EXAM 4 Flashcards
1
Q
If you add ONE molecule of citric acid to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, under ideal conditions, how many total molecules of ATP will be produced?
A
12
2
Q
If you add ONE molecule of pyruvic acid to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, how many molecules of carbon dioxide will be produced?
A
3
3
Q
If you add ONE molecule of pyruvic acid to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, how many molecules of FADH2 will be produced?
A
1
4
Q
If you add ONE molecule of acetylCoA to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, how many molecules of NADH will be produced?
A
3
5
Q
Renal functions
A
- Excrete and remove wastes
2. Regulation of blood volume and solute concentration
6
Q
Function of the kidneys
A
- Performs excretory functions
2. produce urine
7
Q
Urinary tract function
A
Performs elimination
8
Q
The urinary tract contains _____, _____, and _____.
A
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
9
Q
Blood–>_______—->_______ ____ —>Urine
A
- Filtrate
2. Tubular Fluid
10
Q
The Kidney filters ___% of total cardiac output.
A
25%
11
Q
Blood is delivered to the cortex of kidney and filtered in the _________.
A
glomerulus
12
Q
The kidney separates ________ and _______.
A
- wastes
2. nutrients
13
Q
Renal tubule reabsorbs ______, and adjusts the ___ level of water.
A
- nutrients
2. pH
14
Q
The kidney delivers wastes through ______ as urine and the urine is collected centrally to the pelvis and sent to the ______.
A
- medulla
2. ureters
15
Q
The _______ is knot of capillaries in the kidney that filtrates fluid and solute.
A
glomerulus
16
Q
Blood enters the glomerulus through the _______ ______. The filtrate exits to the ______. The remaining blood exits to the _____ ______.
A
- afferent arteriole
- capsule
- efferent arteriole
17
Q
The first structure in the renal tubule is the ________ ______.
A
glomerular capsule ( or Bowman’s capsule)
18
Q
The functional unit of the kidney is the tube-like structure called the _______.
A
nephron
19
Q
The nephron adjusts _____ composition, reabsorbs useful things such as _____, ____, and ______. It also secretes unuseful things not already in the ______. After the filtrate goes through the nephron the final result is _____.
A
- filtrate
- water, nutrients, and ions
- filtrate
- urine
20
Q
Once fluid enters the nephron it is called _______.
A
filtrate
21
Q
Name the four structures of the Nephron
A
1, Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
22
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Filtration membrane is semipermeable
A
TRUE
23
Q
Net filtration pressure favors fluid diffusing from the ______ to the _______ _____. Then blood fluids and solutes are forced ____. The proteins and RBSc cannot _______ the capillary (creates osmotic pull back).
A
- capillary
- Glomerular capsule
- out
- leave
24
Q
The amount of filtrate produced is called the _____ _____ ___.
A
glomerular filtration rate GFR
25
The usual amount of filtrate produced is ____ ml/min or 180 L/day
1) 125 ml/min
| 2) 180 L/day
26
The GFR is driven by _______ _______ and ______ ____.
1. blood pressure
| 2. blood flow
27
How much urine is usually produced per day?
1 quart
28
The neprhon reabsords ____% of what goes through the kidney.
99%
29
60% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the _____ ____ ____. This is accomplished with ___ gradients and ______ transporters.
1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. ion
3. protein
30
TRUE OR FALSE
| The loop of Henle is semipermeable.
TRUE
31
In the thin descending loop of Henle only _____ can move in and out.
water
32
In the thick ascending loop of Henle only ____ can move in and out through _____ _____.
1. solutes (Na+ and Cl-) only
| 2. active transport
33
As the filtrate moves through the loop of Henle the amount of filtrate _______.
decreases
34
Name the 2 types of Nephrons
1. Cortical
| 2. Juxtamedullary
35
TRUE OR FALSE
| Peirtubular capillaries are found in both types of nephrons.
TRUE
36
Peritubular capillaries have normal capillary function and accept reabsorbed _____ components.
filtrate
37
Vasa Recta capillaries are only found in the ______ nephron loops and are specialized in ________ the filtrate.
1. juxtamedullary
| 2. concentrating
38
By the time the filtrate reaches the ____ ______ ____ only 15%-20% of the filtrate volume is left.
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
39
When the filtrate reaches the DCT the composition of it is no longer blood-like. ____ and ____ are now the main solutes.
Urea and wastes
40
TRUE OR FALSE
| K+, H+ and ammonium ions are removed from the DCT.
TRUE
41
In the DCT ________ stimulates additional Na+ reabsorption.
aldosterone
42
In the DCT ______ hormone stimulates additional water reabsorption.
antidiuretic
43
Minimum amount of water is needed to keep ___ dissolved in the DCT and the Collecting Duct.
wastes
44
If blood pressure is low, the hypothalamus releases ___ and it acts to conserve water and restore volume and pressure in the Collecting Duct.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
45
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) acts on the ______ ______ when blood pressure is low.
Collecting Duct
46
Antidiuretic Hormone cells to insert _______. It stimulates water channels to allow water to diffuse out of the ______ _____.
1. aquaporins
| 2. collecting duct
47
Describe the process of how the body responds to dehydration. (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP)
As H20 decreases and Na+ increases...
1. Elevates blood osmolarity
2. Stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors
3. Stimulatres posterior pituitary to release ADH
(THIS TRIGGERS THIRST AND h20 LEVELS RISE)
4. Stimulates distal convoluted tubule and collecting
5. Increases water reabsorption
6) a.Reduces urine volume
b. Increases ratio of Na+: H20 in urine (NA+ LEVELS ARE DECREASED)
48
What part of the brain senses thirst?
telacephelon
49
TRUE OR FALSE
| The kidneys can make water.
FALSE
| The kidneys can increase water absorption but cannot make water.
50
EXCRETED = _______ - ______ + ______
1. FILTERED
2. REABSORBED
3. SECRETED
51
Urine contains....
1. Nitrogen waste
2. Acids
3. Water
4. Ion and nutrients
52
Muscular tube connecting kidney and bladder
Ureter
53
______- is the hollow muscular sac used for temporary urine storage.
bladder
54
The bladder can hold a maximum of __ liter(s)
1
55
TRUE OR FALSE
| The internal urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.
FALSE.
| It is not under voluntary control
56
TRUE OR FALSE
| The external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.
TRUE
57
The ______ extends from the neck of he urinary bladder.
urethra
58
Male urethra is __-__ cm long.
| Female urethra is __-__ cm long
Male: 18-20 cm
Female: 3-5cm
59
Most carbohydrates absorbed by the body are _________, such as glucose, galactose, and fructose.
monosacharides
60
TRUE OR FALSE
| ATP production is carbohydrate metabolism.
TRUE
61
Glucose is catabolized to ___ and ___ and the energy released is used to make ATP.
CO2 and H20
62
Respiration is the cumulative function of ______, the _____ _____ ____, and _______ _____.
1. glycolysis
2. citric acid cycle
3. electron transport
63
Glycolysis occurs in the ______ and generates a net of ___ molecules of ATP.
1. cytoplasm
| 2. two
64
The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the ________ and generates ____ more ATP.
1. Mitochondria
| 2. two
65
The Electron transport chain occurs on the inner membrane of the ________ and generates about _____ ATP.
1. mitochondria
| 2. 34
66
About ___ ATP molecules produced from one molecule of glucose.
38
67
Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by catabolizing ______ to _____.
1. glucose
| 2. pyruvate
68
The end product of glycolysis is ___ molecules of _______, a total of __ ATp and __ NADH+H.
1. 2 pyruvate acid molecules
2. 4 ATP
3. 2 NADH+H
69
_____ is the middle of the mitochondria.
matrix
70
Before the carbon chains can enter citric acid cycle pyruvic acid must be converted to ____.
acetyl-CoA
71
Each NADH+H and FADH contains chemical _____.
energy
72
The _____ _____ is located on the chains of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
electron transport chain
73
Cellular respiration generates __-__ ATP molecules for each sugar molecule it oxidizes
36-38 ATP molecules
74
Glycolysis receives by metabolic by-products of...
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
75
Acetyl-CoA rxn. receives metabolic by-products from
glycolysis
proteins
fats
76
Citric acid cycle receives metabolic by-products from
proteins
77
Glycolysis is stimulated by high concentrations of ___.
ADP
78
Glycolysis is inhibited by high concentrations of ____, and ______.
1. ATP
| 2. Citrate (from the citric acid cycle)
79
Many enzymes throughout the respiratory cycle are subject to ______ _____.
______ ______ is when the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
feedback inhibition
80
Meiosis only occurs during ___ and ___ production.
egg and sperm
81
Sex cells are located in the the _____ and are called ____. They contain ___ of the genetic information.
1. gonads
2. gametes
3. half
82
The male gonads are called ____. They produce ______ and secrete male sex hormones such as _______.
1. testes
2. sperm
3. androgens
83
TRUE OR FALSE
| The secondary structures of the male reproductive system include a network of ducts and accessory glands.
true
84
The ______ _____ is the site of spermatogenesis.
seminiferous tubules
85
Spermatogenesis creates __ spermatids and each contains ___ of the information needed to reproduce.
1. four
| 2. half
86
TRUE OR FALSE
| The spermaids resulting from spermatogenesis are identical.
FALSE
87
Sperm maturation can take __to__ months.
2-3 months
88
Sperm are formed in the walls of the ___. They mature and move toward the lumen of the ______. They are nursed by ___ cells and receive androgens from _____ cells.
1. duct
2. tubules
3. nurse
4. interstitial
89
TRUE OR FALSE
| The epididymis is not part of the testes.
TRUE
90
Meiosis I and II in males results in __ spermatids.
4
91
Spermatogenesis starts out with a _______ _____ cell.
Primordial Germ Cell
92
Desribe the maturation of of spermatids
1. Acrosomal vesicle forms
2. Flagellum is formed
3. Mitochondria gathers around flagellum
4. Excess cytoplasm is lost
93
_______ ____ is a bag of enzymes in the head of the sperm that is needed to break through the egg.
Acrosomal vesicle
94
Describe the process of spermiation
1. release of sperm from Nurse cells
| 2. Now are free to move through duct
95
Sperms cells keep their _____ in order to make ATP.
mictochondria
96
Name the three structures that make up a sperm.
1. Head
2. Mid Piece
3. Tail
97
What does the head of a sperm contain?
1. nucleus
| 2. acrosome
98
What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?
mitochondria
99
Describe the tail of the sperm
- whip like
| - it is the only flagellum in the human body
100
After being released from the efferent ductules the sperm enter the ______.
epididymis
101
In this epididymis the sperm ___ more and improve their ______ skills.
1. mature
| 2. swimming
102
TRUE OR FALSE
| Sperm move freely in the testes and swim.
FALSE
103
After moving down the epididymis, the sperm moves to the ___ _____.
Vas Deferens
104
Sperm move through the muscular tube, vas deferens,through ______.
peristalsis
105
The vas deferens becomes swollen at the end where there is an ______ for sperm ______.
1. ampula
| 2. storage
106
The vas deferens connects to the _______ ____.
ejaculatory duct
107
The ejaculatory duct enters to the _____ and connects to the _______.
1. prostate
| 2. urethra
108
The male urethra is shared with the ____ ____ and the _____ ____.
1. urinary tract
| 2. reproductive tract
109
Name the three parts of the male urethra
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous Urethra
3. Spongy Urethra
110
The prostatic urethra is wrapped by the ___ and is an entrance for the _____ ____.
1. prostate
| 2. ejaculatory duct
111
The membranous urethra crosses the ______ floor.
urogenital
112
The spongy urethra is located within the _____.
penis
113
The male accessory glands produce fluids composing of _____.
semen
114
Seminal vesicles are paired and connect at the ______ ___.
Ejaculatory duct
115
The prostate gland is chestnut shaped and is the convergence point of the male _____ and male______ system.
urinary and reproductive system
116
The bulboutherthral glands are paired and produce _____ ___.
preejaculatory fluid
117
The purpose for preejaculatory fluid is to
it lubricates and washes out any acid from urea so the sperm are not damaged.
118
________ regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, stress, response, aggression and sexual behavior.
hypothalamus
119
The hypothalamus releases _____ _____ ____ for reproductive functions.
gonadtropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
120
The hypothalamus releases GnRH and it is sent to the _____ ____ ____.
anterior pituitary gland
121
After being stiumulated by GnRH the anterior pituitary gland releases ____ ____ ___ and _____ ____.
1. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
| 2. Leutinizing hormone (LH)
122
TRUE OR FALSE
| Gonadtropins travels via blood to endocrine organs (gonads)
TRUE
123
FSH and LH travel to the ____ and act on the _____ cells and the ______ cells.
1. testis
2. nurse cells
3. interstitial cells
124
___ acts on the nurse cells and has it release _____ _____ _____.
1. FSH
| 2. Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
125
___ acts o the interstitial cells and has it release ______.
1. LH
| 2. Androgen
126
The release of GnRH is inhibited when enough ______ is released. Inhbins block ___ only.
1. ABP and androgen
| 2. FSH
127
The release of androgen binding proteins and androgen turn on _____ production.
sperm
128
The ______ is the pouch suspended from the groin containing the testes. It function in ______ regulation. It is wrapped in ____ and _____ muscles.
1. scrotum
2. temperature
3. dartos and cremaster muscles
129
The dartos of the scrotum contract with ____ and the cremaster muscles contract with ________ or _____.
1. temperature
| 2. arousal or fear
130
External anatomy of the penis consists of ____ ____ and the ____.
1. glans penis
| 2. shaft
131
The glans penis is covered by ______.
prepuce (foreskin)
132
The internal anatomy of the penis consists of three cores of spongy tissue the _____ and the ____.
1. corpus cavernosum
| 2. corpus spongiosum
133
There are ___ corpus cavernosum on the top of the ______.
1. two
| 2. shaft
134
The corpus spongiosum is located in the _____ of the shaft and wraps around the ______.
1. bottom
| 2. urethra
135
Sexual Response Cycle has 4 phases:
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution
136
TRUE OR FALSE
| Testosterone is only responsible for the sex drive in men.
FALSE
| Testosterone is responsible for sex drive in both men and women
137
Erection is driven by the ______ nervous system. The ______ nervous system communicate to vessels in corpus cavernosa and spongeoum to release ______ _____. This causes ____ of blood vessels.
1. parasympathetic
2. parasympathetic
3. nitrous oxide (NO)
4. dialation
138
During excitement for the male the ____ opening widens and the scrotal skin experiences _______. The muscles can tense up, also called ______.
1. urethral
2. vasocongestion
3. myotonia
139
The plateau in a male causes the ____ bulb and the ____ to enlarge. There is _____ emission.
1. urethral bulb
2. prostate
2. preorgasmic
140
The male orgasm includes involuntary ______ ____. It also includes _______.
1. muscle contractions
| 2. ejaculation
141
There are two states of Ejaculation: ______ and ______.
1. Emission stage
| 2. Expulsion stage
142
The emission stage of ejaculation is controlled by the _______ nervous system. The smooth muscle contracts in the _____ walls, duct and glands. The semen enters the ______ ____. The _____ sphincter contracts and closes off the bladder. _____ is released and causes muscles contraction.
1. sympathetic
2. testes
3. urethral bulb
4. urinary
5. oxytocin
143
The expulsion state of ejaculation is controlled by the _____ nervous system, which is voluntary control. There are rhythmic contractions of the ____ and bulbocavernosus muscle. __ to __ contractions release most of the semen and are followed by additional contraction every 0.8 seconds.
1. somatic
2. penis
3. 3-4 contraction
144
Resolution for the male includes loss of _____, ______ dissipates, loss of mytonia and sex flush.
1. erection
| 2. vascongestion
145
Female gonads are called ______.
ovaries
146
Ovaries produce ____ and hormones.
oocytes (eggs)
147
Fertilization of the egg happens in the _____ ____.
uterine tube
148
A fertilized egg is a _____.
zygote
149
The uterine tubes facilitate egg transport toward the ____ with ____ contractions and cilia.
1. uterus
| 2. peristaltic
150
At __to ___ days the zygote is still in the _____ ___.
uterine tube
151
Each oocyte is contained within a ______.
follicle
