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Speech Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is contained in the upper respiratory tract? (4)

A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

what is contained in the lower respiratory tract? (5)

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

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3
Q

what is the primary function of the lower respiratory tract?

A

respiration/gas exchange

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4
Q

relating the human acoustic resonator to a bottle which organs are the hole, neck, and chamber of the bottle?

A

the hole is the larynx, the neck is the pharynx, and the chamber is the oral cavity

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5
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

as volume in a chamber increases, pressure decreases and as volume decreases, pressure increases

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6
Q

what is respiration/ventilation?

A

the process of moving air into and out of the airways and lungs to exchange oxygen (entering) and carbon dioxide (leaving)

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7
Q

what are the lungs?

A

smooth, shiny, spongy organ for respiration

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8
Q

there are two lungs, the left and right, which is the smallest and how many lobes do each have?

A

the left (from self POV) is smaller having two lobes, the right has three

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9
Q

why is one side of the lungs smaller than the other?

A

to make room for the heart

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10
Q

there are three lobes of the right lung and two of the right what are they called?

A

the upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe, and the upper and lower lobe

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11
Q

what are pleurae?

A

two-layer membrane surrounding the lungs

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12
Q

what are the two layers of the pleurae called?

A

parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

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13
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

the outer membrane protecting the lungs that is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

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14
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

the inner membrane layer that covers the lungs and dips into the fissures between the lobes surrounding the lungs

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15
Q

true or false: there is an open space between the two membranes of the pleurae

A

false the space is not open, both layers are sucked together due to negative pressure

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16
Q

what are the primary functions of the pleurae?

A

to keep lungs expanded and compressed to some degree, allow for friction-free movement, and protect the lungs

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17
Q

what are intercostal muscles?

A

group of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall

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18
Q

there are three layers of intercostal muscles what are they?

A

external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles

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19
Q

what is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

they aid in quiet and forced inhalation by elevating the ribs and bending them more open

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20
Q

what is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

aid in forced expiration by depressing the ribs and bending them inward

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21
Q

is quiet expiration a passive or active process?

A

passive

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22
Q

what is the function of the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

they reduce the transverse (side to side) dimension of the thoracic cavity during expiration

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23
Q

where are the lungs housed?

A

the ribs

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24
Q

what is the chest wall made up of? (4)

A

the rib cage, abdominal wall, abdominal contents, and the diaphragm

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25
Q

what is the thoracic cavity/chest cavity made up of?

A

the rib cage and the diaphragm AND it houses the lungs

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26
Q

what is the sternum?

A

also known as the breastbone, is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest

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27
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a sheet of internal skeletal muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity

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28
Q

of the vertebral column/spine which vertebrae are involved in respiration?

A

the thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

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29
Q

the thoracic ribs are attached to what in the front and what in the back?

A

to the costal cartilage in the front which attaches to the sternum, and the spinal chord in the back

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30
Q

the bottom two pairs of thoracic ribs are unique why?

A

they do not attach in the front

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31
Q

what is a tendon?

A

inelastic, fibrous tissue that connects bones and muscles

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32
Q

when you prepare to breath in or inspire, what happens?

A

the diaphragm drops down, the rib cage and lungs expand, air flows through the nose/mouth into the trachea, it flows through the bronchi and into the lungs

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33
Q

what does the pulmonary apparatus include?

A

the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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34
Q

what is the bronchial tree?

A

the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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35
Q

what is the trachea?

A

also known as the windpipe - a tube of about 20 rings of tough cartilage, begins just under the larynx and runs behind the breastbone (sternum)

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36
Q

the trachea divides into two smaller tubes which are called what?

A

bronchi (there are two, one for each lung)

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37
Q

where is the esophagus in reference to the trachea?

A

behind it, closer to the spine

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38
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

they are smaller tubes the bronchi are divided into

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39
Q

bronchioles house numerous what?

A

alveoli

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40
Q

what are the seven divisions of the bronchial tree?

A

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolus

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41
Q

what is the main difference between the bronchi and the bronchioles?

A

both are composed of smooth muscle and membrane BUT bronchioles do not have cartilage (bronchi do)

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42
Q

the bronchiole can be divided into three sections which are?

A

lobular, terminal, respiratory (from largest to smallest)

43
Q

which section of the bronchiole contains alveolus

A

respiratory bronchiole (alveolus, alveolar duct, alveolar sac)

44
Q

air passes from thebronchioles to what?

A

to the alveolar ducts the to the alveoli

45
Q

what are alveoli?

A

“little cavity”, thin-walled, air-filled sacs with capillaries on their surface

46
Q

what is the function of the alveoli?

A

facilitate gas exchange

47
Q

what are capillaries and what do they do?

A

the smallest blood vessels in the body, they convey blood between the arterioles and the venules

48
Q

what are arterioles?

A

small blood vessels that connect an artery and capillaries

49
Q

what are venules?

A

small blood vessels that connect capillaries to the vein

50
Q

what are arteries?

A

carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

51
Q

what are veins?

A

carry deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart

52
Q

pulmonary veins and arteries do not function like other veins and arteries, how so?

A

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood FROM the lungs to the left heart -
pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs

53
Q

what is the aorta?

A

main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left heart

54
Q

gas exchange occurs between what and where are they located?

A

between the alveoli and the capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli

55
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

a protein in the red blood cells that carries the oxygen around the body

56
Q

what is also occurring at the same time as oxygen is being moved around the body?

A

carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the blood comes out of the capillaries back into the air sacs, ready to be breathed out

57
Q

there is less oxygen in exhaled air than in inhaled air - why?

A

because a portion of exhaled air is composed of carbon dioxide therefore the percentage of oxygen is less

58
Q

what type of airflow is there in speech?

A

variable airflow

59
Q

what is lung volume?

A

the amount of air each compartment can hold

60
Q

what is lung capacity?

A

combinations of lung volumes that express physiological units

61
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

TV - the amount of air exchanged during quiet respiration

62
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

IRV - the volume of air that can be inhaled AT THE END of the inhalation of tidal volume

63
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

ERV - the volume of air that can be (forcefully) exhaled AT THE END of the exhalation of tidal volume

64
Q

what is residual volume?

A

RV - the amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration that CANNOT be expelled nor measured

65
Q

ones total lung volume is a combination of what 4 volumes?

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TOTAL

66
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

IC - the amount of air remaining that can be inhaled from THE END of passive expiration or at the beginning of inhalation of TV

67
Q

what two volumes when added together equal the insiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

68
Q

what is the functional residual capacity?

A

FRC - amount of air remaining in the lungs and airways AT THE END of passive respiration

69
Q

what two volumes when added together equal the functional residual capacity?

A

ERV + RV

70
Q

what volumes are added together to equal the total lung capacity/total volume?

A

IC + FRC
(TV+IRV) + (ERV+RV)

71
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximal inhalation

72
Q

what three volumes when added together equal vital capacity?

A

IRV + TV + ERV

73
Q

what volume, when added to vital capacity, equals the total lung capacity/total volume?

A

RV

74
Q

what is resting expiratory level (REL) or end-expiratory level (EEL)?

A

a state of equilibrium in the respiratory system (Palv = Patoms) - the lungs tendency to collapse is balanced by the tendency of the ribs to expand

75
Q

what is the typical level of resting expiratory level/end-expiratory level?

A

about 40% of vital capacity

76
Q

above the REL are the inspiratory and expiratory processes active or passive?

A

inspiratory is active and expiratory is passive

77
Q

below the REL arethe inspiratory and expiratory processes active or passive?

A

inspiratory is passive and expiratory is active

78
Q

what is dead air?

A

the small amount of volume of air in the lungs and airways - it is about 150 ml worth of air that is inhaled but is NOT involved in O2 –> CO2 exchange

79
Q

where is dead air located in the body?

A

in the upper respiratory passage and in the bronchial tree

80
Q

what is the typical vital capacity of an adult male?

A

about 4 liters, females are slightly less, taller people have higher

81
Q

what age group has the highest vital capacity?

A

25-35 year olds

82
Q

true or false: the average lung vital capacity of choir singers is higher than that of nonsingers

A

true - about 14% higher

83
Q

what is active force?

A

the contraction of muscles, primarily ribcage muscles, the diaphragm, and the abdomen muscles

84
Q

what is passive force?

A

generated by the elastic properties of muscles and tissues as they try to return from extreme state to resting state

85
Q

what is forced inspiration?

A

requires the use of accessory muscles to help increase the thoracic volume

86
Q

speech requires what type of inspiration?

A

forced inspiration

87
Q

true or false: we speak during inspiration

A

false - we speak during expiration

88
Q

what are the two primary functions of respiration?

A

life and speech

89
Q

for sustained vowel production - what type of airflow is required?

A

steady air flow

90
Q

what are the three periods of speech breathing?

A

emergence period, refinement, linguistic adaptation

91
Q

what is the emergence period?

A

from birth to 3 years old - infants change lung volume by displaying diaphragm rather than rib cage because the rib cage is not yet able to produce sufficient force

92
Q

what is the refinement period?

A

young child to adult - breathing has emerged but continues to progress toward the adult model

93
Q

what are the three respiratory variables that are measured?

A

lung volume, capacities, and air flow during speech and non-speech

94
Q

what is the name of the testing that measures respiratory variables?

A

pulmonary function testing (PFT)

95
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

measures the amount of air that an individual is able to inhale and exhale and the airflow rate

96
Q

what’s the name of the modern spirometer?

A

phonatory aerodynamic system (PAS)

97
Q

on the graph made using the spirometer or PAS what does the area under the curve show?

A

forced vital capacity (FVC)

98
Q

which of the volumes and capacities CANNOT be measured?

A

residual volume (RV)

99
Q

on a flow volume loop what value is on the x-axis and which is on the y-axis?

A

airflow rate is on the y-axis and air volume is on the x-axis

100
Q

what is a manometer?

A

measures the air pressure a person can generate and sustain for a period of time

101
Q

what is a pneumotachometer?

A

flow-sensing spirometer that measures airflow by integrating airflow rate over time

102
Q

what was the solution to the polio virus back in the 1940s to 1950s?

A

the “iron lung” tank ventilator that helps polio patients bodies breathe

103
Q

what is a tracheostomy?

A

surgical construction of an artificial opening through the neck into the trachea

104
Q

what is endotracheal intubation?

A

metal blade pushed into the throat to allow visibility of the vocal chords for the placement of a tube - can injure the posterior parts of the vocal chords

Speech Science (4 decks)

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