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Speech Science > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the supralaryngeal system also known as?

A

the articulatory/resonatory system

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2
Q

what is the vocal tract?

A

a hollow muscular tube above the larynx, within the craniofacial skeleton - it contains the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx

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3
Q

is the vocal tract irregular or regular in shape? is that good or bad?

A

like a bent tube, irregular and complex, it is better this way because that complexity helps with the nature of sound production

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4
Q

what is articulation?

A

the process whereby the structures within the vocal tract modify exhaled air flow to shape (filter) the source of the sound into speech - source-filter theory

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5
Q

in comparison to a bottle, which part of the vocal tract is the hole, neck, and chamber?

A

the oral and nasal cavity are the chamber, the nose and mouth are the holes, and the glottis is the neck/opening

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6
Q

what is the importance of oral cavity in speech?

A

open for airflow, includes important articulators such as lips, tongue, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard and soft palate (velum)

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7
Q

what are the names of the pieces of tissue that connect the lips to the gums?

A

the superior labial frenulum connects the upper lip to the midline of the alveolar region, the inferior labial frenulum connects the lower lip to the midline of the mandible

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8
Q

what is the maxilla and what does it do?

A

the upper jaw, large bone, does not move but supports the whole structure - holds upper teeth

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9
Q

what is the mandible and what does it do?

A

lower jaw, attaches to the skull by the temporomandibular joint allowing jaw to close - connects with the tongue base and lower lip

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10
Q

what is the chin and what does it do?

A

frontal, protrusive part of the jaw, uniquely human - use unknown but maybe related to language development

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11
Q

how many teeth do adults have? what way are they numbered?

A

32 in total - numbered from upper right to bottom right (dental practitioner’s perspective)

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12
Q

what is an occlusion?

A

the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches and the positioning of individual teeth

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13
Q

what is a class I occlusion/neutroclusion?

A

the first upper molar is positioned on one-half (back) of the first lower molar

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14
Q

what is a class II occlusion/distoclusion?

A

the first upper molar is too anterior (forward)

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15
Q

what is a class III occlusion/mesioclusion?

A

the first upper molar is too posterior (back)

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16
Q

when swallowing, is the velum up or down?

A

up

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17
Q

when the velum is down, what passage is open?

A

the velopharyngeal passage (port leading from larynx to the nasal passage)

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18
Q

what composes the velopharyngeal valve?

A

velum, posterior lateral wall, and the lateral pharyngeal wall

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19
Q

what is the uvula?

A

palatine - fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate which hangs above the throat

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20
Q

what happens in the mouth when swallowing?

A

the soft palate and uvula move together to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

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21
Q

what is the tongue attached to?

A

the mandible, the hyoid bone, and the pharynx

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22
Q

what is the dominant articulator?

A

the tongue

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23
Q

which tongue muscles are the most important? why?

A

the intrinsic muscles - they move the tongue in larger movements: up, down, left, right

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24
Q

what are the four paired muscles that move the tongue?

A

genioglossus muscle, hyoglossus muscle, styloglossus muscle, palatoglossus muscle

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25
Q

the muscles of the tongue move it left, right, up, and down but what movement does the muscle actually do?

A

contract because it is connected to the bones

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26
Q

what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

allow a high degree of flexibility of tongue motion - their function not known in speech

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27
Q

what are the 4 sections in the tongue?

A

tongue blade, tongue tip (apex), tongue dorsum (front), tongue back

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28
Q

true or false: the functions of the nasal cavity are important to speech

A

false, only the nostrils are needed - all other function is for breathing

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29
Q

what is the nasal septum?

A

separates the nose into two cavities

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30
Q

there are three tiny structures on each side of the nose - what are they called?

A

the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

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31
Q

what are the conchae in the nose?

A

long, narrow, curled bones that divide the nasal cavity into four grooves that help to direct airflow - helps to warm, moisturize, and filter inhaled air

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32
Q

what is the tube that connects the nasal cavity to the middle ear?

A

the eustachian tube (auditory tube)

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33
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

long, hollow tube made of muscle, connective tissue, and mucous lining running behind the nasal cavities, oral cavity, and larynx - about 12 cm long and 4 cm wide

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34
Q

what are the three portions of the pharynx called?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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35
Q

where is the nasopharynx and what does it do?

A

the portion of the pharynx behind the nasal cavities - they let air pass through

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36
Q

where is the oropharynx and what does it do?

A

the section of the pharynx behind the oral cavity - lets air and food pass through

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37
Q

where is the laryngopharynx and what does it do?

A

the section behind the larynx - regulates air and food to esophagus

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38
Q

what are the three vertical muscles in the wall of the pharynx?

A

stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and palatopharyngeus

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39
Q

what do the vertical muscles in the wall of the pharynx do?

A

constrict or elevate the pharynx

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40
Q

what are the valves of the vocal tract?

A

labial valve, lingual valve, velopharyngeal valve, and the laryngeal valve

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41
Q

what is the labial valve?

A

the space between the lips

42
Q

what is the lingual valve?

A

the space in the oral cavity with the tongue

43
Q

what is the velopharyngeal valve?

A

the velum and the pharyngeal walls that close off the nasal cavity

44
Q

what is the laryngeal valve?

A

the space between the vocal folds

45
Q

why do humans have more rich sounds than instruments?

A

irregular shape and complex articulators

46
Q

why is it good that modern humans have a longer pharynx?

A

there is more room for the air molecules to move around

47
Q

why can chimpanzees not speak?

A

they lack the neural control to coordinate their vocal tract muscles, lips, and larynx for speech

48
Q

why does a flute not produce some human sounds?

A

it has a regular shape, not much space inside, too simple

49
Q

why can animals not produce complex speech sounds?

A

regular shape, not enough neural coordination

50
Q

why are babies voices different than that of adults?

A

they have smaller vocal folds

51
Q

what are the four characteristics of the vocal tract resonator?

A

quarter-wave resonator (closed at one end), series of air-filled containers connected to each other, broadly-tuned (irregular shape), variable resonator (shapes sound)

52
Q

what is a phoneme?

A

basic unit of a spoken language

53
Q

what is the difference between a consonant and a vowel?

A

consonants are made with mouth fairly closed, and vowels are made with mouth fairly open

54
Q

how many vowels and consonant phonemes are there in English?

A

24 consonants, 20 vowels, 44 in total

55
Q

what is a stop?

A

made when two articulators contact each other and momentarily block the flow of air through the oral cavity

56
Q

what are fricatives?

A

turbulent airflow is forced under high pressure through a narrow channel somewhere within the oral cavity

57
Q

what is an affricate?

A

combined features of a stop and a fricative - begins as a stop then changes midstream to end as a fricative

58
Q

what is the retroflex r?

A

the tongue tip is curled back slightly and points towards but doesn’t touch the hard palate

59
Q

what is a bunched r?

A

the center of the tongue humped like a mountain

60
Q

what are approximants?

A

glides and liquids - involve articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow

61
Q

what is the sound that is considered a consonant in linguistics but not in speech science?

A

glottal stop

62
Q

what are pairs of sounds that differ only in voicing?

A

cognates

63
Q

how are vowels classified?

A

by the location of the tongue body (height and advancement)

64
Q

all vowels are what?

A

voiced and with an open vocal tract

65
Q

what are the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract called?

A

formants - a concentration of acoustic energy around a particular frequency

66
Q

what is a spectrogram?

A

a graph where the horizontal axis is time, vertical axis is frequency, and color represents intensity (darker = higher energy)

67
Q

what are the three elements for formants that shape the resonator?

A

length of the vocal tract, the location of a constriction/volume of the pharyngeal cavity, degree of constriction

68
Q

what primarily determines F1 and F2?

A

tongue position

69
Q

F1 is related to what?

A

tongue height

70
Q

F2 is related to what?

A

tongue advancement

71
Q

high vowels have what F1?

A

low F1

72
Q

low vowels have what F1?

A

high F1

73
Q

back vowels have what F2?

A

low F2

74
Q

front vowels have what F2?

A

high F2

75
Q

what is the source-filter model?

A

lungs provide air flow –> moving cavities and valves shape the sound –> final speech output

76
Q

what is the number and equation that is used to make the sound of piano keys different?

A

12 square root of 2 = 1.05946

77
Q

what is coarticlation?

A

individual segments of sound are influenced by the sounds adjacent sounds

78
Q

what is anticipatory coarticulation?

A

an upcoming sound can influence the preceding sound

79
Q

what is carryover coarticulation?

A

preceding sounds can also modify the upcoming sounds

80
Q

what is the speaking rate?

A

the rate at which phonemes, syllables, or words are produced in a given time

81
Q

what is the average adult speaking rate in everyday conversations?

A

200 wpm

82
Q

why do children have a slower speaking rate?

A

they need more air support and have slow articulation

83
Q

what is prosody?

A

the properties of syllables and larger units of speech like intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm

84
Q

what is intonation?

A

pitch, the way the speakers vary their F0

85
Q

what are tones?

A

pitch patterns that distinguish the meanings of words

86
Q

what is stress?

A

varying the frequency, intensity, and duration of a syllable or word in a way that highlights a particular portion

87
Q

what is duration?

A

length of time of a speech sound

88
Q

what is rhythm (isochrony)?

A

the time division into equal portions by a language

89
Q

what are syllable-times languages?

A

the duration of every syllable is equal - Mandarin, Spanish, Korean

90
Q

what are mora-timed languages?

A

duration of every (mora - phonological unit like a vowel) is equal - Japanese

91
Q

what are stress-timed languages?

A

the interval between two stressed syllables is equal - English, Thai

92
Q

speech is the outcome of what?

A

articulatory motion and voicing

93
Q

what is intelligibility?

A

the ease with which a listener is able to understand a speaker

94
Q

what is cineradiography?

A

recording internal structures during speech with x-ray - early evidence of hard and soft tissue (velum) movement

95
Q

what is x-ray microbeam?

A

tracks speech with small pellets glued to articulators - dangerous

96
Q

what is electropalatography (EPG)?

A

measures the contact of the tongue and palate using pseudo-palate like a night guard over the roof of the mouth - doesn’t give tongue height information

97
Q

what is electro-optical palatography?

A

measures with pseudo-palate and LED lights to attempt tongue height measures

98
Q

what is an ultrasound?

A

extremely high frequency (above 1 Mhz), short wavelength, based on sound reflection

99
Q

what is electromagnetic articulography (EMA)?

A

magnetic tracking of small sensors attached to lips, jaw, and tongue

100
Q

what is a real-time MRI?

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) takes advantage of the cellular basis of human tissue - expensive

101
Q

what is a strain gauge?

A

instrument that measures lips and jaw movement

102
Q

end week 7

A

Speech Science (4 decks)

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