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BIO 141 > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

If you add ONE molecule of citric acid to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, under ideal conditions, how many total molecules of ATP will be produced?

A

12

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2
Q

If you add ONE molecule of pyruvic acid to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, how many molecules of carbon dioxide will be produced?

A

3

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3
Q

If you add ONE molecule of pyruvic acid to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, how many molecules of FADH2 will be produced?

A

1

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4
Q

If you add ONE molecule of acetylCoA to a cell, and then let the cell metabolize it as we discussed in class, how many molecules of NADH will be produced?

A

3

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5
Q

Renal functions

A
  1. Excrete and remove wastes

2. Regulation of blood volume and solute concentration

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6
Q

Function of the kidneys

A
  1. Performs excretory functions

2. produce urine

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7
Q

Urinary tract function

A

Performs elimination

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8
Q

The urinary tract contains _____, _____, and _____.

A
  1. Ureters
  2. Bladder
  3. Urethra
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9
Q

Blood–>_______—->_______ ____ —>Urine

A
  1. Filtrate

2. Tubular Fluid

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10
Q

The Kidney filters ___% of total cardiac output.

A

25%

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11
Q

Blood is delivered to the cortex of kidney and filtered in the _________.

A

glomerulus

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12
Q

The kidney separates ________ and _______.

A
  1. wastes

2. nutrients

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13
Q

Renal tubule reabsorbs ______, and adjusts the ___ level of water.

A
  1. nutrients

2. pH

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14
Q

The kidney delivers wastes through ______ as urine and the urine is collected centrally to the pelvis and sent to the ______.

A
  1. medulla

2. ureters

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15
Q

The _______ is knot of capillaries in the kidney that filtrates fluid and solute.

A

glomerulus

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16
Q

Blood enters the glomerulus through the _______ ______. The filtrate exits to the ______. The remaining blood exits to the _____ ______.

A
  1. afferent arteriole
  2. capsule
  3. efferent arteriole
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17
Q

The first structure in the renal tubule is the ________ ______.

A

glomerular capsule ( or Bowman’s capsule)

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18
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the tube-like structure called the _______.

A

nephron

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19
Q

The nephron adjusts _____ composition, reabsorbs useful things such as _____, ____, and ______. It also secretes unuseful things not already in the ______. After the filtrate goes through the nephron the final result is _____.

A
  1. filtrate
  2. water, nutrients, and ions
  3. filtrate
  4. urine
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20
Q

Once fluid enters the nephron it is called _______.

A

filtrate

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21
Q

Name the four structures of the Nephron

A

1, Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)
  3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Filtration membrane is semipermeable

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Net filtration pressure favors fluid diffusing from the ______ to the _______ _____. Then blood fluids and solutes are forced ____. The proteins and RBSc cannot _______ the capillary (creates osmotic pull back).

A
  1. capillary
  2. Glomerular capsule
  3. out
  4. leave
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24
Q

The amount of filtrate produced is called the _____ _____ ___.

A

glomerular filtration rate GFR

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25
Q

The usual amount of filtrate produced is ____ ml/min or 180 L/day

A

1) 125 ml/min

2) 180 L/day

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26
Q

The GFR is driven by _______ _______ and ______ ____.

A
  1. blood pressure

2. blood flow

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27
Q

How much urine is usually produced per day?

A

1 quart

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28
Q

The neprhon reabsords ____% of what goes through the kidney.

A

99%

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29
Q

60% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the _____ ____ ____. This is accomplished with ___ gradients and ______ transporters.

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. ion
  3. protein
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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The loop of Henle is semipermeable.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

In the thin descending loop of Henle only _____ can move in and out.

A

water

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32
Q

In the thick ascending loop of Henle only ____ can move in and out through _____ _____.

A
  1. solutes (Na+ and Cl-) only

2. active transport

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33
Q

As the filtrate moves through the loop of Henle the amount of filtrate _______.

A

decreases

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34
Q

Name the 2 types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical

2. Juxtamedullary

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Peirtubular capillaries are found in both types of nephrons.

A

TRUE

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36
Q

Peritubular capillaries have normal capillary function and accept reabsorbed _____ components.

A

filtrate

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37
Q

Vasa Recta capillaries are only found in the ______ nephron loops and are specialized in ________ the filtrate.

A
  1. juxtamedullary

2. concentrating

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38
Q

By the time the filtrate reaches the ____ ______ ____ only 15%-20% of the filtrate volume is left.

A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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39
Q

When the filtrate reaches the DCT the composition of it is no longer blood-like. ____ and ____ are now the main solutes.

A

Urea and wastes

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40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

K+, H+ and ammonium ions are removed from the DCT.

A

TRUE

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41
Q

In the DCT ________ stimulates additional Na+ reabsorption.

A

aldosterone

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42
Q

In the DCT ______ hormone stimulates additional water reabsorption.

A

antidiuretic

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43
Q

Minimum amount of water is needed to keep ___ dissolved in the DCT and the Collecting Duct.

A

wastes

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44
Q

If blood pressure is low, the hypothalamus releases ___ and it acts to conserve water and restore volume and pressure in the Collecting Duct.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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45
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) acts on the ______ ______ when blood pressure is low.

A

Collecting Duct

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46
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone cells to insert _______. It stimulates water channels to allow water to diffuse out of the ______ _____.

A
  1. aquaporins

2. collecting duct

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47
Q

Describe the process of how the body responds to dehydration. (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP)

A

As H20 decreases and Na+ increases…
1. Elevates blood osmolarity
2. Stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors
3. Stimulatres posterior pituitary to release ADH
(THIS TRIGGERS THIRST AND h20 LEVELS RISE)
4. Stimulates distal convoluted tubule and collecting
5. Increases water reabsorption
6) a.Reduces urine volume
b. Increases ratio of Na+: H20 in urine (NA+ LEVELS ARE DECREASED)

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48
Q

What part of the brain senses thirst?

A

telacephelon

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49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The kidneys can make water.

A

FALSE

The kidneys can increase water absorption but cannot make water.

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50
Q

EXCRETED = _______ - ______ + ______

A
  1. FILTERED
  2. REABSORBED
  3. SECRETED
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51
Q

Urine contains….

A
  1. Nitrogen waste
  2. Acids
  3. Water
  4. Ion and nutrients
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52
Q

Muscular tube connecting kidney and bladder

A

Ureter

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53
Q

______- is the hollow muscular sac used for temporary urine storage.

A

bladder

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54
Q

The bladder can hold a maximum of __ liter(s)

A

1

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55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The internal urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.

A

FALSE.

It is not under voluntary control

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56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.

A

TRUE

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57
Q

The ______ extends from the neck of he urinary bladder.

A

urethra

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58
Q

Male urethra is __-__ cm long.

Female urethra is __-__ cm long

A

Male: 18-20 cm
Female: 3-5cm

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59
Q

Most carbohydrates absorbed by the body are _________, such as glucose, galactose, and fructose.

A

monosacharides

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60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ATP production is carbohydrate metabolism.

A

TRUE

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61
Q

Glucose is catabolized to ___ and ___ and the energy released is used to make ATP.

A

CO2 and H20

62
Q

Respiration is the cumulative function of ______, the _____ _____ ____, and _______ _____.

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. electron transport
63
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ and generates a net of ___ molecules of ATP.

A
  1. cytoplasm

2. two

64
Q

The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the ________ and generates ____ more ATP.

A
  1. Mitochondria

2. two

65
Q

The Electron transport chain occurs on the inner membrane of the ________ and generates about _____ ATP.

A
  1. mitochondria

2. 34

66
Q

About ___ ATP molecules produced from one molecule of glucose.

A

38

67
Q

Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by catabolizing ______ to _____.

A
  1. glucose

2. pyruvate

68
Q

The end product of glycolysis is ___ molecules of _______, a total of __ ATp and __ NADH+H.

A
  1. 2 pyruvate acid molecules
  2. 4 ATP
  3. 2 NADH+H
69
Q

_____ is the middle of the mitochondria.

A

matrix

70
Q

Before the carbon chains can enter citric acid cycle pyruvic acid must be converted to ____.

A

acetyl-CoA

71
Q

Each NADH+H and FADH contains chemical _____.

A

energy

72
Q

The _____ _____ is located on the chains of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

electron transport chain

73
Q

Cellular respiration generates __-__ ATP molecules for each sugar molecule it oxidizes

A

36-38 ATP molecules

74
Q

Glycolysis receives by metabolic by-products of…

A

carbohydrates
proteins
fats

75
Q

Acetyl-CoA rxn. receives metabolic by-products from

A

glycolysis
proteins
fats

76
Q

Citric acid cycle receives metabolic by-products from

A

proteins

77
Q

Glycolysis is stimulated by high concentrations of ___.

A

ADP

78
Q

Glycolysis is inhibited by high concentrations of ____, and ______.

A
  1. ATP

2. Citrate (from the citric acid cycle)

79
Q

Many enzymes throughout the respiratory cycle are subject to ______ _____.
______ ______ is when the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme catalyzing the reaction

A

feedback inhibition

80
Q

Meiosis only occurs during ___ and ___ production.

A

egg and sperm

81
Q

Sex cells are located in the the _____ and are called ____. They contain ___ of the genetic information.

A
  1. gonads
  2. gametes
  3. half
82
Q

The male gonads are called ____. They produce ______ and secrete male sex hormones such as _______.

A
  1. testes
  2. sperm
  3. androgens
83
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The secondary structures of the male reproductive system include a network of ducts and accessory glands.

A

true

84
Q

The ______ _____ is the site of spermatogenesis.

A

seminiferous tubules

85
Q

Spermatogenesis creates __ spermatids and each contains ___ of the information needed to reproduce.

A
  1. four

2. half

86
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The spermaids resulting from spermatogenesis are identical.

A

FALSE

87
Q

Sperm maturation can take __to__ months.

A

2-3 months

88
Q

Sperm are formed in the walls of the ___. They mature and move toward the lumen of the ______. They are nursed by ___ cells and receive androgens from _____ cells.

A
  1. duct
  2. tubules
  3. nurse
  4. interstitial
89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The epididymis is not part of the testes.

A

TRUE

90
Q

Meiosis I and II in males results in __ spermatids.

A

4

91
Q

Spermatogenesis starts out with a _______ _____ cell.

A

Primordial Germ Cell

92
Q

Desribe the maturation of of spermatids

A
  1. Acrosomal vesicle forms
  2. Flagellum is formed
  3. Mitochondria gathers around flagellum
  4. Excess cytoplasm is lost
93
Q

_______ ____ is a bag of enzymes in the head of the sperm that is needed to break through the egg.

A

Acrosomal vesicle

94
Q

Describe the process of spermiation

A
  1. release of sperm from Nurse cells

2. Now are free to move through duct

95
Q

Sperms cells keep their _____ in order to make ATP.

A

mictochondria

96
Q

Name the three structures that make up a sperm.

A
  1. Head
  2. Mid Piece
  3. Tail
97
Q

What does the head of a sperm contain?

A
  1. nucleus

2. acrosome

98
Q

What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?

A

mitochondria

99
Q

Describe the tail of the sperm

A
  • whip like

- it is the only flagellum in the human body

100
Q

After being released from the efferent ductules the sperm enter the ______.

A

epididymis

101
Q

In this epididymis the sperm ___ more and improve their ______ skills.

A
  1. mature

2. swimming

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Sperm move freely in the testes and swim.

A

FALSE

103
Q

After moving down the epididymis, the sperm moves to the ___ _____.

A

Vas Deferens

104
Q

Sperm move through the muscular tube, vas deferens,through ______.

A

peristalsis

105
Q

The vas deferens becomes swollen at the end where there is an ______ for sperm ______.

A
  1. ampula

2. storage

106
Q

The vas deferens connects to the _______ ____.

A

ejaculatory duct

107
Q

The ejaculatory duct enters to the _____ and connects to the _______.

A
  1. prostate

2. urethra

108
Q

The male urethra is shared with the ____ ____ and the _____ ____.

A
  1. urinary tract

2. reproductive tract

109
Q

Name the three parts of the male urethra

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous Urethra
  3. Spongy Urethra
110
Q

The prostatic urethra is wrapped by the ___ and is an entrance for the _____ ____.

A
  1. prostate

2. ejaculatory duct

111
Q

The membranous urethra crosses the ______ floor.

A

urogenital

112
Q

The spongy urethra is located within the _____.

A

penis

113
Q

The male accessory glands produce fluids composing of _____.

A

semen

114
Q

Seminal vesicles are paired and connect at the ______ ___.

A

Ejaculatory duct

115
Q

The prostate gland is chestnut shaped and is the convergence point of the male _____ and male______ system.

A

urinary and reproductive system

116
Q

The bulboutherthral glands are paired and produce _____ ___.

A

preejaculatory fluid

117
Q

The purpose for preejaculatory fluid is to

A

it lubricates and washes out any acid from urea so the sperm are not damaged.

118
Q

________ regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, stress, response, aggression and sexual behavior.

A

hypothalamus

119
Q

The hypothalamus releases _____ _____ ____ for reproductive functions.

A

gonadtropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

120
Q

The hypothalamus releases GnRH and it is sent to the _____ ____ ____.

A

anterior pituitary gland

121
Q

After being stiumulated by GnRH the anterior pituitary gland releases ____ ____ ___ and _____ ____.

A
  1. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Leutinizing hormone (LH)

122
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Gonadtropins travels via blood to endocrine organs (gonads)

A

TRUE

123
Q

FSH and LH travel to the ____ and act on the _____ cells and the ______ cells.

A
  1. testis
  2. nurse cells
  3. interstitial cells
124
Q

___ acts on the nurse cells and has it release _____ _____ _____.

A
  1. FSH

2. Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)

125
Q

___ acts o the interstitial cells and has it release ______.

A
  1. LH

2. Androgen

126
Q

The release of GnRH is inhibited when enough ______ is released. Inhbins block ___ only.

A
  1. ABP and androgen

2. FSH

127
Q

The release of androgen binding proteins and androgen turn on _____ production.

A

sperm

128
Q

The ______ is the pouch suspended from the groin containing the testes. It function in ______ regulation. It is wrapped in ____ and _____ muscles.

A
  1. scrotum
  2. temperature
  3. dartos and cremaster muscles
129
Q

The dartos of the scrotum contract with ____ and the cremaster muscles contract with ________ or _____.

A
  1. temperature

2. arousal or fear

130
Q

External anatomy of the penis consists of ____ ____ and the ____.

A
  1. glans penis

2. shaft

131
Q

The glans penis is covered by ______.

A

prepuce (foreskin)

132
Q

The internal anatomy of the penis consists of three cores of spongy tissue the _____ and the ____.

A
  1. corpus cavernosum

2. corpus spongiosum

133
Q

There are ___ corpus cavernosum on the top of the ______.

A
  1. two

2. shaft

134
Q

The corpus spongiosum is located in the _____ of the shaft and wraps around the ______.

A
  1. bottom

2. urethra

135
Q

Sexual Response Cycle has 4 phases:

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
136
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Testosterone is only responsible for the sex drive in men.

A

FALSE

Testosterone is responsible for sex drive in both men and women

137
Q

Erection is driven by the ______ nervous system. The ______ nervous system communicate to vessels in corpus cavernosa and spongeoum to release ______ _____. This causes ____ of blood vessels.

A
  1. parasympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. nitrous oxide (NO)
  4. dialation
138
Q

During excitement for the male the ____ opening widens and the scrotal skin experiences _______. The muscles can tense up, also called ______.

A
  1. urethral
  2. vasocongestion
  3. myotonia
139
Q

The plateau in a male causes the ____ bulb and the ____ to enlarge. There is _____ emission.

A
  1. urethral bulb
  2. prostate
  3. preorgasmic
140
Q

The male orgasm includes involuntary ______ ____. It also includes _______.

A
  1. muscle contractions

2. ejaculation

141
Q

There are two states of Ejaculation: ______ and ______.

A
  1. Emission stage

2. Expulsion stage

142
Q

The emission stage of ejaculation is controlled by the _______ nervous system. The smooth muscle contracts in the _____ walls, duct and glands. The semen enters the ______ ____. The _____ sphincter contracts and closes off the bladder. _____ is released and causes muscles contraction.

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. testes
  3. urethral bulb
  4. urinary
  5. oxytocin
143
Q

The expulsion state of ejaculation is controlled by the _____ nervous system, which is voluntary control. There are rhythmic contractions of the ____ and bulbocavernosus muscle. __ to __ contractions release most of the semen and are followed by additional contraction every 0.8 seconds.

A
  1. somatic
  2. penis
  3. 3-4 contraction
144
Q

Resolution for the male includes loss of _____, ______ dissipates, loss of mytonia and sex flush.

A
  1. erection

2. vascongestion

145
Q

Female gonads are called ______.

A

ovaries

146
Q

Ovaries produce ____ and hormones.

A

oocytes (eggs)

147
Q

Fertilization of the egg happens in the _____ ____.

A

uterine tube

148
Q

A fertilized egg is a _____.

A

zygote

149
Q

The uterine tubes facilitate egg transport toward the ____ with ____ contractions and cilia.

A
  1. uterus

2. peristaltic

150
Q

At __to ___ days the zygote is still in the _____ ___.

A

uterine tube

151
Q

Each oocyte is contained within a ______.

A

follicle

BIO 141 (3 decks)

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