Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the hypothalamus control?
A
*Hunger/thirst
*Rage
*Body Temp
*Satiety
*Sleep
*Sex Drive
2
Q
What 2 things give the brain a folded appearance?
A
Sulcus and fissures
3
Q
What are the 3 parts of the brain?
A
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
4
Q
What are the 2 parts of the forebrain?
A
Diencephalon and telenchephalon
5
Q
What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?
A
*Thalamus
*Hypothalamus
*Epithalamus
6
Q
Glial cells
A
a) Schwann cells (PNS)
b) Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
c) Ependymeal—>CSF—> “shock absorber” for CNS
d) Astrocytes
7
Q
Astrocytes
A
1) Scavengers of NT
2) Scavengers of ions
3) “Neural glue” holds NS in place
8
Q
What makes up the CNS?
A
-Brain
-Spinal cord
9
Q
What makes up the PNS?
A
-12 pairs of cranial nerves
-31 pairs of spinal nerves
10
Q
What are the parts of the brain?
A
*Midbrain
*Pons
*Medulla
11
Q
Cerebellum
A
little brain
-coordination and intricate movements
12
Q
Female vs Male Brain
A
The female brain has more synaptic connections, better limbic system (intuition), and a bigger corpus collosum (multitask)
13
Q
Substantial Nigra
A
black substance
-basal ganglia structure in the midbrain
-appears darker than other neighboring areas due to high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons
-Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra
14
Q
Limbic System
A
-evolved a long time ago
-made up amygdala etc.
-interacts with the basal ganglia (ex. you see something v scary)
15
Q
Amygdala
A
Plays a role in memory, decision making and emotional response (feel like you’re being stared at)
16
Q
Broca’s area
A
*left brain
*speech formation and execution
17
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
*speech/language
*comprehension/ interpretation
18
Q
Occipital lobe
A
-Visual association area
19
Q
Epidural injection between…?
A
L3 and L4
20
Q
The Meninges
A
✬Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater*
✬Protects the CNS
✬trauma–> CNS deals with pressure
–> extract CSF
21
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (function and location)
A
Function: cushions the brain and provides nutrients
location: brain ventricles (fourth ventricle
22
Q
Sympathetic NS
A
✿Thoracid-lumabr NS
✿ nerves connected
✿strong/fast!>adrenaline
✿Not default
✿ “fight or flight”
23
Q
Parasympathetic NS
A
✿Craniosacral NS
✿ nerves are not connected
✿ not fast>no hormones
✿Default system
✿ “Rest, digest”
24
Q
Sensory vs Motor
A
Sensory- “afferent” going INTO CNS
motor- “efferent” AWAY from CNS (skeletal muscle)
25
Uniporter vs Symporter vs Antiporter
Uniporter: molecule going in one direction
Symporter: 2 molecules going the same direction
antiporter: 2 molecules going in opposite direction
26
Reticular activating centers
wakefulness (caffeine hits receptors here)
27
Neuron vs Nerve
Neuron: 1 cell that has the ability to produce electrical signals called AP
Nerve: 1000s of neurons bundled together
28
Why is it important that we have an emotional response and brain re-writing when experiencing something scary?
* limbic system interacts with the basal ganglia so that we can react
29
what are the major lobes, and areas of the brain that impact speech, vision etc
✪Frontal lobe: voluntary movement, decision, speech, smell
✪Parietal lobe: touch + taste
✪Temporal: smell + sound
✪Occipital lobe:
* Blunt force trauma to back of the head= trauma to vision centers
✪Left brain
*broca's
*wernicke's
30
Primary Motor Cortex vs Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
*PMC: voluntary movement / conscious movement in a particular way on the way to skeletal muscle
● anterior to PSSC
*PSSC: sensation / sensory information from the body
31
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus: pineal gland ( melatonin)
● satiety(FULL)
● Hunger thirst
● More thirst= adh increase- osmoreceptor( pay attention to blood osmolarity) 300 mlosm./L
● Osmolarity: # of particle/vol of fluid
● If we’re dehydrated then vol of fluid lowers = osmolarity increase = thirst go up
● we want to save water = antidiuretic level up = vol of urine down= color of urine darker
32
Neuro-pharmacology
Drug is added into system = prevents action potential of neuron ( V.G. Na+ blocked) = hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential = “tissue is severely” (idk what he means by this but assuming smth related to tissues just damaged) and may not work @ all = pain signals from head to toe are not processed
33
Medulla Oblongata
Roles in most homeostatic involuntary activities ( RR, HR, BP)+ (opiates) =
hyperpolarization
34
-caines”; narcotics/opiates; SSRIs vs SRIs
**-caine:* local anesthetics such as lidocaine
*-opiates/narcotic:* systemic analgesics = hyperpolarized RMP
● Bind to receptor
-Selective Serotonin Reuptake protein Inhibitor*
☞SSRI: *legal= antidepressants, slow, affects brain only
☞SRI: *illegal= not selective ( affects more than brain ), fast
● “Molly” feedback inhibition ? 3,4 MDMA
35
Proprioception and CNVIII
in a sensory function, body’s ability to ascertain body movements, direction and position
Proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, and ligaments are mechanosensory neurons
*CN VIII ( vesitbulocochlear)* : has inner ear fluids in semicircular canals of ear that play a role in balance and detection of acceleration and deceleration
36
Cranial nerves
✬olfactory nerve I S: smell : chemoreceptors : olfactory bulb / inability to smell
✬optic nerve II S: vision: optic chiasm where nerves cross / blindness on affected side
✬oculomotor nerve III M: eyelid movement / ptosis
● Parasympathetic to sphincter of the pupil and ciliary muscle of the lens
✬trochlear nerve IV M: some of the smallest motor units: superior oblique muscle / 2x vision
✬trigeminal nerve V B: 3 parts / neuralgia (pain in nerve)
● V1(ophthalmic): scalp forehead upper lid etc.
● V2 (maxillary): sensory info from lower eyelid, cheek, nares, upper lip AND upper teeth
● V3 (mandibular): lower lip, lower teeth, and gums, chins and most part of jaw, external
ear, meninges
✬abducens nerve VI M: motor to use eye muscle / 2x vision
✬Facial nerve VII B: sense of taste, tongue, external ear, facial expression / facial palsy
✬Vestibulocochlear VIII B: sense of hearing and balance / nausea loss of hearing + balance
✬Glossopharyngeal IX B: tongue ( taste ) carotid sinus + body salivary gland / difficulty swallowing and taste and decreased salivation
● Parasympathetic increases salivary gland secretion
● Amylase!!: 2 source (pancreas + salivary gland )= starch to glucose
✬Vagus X B: intrinsic laryngeal muscles / difficulty swallowing or hoarseness
● parasympathetic to thoracic + abdominal viscera+ *** SA node of the heart = HR down
● SA node will fire 2x per sec w/o vagal tone
✬Accessory XI M: motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius / difficulty elevating the scapula or rotation the neck
** know the 2 muscles ^^^
✬Hypoglossal XII M: under tongue intrinsic vs extrinsic tongue
37
What cranial nerves are associated with vision or double vision
❂Oculomotor nerve III
❂Optic nerve II
❂Abducens nerve VI
38
Cataracts
lens mineralizes
39
Ptosis
eyelids drooping
40
Why the need for such small motor units associated with the eye??
we can focus on things quickly
41
Mastication
Chewing: mainly V3
42
CN V – branches.....teeth.....dentist......”-caines”...
*Which nerve are we trying to numb*
● Teeth 1-16 on the top / 17-32 on the bottom
● Numb tooth on upper teeth : TRIGEMINAL V2 LOCAL CAINE
● Lower teeth : TRIGEMINAL V3 : TOPICAL CAINE: and lingual nerve
43
CN X
CN X : Parasympathetic to the SA node = slow down the HR = post ganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic is ACH = binds to muscarinic ach
44
Graded Potential vs Action Potential
**graded potential:** prior to action potential : added up graded potential= reaching threshold
● 2 EPSP(Na+ & Ca++) excitatory post synaptic potential
● 1 IPSP ( Cl-) inhibitory
● summation= EPSP + IPSP=> threshold
**action potential:** above to threshold
● Na+in
● K+out
45
Every leak channel, carrier, pump, ligand-gated receptor/channel
✦V.G.: Ca++ / slow+fast Na+ /K+
✦Leak: slow Na+ / slow K+ ✦Ligand nicotinic ach receptor
✦Muscarinic receptor
✦Na/K ATPase
✦ATPase Ca++ channel
46
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic (NT, strength, location)
✶Sympathetic✶:
*thoraco-lumbar
*Preganglionic fibers= short / post=long
*NT=ACH (pre)
-Norepinephrine (post)
*Sympathetic chain: trip one off trips all off sympathetic fiber
✶Parasympathetic✶:
*Cranio-cervical: high + low on spinal cord
*Preganglionic fibers= long/ post = short
*NT= ACH(pre)
ACH (post)
47
Myelination...APCV
**thicker nerve**= action potential conduction velocity increase
● NOTHING TO DO WITH LENGTH OF THE AXON
48
Release of NT
**vesicular docking proteins:** has Ca++ binding sites on both side of proteins
● AP comes rolling doesn the axon / depolarization na -> polarization k / AP hits V.G ca++ opens / influx of calcium / 2 ca++ bind to VDP / conformational change of VDP / pushed vesicle forward / exocytose NT into synapse
49
Fate of NT
NT binds to **post synaptic membrane receptor** across synapse
● Prob a ligand gates R/C: ion specific
1. *Astrocyte scavenge*
2. *enzymatic degradation:* acetylcholinesterase
● Acetyl+choline
● sarin(nerve gas): Competitive inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase
● Ach level increase -> skeletal muscle contraction increase ● No respiration + bones break
3. *reuptake proteins*
● Some of the serotonin is taken back up on the presnapatic side through SRP
● Biologically favourable = don’t need to breakdown NT saves time + energy
50
Somatic vs Autonomic (PNS)
**Somatic**-
✺Voluntary
✺ Sensory & Motor
**Autonomic**
✺Involuntary
✺Sensory & Motor
➠ Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
51
Na+/Glucose Co-transport System...rehydration
**Na+/Glucose Co-transport System:** Sodium trying to come in creating enough -deltaG so that when glucose binds the transport flips allowing glucose in (glucose against gradient )
● Symporter + secondary active transport
**Story: playing a sport or exercising alot -> sweating profusely -> we want to replenish glucose,
na+, and H20 -> YES!
-uni of Florida: Gatorade
52
Every integral protein
*channels
*carriers
*pumps
*receptors
53
What is aquaporin?? what does this mean in relation to ADH
Aquaporin: water channel
● Decrease in ADH-> excretion-> increase aquaporin action to rehydrate
54
Anterior vs Posterior Pituitary.....names of hormones.....where are they made??? Where are they released?? Functions of certain hormones
**posterior pituitary:**
● Made in hypothalamus
● Released at the level of the posterior pituitary
● ADH vasopressin: urine
● Oxytocin: uterine contraction -> partition
**Anterior pituitary**
● Made + Released at the level of the anterior pituitary
● FLAT PEG acronym
● FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
● LH: luteinizing hormone up= testosterone up
● ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone= cortisol increase
● TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone = thyroxine(metabolism)
● Prolactin: milk production
● Endorphins: natural pain killer
●Growth Hormone
55
Peptide vs Steroid hormones
**❊Peptide❊:**
*AA
*hydrophilic
*Fast acting (sec to min)
*Bind to cell surface receptor
*Work via a snd messenger (cAMP)
*RER-> Golgi-> vesicle
*Made + released when needed (stored)
**❊Steroid (-one/-of)❊:**
*Cholesterol
*Hydrophobic
*Slow acting (hours to days)
*Intra cytoplasmic receptor
*Effector transcription (genes on and off)
*SER
*Made + released immediately
56
GH☞IGF1☞functions
Growth hormone (upregulates in the liver) -> Insulin like Growth Factor 1
● “GH from the anterior pituitary makes it way down the liver and upregulates IGF1”
◎ stimulated systemic body growth
◎ Growth promoting effects on almost cells of the body especially:
● bone
● Liver
● Kidney
● Nerve
● Skin
● Hematopoietic cells
● Lung
● Dna synthesis
57
Major baroreceptors (locations)
* Aortic arch
* Carotids
58
GLP-1 (source s) ; GLP-1 agonists....weight loss.....blood sugar (A1C)...satiety....hypothalamus....
Glucagon like Peptide 1 agonist = weight loss shots
● Hit receptors in the beta cells from the islets of langerhan cells
● Upregulate insulin = blood sugar goes down
● Associated with hypothalamus= satiety increase =A1C DOWN
● made from Intestinal L- cell
● A1C= measure of blood sugar
GLP 1 source ?= Small intestine 2 parts: duodenum, jejunum ilEum
Saxenda;wegovy;ozempic
59
Hormones associated with blood sugar up and blood sugar down
* Glucagon: BS up, alpha cells
*Insulin: BS down, from beta cells
60
Hypoglycemia vs Hyperglycemia
**Hypoglycemia:** low BS = need to raise Fix hypoglycemia with these hormones:
❁Epinephrine (adrenaline
❁ Cortisol
❁ Growth hormone
❁ glucagon-> alpha cells from pancreas islets langerhans
**Hyperglycemia:** high BS = need to lower
Fix Hyperglycemia:
❂ Insulin (b-cells of pancreas)
❂Bind to tyrosine kinase receptor -> upregulate GLUT 4 -> glucose into cells
61
Type I Diabetes vs Type II Diabetes
➢Type 1: congenital, elevated blood sugar, not treated= hyperglycemic, insulin not work
➢Type 2: not congenital, 40s 50s, elevated blood sugar; insulin resistance
62
What happens when blood sugar is too high for too long?
Crystalize = block vessels and on RBC = untreated= amputate
63
Pre-capillary sphincters...adrenergic tone...blood pressure
Adrenergic control: adrenaline=sympathetic=fight or flight
*stress⬆︎=cortisol levels ⬆︎= BP⬆︎
64
Stress...cortisol...adrenergic tone...BP
***Stress increase= cortisol level increase = bp out of range = inflammation is down= pain tolerance up= over time= high bp up = wbc down= sick
