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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major tissues in the body

A

Connective,Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous

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2
Q

Which of the 4 tissues can create action potential

A

Muscular, nervous

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within body

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4
Q

Living organism respond to stimuli—> relate to hemodynamics

A

Blood flow changes; blood flow to skin

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5
Q

Which tissues have RMP

A

All (epithelial, connective, muscular, connective)

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6
Q

Ultrasound

A

High frequency sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver on skin

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7
Q

Radiograph

A

Created flat 2D image (found in x-ray)

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8
Q

Lithrotipsy

A

Ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with urine

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9
Q

Sutures

A

Joints that do NOT move

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10
Q

Gomphosis

A

Teeth that do NOT move

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11
Q

Basic function of lymphatic system

A

Removed foreign subst. From blood & lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance

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12
Q

Even under normal circumstances…?

A

Capillary beads are always leaking, system picks up fluid

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13
Q

Edema

A

Swelling, fluid from capillaries will leak out

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14
Q

Popliteal

A

Behind knee

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15
Q

Nerve cells

A

Bunch of neurons

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16
Q

Neuron

A

One cell

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17
Q

5 physiologically relevant ions

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-

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18
Q

what is physiology

A

*ions moving
*proteins
*living things respond to stimuli
*proteins change function

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19
Q

physiologically relevant organic molecules

A

*Carbs
*Proteins
*Lipids
*Nucleic Acids

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20
Q

4 excretory organs

A

*skin= largest
*liver
*colon
*kidneys

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21
Q

what protects the kidney

A

*Ilium
*Abdominal fat
*last 3 ribs

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22
Q

EPO (hormone) function

A

Erythropoieitin-> made in kidney/ binds in receptors in bone marrow cavities -> inc. red blood cell reproduction/ gives you added red blood, which gives you more O2 (Lance Armstrong)

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23
Q

Feedback Inhibition example

A

cell doesn’t need to break down glucose if there is enough energy available for cell to use

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24
Q

Negative Feedback

A

body temp=overheat->flush/ head rush// Homeostasis

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25
Q

Positive Feedback

A

forward stimulation-> childbirth, lactation, homeostasis, hearts ability to pump blood decrease after hemorrhage

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26
Q

Baroreceptors?

A

pick up pressure and send signal to brain; if you feel lightheaded. baroreceptor may detect low incranial blood pressure & increase in heart rate

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27
Q

Goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

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28
Q

what secretes fibroblasts?

A

collagen

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29
Q

Endocrine

A

Implies a molecule is useful at that time and has been released into bloodstream (blood) *immediate benefit)

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30
Q

Exocrine

A

Implies that a molecule is a waste or by-product & thus the waste must be removed from the body (skin &into GI tract)

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31
Q

Secretion

A

one tissue to another, getting something back, something +

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32
Q

Excretion

A

waste

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33
Q

Temperature regulation centers in the human brain are located in the

A

Hypothalamus

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34
Q

Respiration, blood rate, heart rate opiate hyperpolarize (brain)

A

Medulla oblongata

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35
Q

Angio

A

lymph vessels, veins, arteries

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36
Q

Cervi

A

neck

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37
Q

Ischemia

A

No oxygen,low blood flow, Angiography

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38
Q

Has voluntary control that has an outward, visible manifestation

A

skeletal muscle

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39
Q

suture

A

joints that do NOT move

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40
Q

what is the largest organ

A

skin/ integument

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41
Q

ability to use energy to perform vital functions

A

Metabolism

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42
Q

Ability to sense changes in interior and exterior environment and adjust

A

Responsiveness

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43
Q

function of skeletal system

A

support, protection, attachement site to tendons and ligaments, Ca 2+ storage, make blood cells (bone marrow), stores mineral and fats, movement

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44
Q

what organ gets almost as much blood as the brain?

A

kidney

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45
Q

living things

A

respond to stimuli

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46
Q

what happens to BMR if skeletal muscle increases

A

it also increases (basal metabolic rate)

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47
Q

example of negative feedback

A

sweating (body temperature), blood pressure

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48
Q

example of positive feedback

A

parturition

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49
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A
  1. Cervix
  2. Brain
  3. Aorta
  4. Urinary bladder
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50
Q

which protein is most abundant in vertebrates- is a prominent component of almost all connective tissues

A

collagen

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51
Q

the most commonly broken bone in the human body is

A

clavicle

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52
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the humsn bladder that allows for the bladder to engage in rapid compliance and elasticity

A

Transitional

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53
Q

The chief function of serous membranes is to keep an organ in a defined location but also to…
a) allow for greater vascularity
b) help the lymphatic system
c)diminish friction
d) add high tensile strength to bone

A

c) diminish friction

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54
Q

human ear waxs’s scientific name is

A

cerumen

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55
Q

the general term for blood flowing to different tissues at a greater/lesser rate based on the stimuli the individual is responding to is called____.Moreover if one is overheating, the blood flow to the skin goes___

A

hemodynamic; up

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56
Q

which cells are mainly responsible for producing collagen?

A

fibroblasts

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57
Q

tunica is latin for

A

serosal

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58
Q

the most common type of fat

A

triglycerides

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59
Q

what type of tissue is blood

A

connective (endocrine)

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60
Q

4 main body cavities

A
  1. Abdominopelvic
  2. Cranial
  3. Thoracic
  4. Vertebral
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61
Q

function of serous membranes

A

*covers organs and lines cavities
*attach cavities to walls
*secretes serous fluid

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62
Q

endothelial vs epithelial

A

endo: inside endothelial-hollow vessels (clear)
epi: upon- skin

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63
Q

pormanteau words

A

*abdominopelvic
*surfactant: alveoli, keeps it open

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64
Q

“Non-muscle reference to actin”

A

metastasizing (moving cancer)

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65
Q

explain a collapsed lung

A

Pneumothorax
If interpleural pressure increases (from puncture, ect.)→ collapsed lung
Puncture → atmospheric pressure comes in and collapses the lung Collapsed lung

*Note: Negative pressure helps draw lungs out

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66
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

upon the kidney

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67
Q

what is the molecular cause of human digit development

A

Apoptosis= programmed cell death

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68
Q

is the left or right lung larger? why?

A

right, we have our heart on the left side

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69
Q

explain anatomy of alveoli and relate that to their function

A

They are made up of one layer of epithelial cell, they are really thin in order to allow diffusion of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)

70
Q

Thel-

A

ridge

71
Q
  1. What are the components of ECM?
  2. which is the most abundant?
  3. What is the general function of the ECM?
A
  1. collagen (fibroblast), reticular & elastic fibers, interstitial fluid, ground substance
  2. Collagen is the most abundant
  3. Responsible for maintaining cells
72
Q

explain the difference between tendons and ligaments

A

tendons= muscle to bone (strain)
ligament= bone to bone (sprain)

73
Q

what are the 4 integral proteins

A

*channels
*carriers
*pumps
*receptors

74
Q

what are mesenteries?

A

Mesenteries are confined and attach cavities to walls.
Regions of double folded regions of peritoneum that are attached points to the posterior abdominal pelvic wall. They provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive system

75
Q

Peritoneum

A

around internal, abdominal organs

76
Q

Ilium vs Ileum

A

Ilium: bones of the hips/ pelvis
Ileum: part of the small intestine

77
Q

If a tissue is dividing too rapidly and also has the ability to move, then what may be the issue at hand?

A

tumor, pre-cancerous

78
Q

As we age, entropy___.That said, as we age, the collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers of the skin break down and are not repaired as readily, so when one pinches their skin, the skin___?

A

increases, stays pinched

79
Q

osteoblast, osteoclast, osteoctyte

A

blast= build bone
clast=cleave bone
cyte= mature bone cell

80
Q

three tissues that are difficult to heal

A
  1. cartilage (not very vascular)
  2. ligaments
  3. tendons
81
Q

pericardium surrounds

A

heart

82
Q

pleura surounds

A

lung

83
Q

peritoneum surrounds

A

abdominal lungs

84
Q

prefrontal cortices

A

cognition (think & reason)

85
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

86
Q

Embryonic development

A

limb buds become digits through apoptosis (thumb: 2 segments)

87
Q

which muscles have actin

A

all of them

88
Q

What question are asked in a biopsy and by who?

A

Pathologist
1. Does it metastisize
2. Is it benign or malignant
3. Can we treat it

89
Q

Explain the process of biopsy/tumor

A

Actin ->not muscle ->uncontrolled mitotic division -> can move -> metastasizing -> tumor

90
Q

Hydroxyapatite (formula and location)

A

(Ca)10(PO4)6(OH)2 / found in bones (collagen is secreted first then hydroxyapatite)

91
Q

Compliant vs non compliant organs

A

compliant: readily stretch or expand in response to changes in pressure or volume (ex: bladder, lungs, veins)

non compliant:limited ability to stretch, typically exhibit greater resistance for stretching (ex: arteries, aorta)

92
Q

ureter vs urethra

which gender typically incurs more UTIs? Why?

A

ureter= connect kidneys to bladder
urethra= expulsion tube

Females, it is easier for bacteria to enter urethra

93
Q

which characteristic of the kidney leads to kidney stones causing extreme pain?

A

non-compliant organ (cannot stretch)

94
Q

what is TMJ

A

temporomandibulat joiny=jaw= a hinge &ball &socket joint all at the same time. the jaw moves OUT of the socket during normal function

95
Q

main structural protein in the ECM

A

collagen

96
Q

Collagen

A

provides tensile strength and structural integrity to tissues

97
Q

Where is collagen mostly found

A

cartilage
bones
tendons
ligaments
skin

98
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in the ECM

A
  1. Collagen: Main structural protein, strong, flexible, inelastic
  2. Reticular fiber: fill space between tissues and organs, forms branching networks
  3. Elastic fiber: returns to original shape after distension or compression
99
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

fat= lipid=triglyceride

100
Q

yellow vs brown adipose

A

yellow= adipose tissue is white at birth but turns yellow with age
brown= gets its color from cytochromes and is specialized to generate heat

101
Q

Lance Armstrong

A

doped with EPO

102
Q

If a marrow cavity of the bone is active it is referred to as ___marrow. If the marrow is inactive, it is referred to as___marrow.

A

red (activated in kidneys); yellow

103
Q

What is surfactant, and explain its significance within the body?

A

surface active substance- has the same charge, so it repels itself helping to keep alveoli open, lines alveoli, forms in utero

104
Q

Defenses

A

Start out being beneficial up until the point where they’re not. If vomiting and diarrhea continue for instance, dehydration occurs which leads to other problems

105
Q

what are the vertebral regions

A

-cervical:7
-thoracic: 12
-lumbar: 5
-sacral: 5
-coccyx:4

106
Q

Insterstitium

A

space between cells

107
Q

List the hormones in bone regulation

A
  1. Estrogen
  2. Calcitriol
  3. Calcitonin
  4. Parathyroid
108
Q

Estrogen

A

inhibits (-) apoptosis of osteocytes

109
Q

Osteoporosis and diagnosis

A

holes in the bone/ bone scan->bone density

110
Q

Osteoporosis+treatment

A

a) increases of Ca2+
b)Estrogen replacement therapy
c) low weight exercise
d) Pulsitile PTH (negative feedback)= PTH lowers= osteoclast activity lowers

111
Q

Menopause

A

Estrogen (E2) levels lower –> osteoporosis

112
Q

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

A

*stimulates osteoclasts
* higher blood Ca2+
*Parathyroid

113
Q

Calcitriol

A

*stimulates osteoclasts & GI/renal
* higher blood Ca2+
*skin (cholicaciferol—uv radiation)

114
Q

Calcitonin

A

*inhibits osteoclasts & GI/renal
* lowered blood Ca2+
*thyroid cells

115
Q

What are oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells? what is their function and what is the difference between them? Explain the function of myelination

A

Glial cells=
*Oligodendrocytes myelination (increases A.P and makes it faster to travel down axon)
*Scwann cells: myelination in PNS

116
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoetin-made in kidney: binds in receptros in bone marrow cavities (includes red blood cell reproduction)

117
Q

What is EGF?

A

epidemial growth factor

118
Q

Explain the significance of mast cells and histamine

A

Mast cells= degranulate & releases histamine (causes inflammation)

119
Q

Interstitium

A

space between cells

120
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

cystic= sac
fibrosis= scar
genetic disorder characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus

121
Q

Synovial fluid is rich in

A

Hyalouronic acid (retains water)

122
Q

Different types of blood cells

A

Erythrocytes: red
Leukocytes: white
Thrombocytes (platalets): fragments

123
Q

What are the five major type of bones

A

short, flat, irregular, long, sesamoid

124
Q

Epiphysis vs Diaphysis

A

Epihysis: the end of bone
Diaphysis: shaft

124
Q

Where are trabaculae found?

A

Spongy bone

125
Q

Concentric vs interstitial lamallae

A

concentric: within osteon
interstitial: btwn osteons

126
Q

What is hyperplasia and what is hypertorphy?

A

Hyperplasia: cell division (mitosis)
Hypertrophy: inc in size

127
Q

Tow central/ haversian canals of adjoining osteons would be referred to as…?

A

Volksman canal

128
Q

The hormone from thyroid c cells that lowers serum Ca2+ by inhibting the___?

A

Osteoclasts, Calcitonin

129
Q

The area of the epiphyseal growth plate of bone that has the most apoptosis is the zone of___

A

calcification

130
Q

If you are lying flat on the couch, you jump too fast, you may feel lightheaded.___may detect a____(high/low) intracranial blood pressure and an increase in heart rate and general systemic___(vasoconstriction/vasodilation)

A

baroreceptor; low; vasoconstriction

131
Q

Where would you find hematopoietic tissue? What hormone plays a role in hematopoiesis?

A

bone marrow; EPO

132
Q

One of the functions of the skeletal system is marrow cavities. Why?

A
  • red blood cell production
  • movement, structure, K+/Ca2+ storage, protection
133
Q

What is an example of the musculoskeletal system we discussed?

A

blood pressure

134
Q

The sternum is an example of a ___bone

A

flat

135
Q

Ischemia?

A

*No O2
* Angiograph

136
Q

___glands tend to secrete more sebum, whereas ___glands tend to be pinched off in fragments

A

Holocrine; Apocrine (mammary)

137
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Lines medulla cavity

138
Q

What difference would you observe if you looked at an epiphyseal line and a epiphyseal plate through radiography?

A

Epiphyseal line would be thinner and closer to epiphysis

139
Q

Difference between mammary glands and breast tissue

A

All mammals have mammary glands but only primates have breast tissue (adipose tissue)

140
Q

What is the overall cell distance that O2 can diffuse to tissue

A

6-8 cell layer

141
Q

The muscles that connect to the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon are?

A

*plantaris
*gastrocnemius
*soleus

142
Q

What does keratin do? Where is it found?

A
  • structure & protein of epithelial cells
  • found in hair, nails, oouter layer of skin
    *helps protect againts abrasions, forms a barrier against infection
143
Q

spongy bone vs compact bone

A

spongy bone:
-located in Epiphysis
- has trabeculae
strong but not very dense
-in living bones, the space btwn trabeculae is filled with marrow
covered with endosteum

compact bone:
-located in Diaphysis
- More mineralized
- Dense

144
Q

Cartilage types- where is articular cartilage?? how fast does cartilage heal and why?

A

Types (ALL AVASCULAR)
-Hyaline: allow for articulation

-Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs

-elastic: return to original shape after being stretched
Articular cartilage is located at the ends of bones and is a form of hyaline cartilage, heals very slowly because it is avascular

145
Q

Periosteum vs endosteum

A

Periosteum: covers outer layer of bone and consists of two layers

Endosteum: covers spongy bone, lines central canal (haversian) and is a single layer

145
Q

Embryonic layers

A
  1. Endoderm (inner skin)
    -forms lining of digestive tract
  2. Mesoderm (middle skin)
    -form tissues such as muscle, bone, blood vessels
  3. Ectoderm(outer skin)
    -neural crest cells give rise to peripherla nerves, skin pigment cells, medulla of the adrenal gland, and face tissue
146
Q

What is living and nonliving tissue when looking at a person, what are the advantages of non-living tissue

A

*skin, hair, nails are NOT lving
*eyes, teeth are living

Non-living skin provides protection, helps regulate temp, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D

147
Q

Defenses….mucocilliary escalator….stomach acid…. Are
these defenses ALWAYS positive in terms of our
physiological responses?; Medical condition and diseases

A

Mucocilliary escalator=
-uses cilia to move mucus across the surface of the cells
-up the trachea and bronchi

Stomach acid=
helps maintain neutral pH

these defenses are not always positive, excess mucous can lead to cystic fibrosis

148
Q

Sebum? Where?

A

group of oils and triglycerides
-lubricates and protects skin
*where: sebaceous glands (holocrine)

149
Q

Cerumen? Where?

A

Earwax
Where: ceruminous glands (apocrine)

150
Q

merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine

A

All modes of exocrine gland

Merocrine (sweat/salvary glands)
- exocytosis

Apocrine
- pinched off fragments of gland cells; mammary glands and ceruminous glands

Holocrine: (zits/pimple)
- shedding of entire cells, sebaceous glands

151
Q

Local injury….histamine…..vasodilation. Why??

A

When injured capillaries get wider

Histamines: causes inflammation

Vasodilation: blood vessels get wider allowing for more blood to flow through

Histamine and vasodilation aid in the repair process

152
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

Polysaccharide, good lubricant, helps retain water in the skin

  • Hydrophilic

Synovial membranes produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

153
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

external ear, epiglottis

154
Q

Lipid….fat….triglyceride….categorization

A

Lipid is a macromolecule, fat is a type of lipid and triglycerides are the most abundant fat in humans

155
Q

Decreased friction membranes

A

Mucous membranes
- line cavities open to outside of body
- secrete mucus
- contains epithelium with goblet cells

Serous Membranes
- simple squamous epithelium called mesothelioma, basement membrane, thin layer of loose C.T.
- lines cavities not open to exterior]
- Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

Synovial Membrane
- line freely moveable joints
- Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

156
Q

What is EGF?

A

Epidermal Growth Factor Protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by bind to its receptor

differentiation: cell knows what to become

157
Q

Functions of bone

A

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation, Energy source

158
Q

Types of bone- shape and composition

A

Long bone, short bone, irregular bone, flat bone and sesamoid bone

compact bone: strong, dense, mineralized

Spongy bone: not very dense, but strong, and has trabeculae

159
Q

Types of muscle; voluntary; what is the nexus btwn skeletal muscle and blood pressure??

A

Every time skeletal muscle is flexed it causes a jolt of pressure

160
Q

What is fontanelle? significance?

A

Fontanelles are soft spots in a newborns cranium

  • 2-6 depending on age and how they are counted
  • allow for contortion
161
Q

Apical vs Basolateral Surface of cells

A

Apical surface is typically the surface closest to the lumen of a vessel

Basolateral surface are basal surfaces and lateral surfaces

162
Q

Effect of aging on tissue

A

Cells divide more slowly (ironically more cancers are in elderly)

Collage fibers become more irregular in structure

Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile

163
Q

Angio?

A

vessel

163
Q

Ischemia

A

Low blood flow

164
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

164
Q

CO2 vs pH, relationship between the two

A

CO2 and pH are inverse

165
Q

Visceral vs Parietal

A

visceral: organs, deep
parietal: lining of some sort of cavity

166
Q

where are osteocytes found

A

lacunae

167
Q

Questions we ask in physiology

A
  1. What is it made of
  2. How it looks functioning properly
  3. How it looks when functioning improperly
  4. What type of pharmacology or procedures can we use to fix it
  5. Overtime things tend to breakdown

Anatomy (8 decks)

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