Exam 2 Flashcards
what is contained in the upper respiratory tract? (4)
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
what is contained in the lower respiratory tract? (5)
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
what is the primary function of the lower respiratory tract?
respiration/gas exchange
relating the human acoustic resonator to a bottle which organs are the hole, neck, and chamber of the bottle?
the hole is the larynx, the neck is the pharynx, and the chamber is the oral cavity
what is Boyle’s law?
as volume in a chamber increases, pressure decreases and as volume decreases, pressure increases
what is respiration/ventilation?
the process of moving air into and out of the airways and lungs to exchange oxygen (entering) and carbon dioxide (leaving)
what are the lungs?
smooth, shiny, spongy organ for respiration
there are two lungs, the left and right, which is the smallest and how many lobes do each have?
the left (from self POV) is smaller having two lobes, the right has three
why is one side of the lungs smaller than the other?
to make room for the heart
there are three lobes of the right lung and two of the right what are they called?
the upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe, and the upper and lower lobe
what are pleurae?
two-layer membrane surrounding the lungs
what are the two layers of the pleurae called?
parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
what is the parietal pleura?
the outer membrane protecting the lungs that is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
what is the visceral pleura?
the inner membrane layer that covers the lungs and dips into the fissures between the lobes surrounding the lungs
true or false: there is an open space between the two membranes of the pleurae
false the space is not open, both layers are sucked together due to negative pressure
what are the primary functions of the pleurae?
to keep lungs expanded and compressed to some degree, allow for friction-free movement, and protect the lungs
what are intercostal muscles?
group of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall
there are three layers of intercostal muscles what are they?
external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles
what is the function of the external intercostal muscles?
they aid in quiet and forced inhalation by elevating the ribs and bending them more open
what is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?
aid in forced expiration by depressing the ribs and bending them inward
is quiet expiration a passive or active process?
passive
what is the function of the innermost intercostal muscles?
they reduce the transverse (side to side) dimension of the thoracic cavity during expiration
where are the lungs housed?
the ribs
what is the chest wall made up of? (4)
the rib cage, abdominal wall, abdominal contents, and the diaphragm
what is the thoracic cavity/chest cavity made up of?
the rib cage and the diaphragm AND it houses the lungs
what is the sternum?
also known as the breastbone, is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest
what is the diaphragm?
a sheet of internal skeletal muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity
of the vertebral column/spine which vertebrae are involved in respiration?
the thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
the thoracic ribs are attached to what in the front and what in the back?
to the costal cartilage in the front which attaches to the sternum, and the spinal chord in the back
the bottom two pairs of thoracic ribs are unique why?
they do not attach in the front
what is a tendon?
inelastic, fibrous tissue that connects bones and muscles
when you prepare to breath in or inspire, what happens?
the diaphragm drops down, the rib cage and lungs expand, air flows through the nose/mouth into the trachea, it flows through the bronchi and into the lungs
what does the pulmonary apparatus include?
the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
what is the bronchial tree?
the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
what is the trachea?
also known as the windpipe - a tube of about 20 rings of tough cartilage, begins just under the larynx and runs behind the breastbone (sternum)
the trachea divides into two smaller tubes which are called what?
bronchi (there are two, one for each lung)
where is the esophagus in reference to the trachea?
behind it, closer to the spine
what are bronchioles?
they are smaller tubes the bronchi are divided into
bronchioles house numerous what?
alveoli
what are the seven divisions of the bronchial tree?
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolus
what is the main difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?
both are composed of smooth muscle and membrane BUT bronchioles do not have cartilage (bronchi do)
the bronchiole can be divided into three sections which are?
lobular, terminal, respiratory (from largest to smallest)
which section of the bronchiole contains alveolus
respiratory bronchiole (alveolus, alveolar duct, alveolar sac)
air passes from thebronchioles to what?
to the alveolar ducts the to the alveoli
what are alveoli?
“little cavity”, thin-walled, air-filled sacs with capillaries on their surface
what is the function of the alveoli?
facilitate gas exchange
what are capillaries and what do they do?
the smallest blood vessels in the body, they convey blood between the arterioles and the venules
what are arterioles?
small blood vessels that connect an artery and capillaries
what are venules?
small blood vessels that connect capillaries to the vein
what are arteries?
carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart
what are veins?
carry deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart
pulmonary veins and arteries do not function like other veins and arteries, how so?
pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood FROM the lungs to the left heart -
pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs
what is the aorta?
main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left heart
gas exchange occurs between what and where are they located?
between the alveoli and the capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli
what is haemoglobin?
a protein in the red blood cells that carries the oxygen around the body
what is also occurring at the same time as oxygen is being moved around the body?
carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the blood comes out of the capillaries back into the air sacs, ready to be breathed out
there is less oxygen in exhaled air than in inhaled air - why?
because a portion of exhaled air is composed of carbon dioxide therefore the percentage of oxygen is less
what type of airflow is there in speech?
variable airflow
what is lung volume?
the amount of air each compartment can hold
what is lung capacity?
combinations of lung volumes that express physiological units
what is tidal volume?
TV - the amount of air exchanged during quiet respiration
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
IRV - the volume of air that can be inhaled AT THE END of the inhalation of tidal volume
what is the expiratory reserve volume?
ERV - the volume of air that can be (forcefully) exhaled AT THE END of the exhalation of tidal volume
what is residual volume?
RV - the amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration that CANNOT be expelled nor measured
ones total lung volume is a combination of what 4 volumes?
TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TOTAL
what is inspiratory capacity?
IC - the amount of air remaining that can be inhaled from THE END of passive expiration or at the beginning of inhalation of TV
what two volumes when added together equal the insiratory capacity?
TV + IRV
what is the functional residual capacity?
FRC - amount of air remaining in the lungs and airways AT THE END of passive respiration
what two volumes when added together equal the functional residual capacity?
ERV + RV
what volumes are added together to equal the total lung capacity/total volume?
IC + FRC
(TV+IRV) + (ERV+RV)
what is vital capacity?
the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximal inhalation
what three volumes when added together equal vital capacity?
IRV + TV + ERV
what volume, when added to vital capacity, equals the total lung capacity/total volume?
RV
what is resting expiratory level (REL) or end-expiratory level (EEL)?
a state of equilibrium in the respiratory system (Palv = Patoms) - the lungs tendency to collapse is balanced by the tendency of the ribs to expand
what is the typical level of resting expiratory level/end-expiratory level?
about 40% of vital capacity
above the REL are the inspiratory and expiratory processes active or passive?
inspiratory is active and expiratory is passive
below the REL arethe inspiratory and expiratory processes active or passive?
inspiratory is passive and expiratory is active
what is dead air?
the small amount of volume of air in the lungs and airways - it is about 150 ml worth of air that is inhaled but is NOT involved in O2 –> CO2 exchange
where is dead air located in the body?
in the upper respiratory passage and in the bronchial tree
what is the typical vital capacity of an adult male?
about 4 liters, females are slightly less, taller people have higher
what age group has the highest vital capacity?
25-35 year olds
true or false: the average lung vital capacity of choir singers is higher than that of nonsingers
true - about 14% higher
what is active force?
the contraction of muscles, primarily ribcage muscles, the diaphragm, and the abdomen muscles
what is passive force?
generated by the elastic properties of muscles and tissues as they try to return from extreme state to resting state
what is forced inspiration?
requires the use of accessory muscles to help increase the thoracic volume
speech requires what type of inspiration?
forced inspiration
true or false: we speak during inspiration
false - we speak during expiration
what are the two primary functions of respiration?
life and speech
for sustained vowel production - what type of airflow is required?
steady air flow
what are the three periods of speech breathing?
emergence period, refinement, linguistic adaptation
what is the emergence period?
from birth to 3 years old - infants change lung volume by displaying diaphragm rather than rib cage because the rib cage is not yet able to produce sufficient force
what is the refinement period?
young child to adult - breathing has emerged but continues to progress toward the adult model
what are the three respiratory variables that are measured?
lung volume, capacities, and air flow during speech and non-speech
what is the name of the testing that measures respiratory variables?
pulmonary function testing (PFT)
what is a spirometer?
measures the amount of air that an individual is able to inhale and exhale and the airflow rate
what’s the name of the modern spirometer?
phonatory aerodynamic system (PAS)
on the graph made using the spirometer or PAS what does the area under the curve show?
forced vital capacity (FVC)
which of the volumes and capacities CANNOT be measured?
residual volume (RV)
on a flow volume loop what value is on the x-axis and which is on the y-axis?
airflow rate is on the y-axis and air volume is on the x-axis
what is a manometer?
measures the air pressure a person can generate and sustain for a period of time
what is a pneumotachometer?
flow-sensing spirometer that measures airflow by integrating airflow rate over time
what was the solution to the polio virus back in the 1940s to 1950s?
the “iron lung” tank ventilator that helps polio patients bodies breathe
what is a tracheostomy?
surgical construction of an artificial opening through the neck into the trachea
what is endotracheal intubation?
metal blade pushed into the throat to allow visibility of the vocal chords for the placement of a tube - can injure the posterior parts of the vocal chords
