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Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent AA in skeletal muscle?

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

What is the term for the cell membrane of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

What are two other names for a
skeletal muscle fiber?

A

*Muscle cell
*Myocyte

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4
Q

What is the first energy source to turn ADP back to ATP?

A

Creatine (creatine kinase)

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5
Q

Muscle arrangement from largest to smallest

A
  • Whole muscle
  • Fascicle
    -Muscle fiber
  • Myofibril
    -Myofilament
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6
Q

What surrounds
a) the whole muscle
b) fascicle
c) Muscle fiber

A

a) epimysium
b) Perimysium
c) Endomysium

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7
Q

Type 1

A
  • slow oxidative*
  • aerobic respiration
    *found in marathon runners
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8
Q

Type 2A

A
  • fast oxidative*
    *primarily use aerobic respiration, but may switch to anaerobic respiration, so fatigue more quickly than SO
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9
Q

Type 2B

A

Fast glycolytic
*anaerobic glycolysis
*found in sprinters

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10
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Thinning of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)–> formation of osteophytes (bone outgrowth)

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11
Q

Which type of arthritis is an autoimmune disorder?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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12
Q

Gout/gouty arthritis?

A

Uric acid buildup and crystalization
-kidney can’t filter

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13
Q

which bands of the sarcomere shorten

A
  • I band (lught)
  • sarcomere
  • H band
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14
Q

Which band of the sarcomere slides

A
  • actin
  • myosin
  • A band
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15
Q

Creatine (kinase)

A
  • Creatine kinase adds PO4
  • Creatine supplements go into skeletal muscle and water follow it, through osmosis, muscle swells and looks bigger!!!! not true muscle binding
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16
Q

Soreness type 1

A

Lactic acid build up “on fire”
* Pyruvate becomes lactate through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
* Lactate becomes pyruvate when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels get too low
* MCT 1 and MCT 4 lactate shuttle
§ Intracellular = lactate goes to blood and ultimately liver
-Transformation of lactate to pyruvate by LDH in the liver is called the CORI CYCLE
*Pyruvate in the liver
* Krebs cycle
*Gluconeogenesis
* Tissues
- Intracellular = lactate goes to mitochondria

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17
Q

Soreness type 2

A

Excessive muscle exertion
* Happens 24-48 hrs later
* Tiny microtears of actin and myosin
§ Damage causes inflammation which leads to pressure and pain so brain tells us to back off so it can repair
* Testosterone promotes muscle recovery/building called satellite stem cell recruitment
§ Adds a nucleus
* Genes causes for actin and myosin go up, transcription and translation goes up
* Makes you stronger TRUE muscle building

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18
Q

Soreness type 3

A
  • Excessive usage in a short period of time
    o Tendons (ligaments) not very vascular
    o Can lasts for weeks
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19
Q

Satellite Stem Cell Recruitment….is that TRUE muscle building??? If so, HOW???

A
  • Testosterone promotes muscle recovery/building called satellite stem cell recruitments
    o Adds a nucleus
    § Genes for actin and myosin go up, transcription and translation goes up
    § Makes you stronger TRUE muscle building
    *THISSS is true muscle binding
20
Q

dendritic cells ?

A

dendritic cells ↑ erode synovial membrane capsules → synovial fluid ↓ → friction ↑ ⇒ arthritis ↑

21
Q

What can result from an issue with

A

Alive: Cramps
Dead: Rigor Mortis

22
Q

joint diseases?

A
  1. rheumatoid arthritis
  2. osteoarthritis
  3. gout or gouty arthritis
23
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • long term autoimmune disorder that primarily affect joints
  • results in warm, swollen, and painful wrist
  • wrist and hands are involved
24
Q

what is an autoimmune disorder?

A

an antibody or ig (immunoglobulin) designed to attack foreign properties and sometimes they attack our proteins

25
Q

what is an osteophyte?

A

Bone outgrowth

26
Q

ALL functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • Movement: produce tension to move things pulling and squeezing
  • Posture: baseline tension exerted at all times
  • Joint Stability: constant tension holds joints together
  • Thermogenesis (heat)
  • Source of nutrition (starvation that is developed in large muscle not being maintained)
27
Q

Briefly explain S.S.C.R.

A

Satellite Cell Recruitment:
leads to true muscle building and is associated with soreness type 2.
Leads to multinucleated cells in the skeletal muscle.
This is activated by testosterone.

28
Q
  1. When myosin heads initially attach to actin, this is known as ____.
A

Cross Bridge Formation. This occurs in the first step.

29
Q

Endogenous vs Exogenous

A

Endogenous: we make
Exogenous: Powder

30
Q

Explain what creatine is used for.

A

To make muscles appear bigger. Water follows creatine, which is exogenous.

Endogenous: used to regenerate ATP via creatine kinase

31
Q

4 steps of muscle contractile cycle?

A
  1. Ca++ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and troponin binds the free CA++. The troponin/tropomyosin complex “moves” thus exposing myosin head binding sites ON actin. When myosin h=bind actin, this is called “cross bridge formation”
  2. The myosin heads will “pull” actin over the top of the myosin. This is called the “Power Stroke”. Remember, actin and myosin do NOT shorten during muscle contraction! Actin and myosin contract “over” the top of each other = Sliding Filament Theory
  3. A new ATP binds to the myosin heads. This causes myosin head to detach from actin! What would happen in we were OUT of ATP with regards to step 3? Cramps vs Rigor Mortis
  4. a. Myosin (short for Myosin ATPase) can not ONLY BIND ATP, but can hydrolyze ATP to ADP + PO4 which “re-cocks” the myosin head so that it can re-attach to another actin molecule. Think of muscle contraction as a “Tug-O-War”.
32
Q

what is AP?

A

a wave of depolarization along or down a membrane

33
Q

The 4 main types of integral proteins are

A

channels, carriers, pumps, and receptors

34
Q

If you are an aspiring olympic sprinter, you would hope that genetically you had inherited a disproportionate number of what type of skeletal muscle fiber?

A

Type 2B

35
Q

The microanatomy of a skeletal muscle cell shows that the presence of ___allows an AP to travel “deep” into the middle of that cell and eventually that AP opens a ____channel, thus facilitating the beginning of a cross-bridge being formed post-binding of Ca2+ to troponin

A

T-tubules; VG Ca2+

36
Q

Drugs that are nicotinic ACH receptor antagonists and that upregulate the neurotransmitter GABA are more than likely

A

muscle relaxants

37
Q

Testosterone

A

*Mood
*Cognition
*Promotes satellite stem cell recruitment
*Cardiovascular effect
*Energy
*Prevents osteoporosis
*Sexual/social behavior

38
Q

Myoblast

A

builds muscle

39
Q

CORI Cycle

A

Glycolysis In the muscle cell: pyruvates (2 turn into lactate. Lactate then dehydrogenates. Lactate then travels through the blood stream to the liver via monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). this then goes to gluconeogenisis

40
Q

Which muscle or muscle types have troponin?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle.
Calmodulin: binds calcium (which is in smooth muscle)

41
Q

3 equations we need to know?

A

Cardiac Output= stroke volume x heart rate
Change in pressure = flow X resistance
Blood Pressure = d+(s-d) / 3
(cardiac output goes to flow)

42
Q

Na+/K+ channel graph

A

Cardiac muscle: it has gap junctions, where they share cytoplasm and sodium, which causes spontaneous depolarization. This is is where it goes straight up.

ATPase found in: sodium potassium pump, sarcoplasmic reticulum

1 = depolarization. Calcium and Potassium is open at the same time.
2= the calcium channel and potassium are open.
2-3: calcium is closing and potassium is staying open.
3. Potassium is closing

43
Q

What influences VG gates opening and closing?

A

Membrane potential and the charges of the amino acids on the gates.

44
Q

What muscles have Actin and Myosin?

A

ALL; Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth muscle

45
Q

Striat

A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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