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Speech Science > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what part of the upper-respiratory system is the means by which air is converted into sound?

A

larynx

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2
Q

where are the vocal folds housed?

A

the larynx

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3
Q

the laryngeal skeleton is made up of what?

A

1 bone (hyoid) and 9 cartilages (3 paired and 3 unpaired)

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4
Q

what are the 3 unpaired cartilages?

A

thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis

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5
Q

from top to bottom what is the order in the human body of the hyoid bone, the epiglottis, the cricoid cartilage, and thyroid cartilage?

A

epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage (large), cricoid cartilage (smaller)

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6
Q

what is bone?

A

highly vascularized (many blood vessels), and its calcified matrix makes it very strong

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7
Q

what is cartilage?

A

thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces (found near joints, in the nose, and ears)

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8
Q

what is a ligament?

A

tough fibrous band of tissue connecting bones or supporting an organ in place

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9
Q

what is a membrane?

A

flexible, thin tissues typically for boundaries

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10
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

U-shaped bone that forms the attachment of the tongue - NOT attached to any other bone

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11
Q

the thyrohyoid membrane and ligament do what?

A

connects the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone - suspends the rest of the larynx from the hyoid bone

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12
Q

what is thyroid cartilage?

A

largest, unpaired cartilage of the larynx, formed by two laminae (plates) that are fused at the front which forms the Adam’s apple

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13
Q

what is the difference between the inferior and superior horns of the thyroid cartilage?

A

the inferior extend downwards (towards cricoid cartilage) and are smaller, the superior are longer and extend upwards

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14
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage?

A

a ring of cartilage just above the first ring of the trachea, the bigger part is in the back

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15
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs

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16
Q

what is unique about newborn’s epiglottis?

A

it is more curved allowing them to suck and breathe at the same time

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17
Q

what are the arytenoid cartilages?

A

small, pyramid-shaped structures on the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage, they are attached to the vocal folds - hidden behind the thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

where are the vocal chords?

A

within the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage

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19
Q

what are the corniculate cartilages?

A

located at the apex of the arytenoids but may not be present in all individuals, small and appears not important in voice production

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20
Q

what are the cuneiform cartilages?

A

two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed on either side, in the aryepiglottic folds (may function to stiffen these folds)

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21
Q

what are the cricoarytenoid joints? what does it do?

A

between the cricoid and paired arytenoid cartilages in the back wall of the larynx - it adjusts the positioning/opening/closing of the vocal folds

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22
Q

what are the cricothyroid joints? what do they do?

A

connect the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage - plays a key role in adjusting human voice pitch by changing tension in the vocal chords

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23
Q

what makes up the wall of the larynx?

A

cartilages, ligaments, membranes, muscles, and mucosa (or mucous membrane)

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24
Q

what is inside the larynx?

A

a hollow tube, with three sets of valves (folds) that open and close to perform various functions including breath and speech

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24
Q

what are the three folds in the larynx?

A

aryepiglottic folds, false vocal folds, true vocal folds

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25
Q

what are the aryepiglottic folds?

A

triangular mucosa folds, the most superior folds, from the side of the epiglottis to the apex of each arytenoid cartilage - pulls the epiglottis backward and to close the entrance of the larynx during swallowing - phonation (growling)

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26
Q

what are the false vocal folds?

A

inferior to the aryepiglottic folds and just superior and parallel to true vocal folds, not very muscular structures and are only capable of limited movement - help lubricate the true vocal folds, close during swallowing, normally open during phonation

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27
Q

what are the true vocal folds?

A

most complex and important laryngeal valve - vibration of these folds primarily produce voice

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28
Q

what are the three layers of the true vocal folds?

A

layer of epithelium covering the mucosa, lamina propia, vocalis muscle

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29
Q

what is the glottis?

A

the space between the vocal cords, when they vibrate results in “buzzing”

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30
Q

the larynx muscles are divided into what two groups?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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31
Q

where are the extrinsic muscles attached?

A

one point attached within the larynx and the other outside of the larynx

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32
Q

where are the intrinsic muscles attached?

A

both points attached within the larynx

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33
Q

what do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

support the position of the larynx

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34
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles (SH)?

A

extrinsic - contracts to pull the larynx upward in the neck, has its point of attachment above the hyoid bone

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35
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles (IH)?

A

extrinsic - contract to pull the larynx down, have their external point of attachment below the hyoid bone

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36
Q

what is the sternohyoid muscle?

A

infrahyoid - connects the hyoid bone with the clavicle and the sternum

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37
Q

what makes up the superficial plane of infrahyoid muscles?

A

omohyoid muscle and sternohyoid

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38
Q

what do the intrinsic muscles do?

A

responsible for controlling sound production (voicing)

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39
Q

what are the 5 major intrinsic muscles?

A
  1. posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) - only abductor (opener)
  2. lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
  3. arytenoid muscles (IA)
  4. cricothyroid (CT)
  5. thyroarytenoid (TA)
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40
Q

what does the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) do?

A

major respiratory muscle of the larynx, the only opener (rotates the arytenoid cartilages laterally), large, fan-shaped

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41
Q

what do the lateral cricoarytenoids (LCA) do?

A

brings the vocal folds together (adductor), changing tension and length of vocal folds, bilateral

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42
Q

what do the arytenoid muscles (IA) do?

A

also called (IA), holds vocal folds together, main adductor, oblique (X shape), transverse (side-to-side)

43
Q

what does the cricothyroid muscle (CT) do?

A

between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, active in most individuals to pull down thyroid cartilage during high-pitch phonation (producing tension and elongation of vocal cords)

44
Q

what does the thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) do?

A

broad, thin, muscle that forms the main mass of the vocal folds, stiffens itself to increase the rate of vocal folds vibration, relax vocal ligament for softer voice

45
Q

what’s the main function of the intrinsic muscles?

A

directly responsible to the opening and closing of vocal folds, phonation, controls the vocal folds vibration rate

46
Q

what is the duty cycle of vocal cord vibration?

A

consists of four phases of vocal fold movement: opening, open, closing, closed

47
Q

what is a harmonic?

A

a periodic, sinusoidal wave with frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency (F0)

48
Q

harmonics contribute to the what?

A

quality of the voice

49
Q

the fundamental frequency corresponds to the perceived what?

A

pitch

50
Q

what is the glottal spectrum?

A

spectrum of human voice and has a specific spectral slope

51
Q
A
52
Q

what is harmonic spacing?

A

refers to the distance between the harmonic frequencies in a complex sound

53
Q

higher spacing sounds are what?

A

thinner and purer

54
Q

what is the average spacing of children, adult women, and adult men?

A

300, 200, 100

55
Q

what is jitter?

A

frequency perturbation or the timing variability between cycles of vibration

56
Q

what is shimmer?

A

amplitude perturbation or the amplitude variability between cycles of vibration

57
Q

the fundamental frequency (F0) corresponds to what?

A

perceived pitch of the voice

58
Q

harmonics contribute to what?

A

the quality of the voice

59
Q

the quality of a person’s voice is determined by what?

A

how the vocal folds vibrate, by the shape and configuration of the vocal tract (length, degree of arching of har palate, size of oral cavity)

60
Q

what is a vocal register?

A

a range of tones in the human voice

61
Q

what are the three categories of vocal register?

A

pulse, modal, falsetto

62
Q

what is pulse?

A

vocal fry, glottal fry, creaky voice

63
Q

what is modal?

A

normal voice

64
Q

what is falsetto?

A

“false” sounds

65
Q

what is amplitude?

A

controlled by regulating subglottal pressure, primarily through increasing or decreasing medial compression

66
Q

when speaking louder what is the subglottal pressure?

A

higher

67
Q

what is the average amplitude?

A

the overall level of amplitude during a speech task, such as oral reading, conversation, or sustaining a vowel

68
Q

what is amplitude variability?

A

expressed as a standard deviation of the amplitude during a speech task, measured in dB

69
Q

what is dynamic range?

A

the physiological range of vocal amplitudes that a speaker can generate, from the softest phonation that is not a whisper to the loudest shout

70
Q

what is the voice range profile?

A

a graph that plots a person’s minimum to maximum voice intensity range across his or her voice frequency range

71
Q

what percentages are good for jitter and shimmer?

A

low number, below 10%

72
Q

what are important characteristics of a hoarse/rough voice?

A

vocal folds vibrate irregularly, elevated jitter and shimmer

73
Q

what is electroglottography?

A

also called laryngography, noninvasive technique for measuring the degree of contact between the vibrating vocal folds by sensing the electrical conductance between two electrodes placed on the neck

74
Q

what is an endoscopy?

A

to look at the larynx by inserting a probe with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth, allows for a detailed examination of the structures and functions of the larynx

75
Q

what is high-speed videoendoscopy (digital imaging)?

A

helps visualize the structure and function of the larynx, allowing each individual cycle of vocal fold vibration to be recorded and analyzed

76
Q

what is a laryngodtroboscopy?

A

shining a light source onto a moving object and periodically interrupting the light source

77
Q

what is videokymography (VKG)?

A

visualizing the movement characteristics of the vocal folds using a modified video camera, reveals patterns of vocal folds

78
Q

what is dysphonia?

A

a generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality, pitch, and/or loudness

79
Q

what are vocal fold disorders?

A

anatomical or functional issues with the vocal folds (from vocal abuse or misuse)

80
Q

what is aphonia?

A

loss of voice (they can whisper), caused by the inappropriate use of voice (temp. but could be permanent)

81
Q

what are the four common vocal cord disorders?

A

laryngitis, vocal fold nodules, vocal fold polyps, vocal fold paralysis

82
Q

what is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the vocal cords, hoarse, weak voice, sore throat - can be caused by excessive use of the voice, infections, inhaled, irritants

83
Q

what are vocal fold nodules?

A

noncancerous growths on the vocal cords caused by vocal abuse, small, often grow in pairs, often on the part of the vocal cords that get the most pressure when they come together - can cause a low, hoarse, breathy voice

83
Q

what are vocal fold polyps?

A

sot, noncancerous growth, similar to a blister - can cause a low, hoarse, breathy voice

84
Q

what is vocal fold paralysis?

A

one or both cords don’t open or close properly, causes trouble in swallowing and coughing - could be from damage to the PCA muscle, stroke, tumor, etc.

85
Q

what are some other causes of voice disorders?

A

aging, neurological disorders, hearing impairments, stuttering, laryngeal cancer

86
Q

what does the voice of an aged person sound?

A

trembling/shaking

87
Q

what is the average fundamental frequency of a newborn?

A

400 - 600 Hz

88
Q

how does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) affect the voice?

A

deteriorates motor function - breathy voice, slow slurred speech - jitter increased, abnormal F0 levels, reduced ranges of frequency (hoarse)

89
Q

how does Parkinson’s disease affect voice?

A

muscle rigidity - hoarseness, reduced loudness, reductions in pitch range

90
Q

what is Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSTV)?

A

to increase vocal intensity through improved vocal chord adduction/closing - “think loud” Parkinson’s treatment for voicing

91
Q

what is an essential tremor? how does it affect voicing?

A

neurological disorder that causes involuntary and rhythmic shaking - can cause the voice to shake, labored, unstable as if they are nervous

92
Q

what is Laryngeal Dystonia (LD) / Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD)?

A

neurological voice movement disorder, individual suffers spasms of vocal folds - lifelong no cure

93
Q

which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is the abductor/opener?

A

PCA

94
Q

what does laryngeal dysphonia do to the voice?

A

voice breaks, aperiodicity, erratic frequency shifts, higher standard deviation of F0, higher jitter and shimmer, lower signal to noise ratio - CAN whisper

95
Q

what is the standard treatment for larangeal dysphonia?

A

botox to prevent muscles moving, needs to be redone every 3-6 months

96
Q

what is benign mucosal lesion?

A

non-harmful conditions of the vocal chords - nodules, polyps, excessive tension of the vocal chords, and hoarseness - common for singers, coaches, teachers

97
Q

what are the voice affects of hearing impairments?

A

no hearing feedback changes voice production, atypical variations in F0, and intensity, abnormal intonational contours, abnormalities in voice quality

98
Q

what does stuttering do to voice production? what can help?

A

slower initiate phonation - following a beat, singing, slowed or prolonged speech

99
Q

what causes laryngeal cancer and what the treatment?

A

main causes are tobacco and alcohol abuse - may require radiation, chemotherapy, or surgical removal of parts or the whole larynx (hole in throat)

100
Q

what are the three approaches that help patients who had a laryngectomy speak?

A

tracheoesophageal speech (TEP), artificial larynx (AL), esophageal speech (ES)

101
Q

what is tracheoesopageal speech (TEP)?

A

one-way prosthesis inserted into the puncture which allows air from trachea to be channeled to the esophagus - hoarse voice

102
Q

what is an artificial larynx/electrolarynx?

A

external hand-held device inside or outside the mouth that electronically generates a buzz sound - robotic sounding

103
Q

what is esophageal speech?

A

the neoglottis (sphincter between lower portion of pharynx and upper portion of esophagus) vibrates - HARD to learn

104
Q

what is the silent speech interface (SSI)?

A

converts articulatory motion to speech, users speech silently, a device records the tongue and lip motion and convert them to real time speech

Speech Science (4 decks)

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