture & utilize the energy in a smaller doses, so there is less wasted energy in many small reactions.

26
Q

What results from glycolysis?

A

Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate, also resulting in 2 ATP, & 2 NADH

27
Q

What is fermentation?

A

It’s when electrons generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules to reuse NAD+ in the absence of oxygen

28
Q

What is it called when the nitrogen side group is removed from an amino acid?

A

Deamination

29
Q

What are almost all molecules converted into when catabolized for energy?

A

Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)

30
Q

What type of reaction is glycolysis?

A

Dehydration

31
Q

How many ATP, NADH, & FADH2 does the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle produce per pyruvate/Acetyl-CoA?

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2

32
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A

It is a proton channel protein. The energy derived from the movement of the protons is used to synthesize ATP from ADP + P by oxidative phosphorylation, also called chemiosmosis. This requires a proton concentration gradient.

33
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Synthesis of ATP using a proton concentration gradient by oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

How are protons generated?

A

Oxidation reactions

35
Q

How does the electron transport chain or electron transport system work?

A

It takes hydrogen from inside the mitochondria, separates the proton from the electron, pushes the protons out into the intermembrane space, & passes the electrons through the membrane via carrier proteins. The last carrier protein in the chain releases the electrons back into the mitochondria where they reduce oxygen, forming water. The protons pushed outside are used for chemiosmosis.

36
Q

What type of phosphorylation forms ATP during glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

37
Q

What type of phosphorylation forms ATP using a proton or ion gradient?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation, also called chemiosmosis

38
Q

How does pyruvate from glycolysis become Acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to form Acetyl, releasing CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH at the same time. The acetyl is then combined with Coenzyme A

39
Q

What is entropy?

A

Disorder or heat

40
Q

What is ∆G?

A

It’s the difference in energy between the products & reactants of a chemical reaction. It’s products minus reactants. It’s positive when the products have more energy & negative when the reactants had more energy.

41
Q

What is the internal membrane of a chloroplast called?

A

thylakoid membrane

42
Q

In photosynthesis, what is the donor of electrons?

A

Water, or another H2A

43
Q

Where does the oxygen made by photosynthesis come from?

A

Water

44
Q

What does it physically mean when we say an object is a certain color?

It would be more accurate to say hue than color but that’s complicated

A

It means that the object is reflecting that color of light more than all others & absorbing other colors of light

45
Q

Where in the leaf are the cells with most of the chloroplasts?

The name of the layer

A

The mesophyll

46
Q

What is the formula for generalized photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + 2H2A → CH2O + H2O + 2A
(Using light energy)

47
Q

What are the 2 main components of a photosystem?

A

A cluster of chlorophylls & other pigment molecules which work together to catch photons, called an antenna complex, & a chlorophyll that takes on the role of reaction center, where the energy from the absorbed photon is used to force a redox reaction.

48
Q

How many photosystems do anoxygenic bacteria have?

A

1

49
Q

What is another name for the Calvin cycle?

A

The C3 cycle because an intermediate product has 3 Carbon atoms.

Biosciences I (6 decks)

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