Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the four major tissues in the body
Connective,Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous
Which of the 4 tissues can create action potential
Muscular, nervous
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within body
Living organism respond to stimuli—> relate to hemodynamics
Blood flow changes; blood flow to skin
Which tissues have RMP
All (epithelial, connective, muscular, connective)
Ultrasound
High frequency sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver on skin
Radiograph
Created flat 2D image (found in x-ray)
Lithrotipsy
Ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with urine
Sutures
Joints that do NOT move
Gomphosis
Teeth that do NOT move
Basic function of lymphatic system
Removed foreign subst. From blood & lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance
Even under normal circumstances…?
Capillary beads are always leaking, system picks up fluid
Edema
Swelling, fluid from capillaries will leak out
Popliteal
Behind knee
Nerve cells
Bunch of neurons
Neuron
One cell
5 physiologically relevant ions
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-
what is physiology
*ions moving
*proteins
*living things respond to stimuli
*proteins change function
physiologically relevant organic molecules
*Carbs
*Proteins
*Lipids
*Nucleic Acids
4 excretory organs
*skin= largest
*liver
*colon
*kidneys
what protects the kidney
*Ilium
*Abdominal fat
*last 3 ribs
EPO (hormone) function
Erythropoieitin-> made in kidney/ binds in receptors in bone marrow cavities -> inc. red blood cell reproduction/ gives you added red blood, which gives you more O2 (Lance Armstrong)
Feedback Inhibition example
cell doesn’t need to break down glucose if there is enough energy available for cell to use
Negative Feedback
body temp=overheat->flush/ head rush// Homeostasis
Positive Feedback
forward stimulation-> childbirth, lactation, homeostasis, hearts ability to pump blood decrease after hemorrhage
Baroreceptors?
pick up pressure and send signal to brain; if you feel lightheaded. baroreceptor may detect low incranial blood pressure & increase in heart rate
Goblet cells
secrete mucus
what secretes fibroblasts?
collagen
Endocrine
Implies a molecule is useful at that time and has been released into bloodstream (blood) *immediate benefit)
Exocrine
Implies that a molecule is a waste or by-product & thus the waste must be removed from the body (skin &into GI tract)
Secretion
one tissue to another, getting something back, something +
Excretion
waste
Temperature regulation centers in the human brain are located in the
Hypothalamus
Respiration, blood rate, heart rate opiate hyperpolarize (brain)
Medulla oblongata
Angio
lymph vessels, veins, arteries
Cervi
neck
Ischemia
No oxygen,low blood flow, Angiography
Has voluntary control that has an outward, visible manifestation
skeletal muscle
suture
joints that do NOT move
what is the largest organ
skin/ integument
ability to use energy to perform vital functions
Metabolism
Ability to sense changes in interior and exterior environment and adjust
Responsiveness
function of skeletal system
support, protection, attachement site to tendons and ligaments, Ca 2+ storage, make blood cells (bone marrow), stores mineral and fats, movement
what organ gets almost as much blood as the brain?
kidney
living things
respond to stimuli
what happens to BMR if skeletal muscle increases
it also increases (basal metabolic rate)
example of negative feedback
sweating (body temperature), blood pressure
example of positive feedback
parturition
where are baroreceptors found
- Cervix
- Brain
- Aorta
- Urinary bladder
which protein is most abundant in vertebrates- is a prominent component of almost all connective tissues
collagen
the most commonly broken bone in the human body is
clavicle
What type of epithelium is found in the humsn bladder that allows for the bladder to engage in rapid compliance and elasticity
Transitional
The chief function of serous membranes is to keep an organ in a defined location but also to…
a) allow for greater vascularity
b) help the lymphatic system
c)diminish friction
d) add high tensile strength to bone
c) diminish friction
human ear waxs’s scientific name is
cerumen
the general term for blood flowing to different tissues at a greater/lesser rate based on the stimuli the individual is responding to is called____.Moreover if one is overheating, the blood flow to the skin goes___
hemodynamic; up
which cells are mainly responsible for producing collagen?
fibroblasts
tunica is latin for
serosal
the most common type of fat
triglycerides
what type of tissue is blood
connective (endocrine)
4 main body cavities
- Abdominopelvic
- Cranial
- Thoracic
- Vertebral
function of serous membranes
*covers organs and lines cavities
*attach cavities to walls
*secretes serous fluid
endothelial vs epithelial
endo: inside endothelial-hollow vessels (clear)
epi: upon- skin
pormanteau words
*abdominopelvic
*surfactant: alveoli, keeps it open
“Non-muscle reference to actin”
metastasizing (moving cancer)
explain a collapsed lung
Pneumothorax
If interpleural pressure increases (from puncture, ect.)→ collapsed lung
Puncture → atmospheric pressure comes in and collapses the lung Collapsed lung
*Note: Negative pressure helps draw lungs out
Where are the adrenal glands?
upon the kidney
what is the molecular cause of human digit development
Apoptosis= programmed cell death
is the left or right lung larger? why?
right, we have our heart on the left side
explain anatomy of alveoli and relate that to their function
They are made up of one layer of epithelial cell, they are really thin in order to allow diffusion of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)
Thel-
ridge
- What are the components of ECM?
- which is the most abundant?
- What is the general function of the ECM?
- collagen (fibroblast), reticular & elastic fibers, interstitial fluid, ground substance
- Collagen is the most abundant
- Responsible for maintaining cells
explain the difference between tendons and ligaments
tendons= muscle to bone (strain)
ligament= bone to bone (sprain)
what are the 4 integral proteins
*channels
*carriers
*pumps
*receptors
what are mesenteries?
Mesenteries are confined and attach cavities to walls.
Regions of double folded regions of peritoneum that are attached points to the posterior abdominal pelvic wall. They provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive system
Peritoneum
around internal, abdominal organs
Ilium vs Ileum
Ilium: bones of the hips/ pelvis
Ileum: part of the small intestine
If a tissue is dividing too rapidly and also has the ability to move, then what may be the issue at hand?
tumor, pre-cancerous
As we age, entropy___.That said, as we age, the collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers of the skin break down and are not repaired as readily, so when one pinches their skin, the skin___?
increases, stays pinched
osteoblast, osteoclast, osteoctyte
blast= build bone
clast=cleave bone
cyte= mature bone cell
three tissues that are difficult to heal
- cartilage (not very vascular)
- ligaments
- tendons
pericardium surrounds
heart
pleura surounds
lung
peritoneum surrounds
abdominal lungs
prefrontal cortices
cognition (think & reason)
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Embryonic development
limb buds become digits through apoptosis (thumb: 2 segments)
which muscles have actin
all of them
What question are asked in a biopsy and by who?
Pathologist
1. Does it metastisize
2. Is it benign or malignant
3. Can we treat it
Explain the process of biopsy/tumor
Actin ->not muscle ->uncontrolled mitotic division -> can move -> metastasizing -> tumor
Hydroxyapatite (formula and location)
(Ca)10(PO4)6(OH)2 / found in bones (collagen is secreted first then hydroxyapatite)
Compliant vs non compliant organs
compliant: readily stretch or expand in response to changes in pressure or volume (ex: bladder, lungs, veins)
non compliant:limited ability to stretch, typically exhibit greater resistance for stretching (ex: arteries, aorta)
ureter vs urethra
which gender typically incurs more UTIs? Why?
ureter= connect kidneys to bladder
urethra= expulsion tube
Females, it is easier for bacteria to enter urethra
which characteristic of the kidney leads to kidney stones causing extreme pain?
non-compliant organ (cannot stretch)
what is TMJ
temporomandibulat joiny=jaw= a hinge &ball &socket joint all at the same time. the jaw moves OUT of the socket during normal function
main structural protein in the ECM
collagen
Collagen
provides tensile strength and structural integrity to tissues
Where is collagen mostly found
cartilage
bones
tendons
ligaments
skin
What are the 3 main proteins in the ECM
- Collagen: Main structural protein, strong, flexible, inelastic
- Reticular fiber: fill space between tissues and organs, forms branching networks
- Elastic fiber: returns to original shape after distension or compression
what is adipose tissue
fat= lipid=triglyceride
yellow vs brown adipose
yellow= adipose tissue is white at birth but turns yellow with age
brown= gets its color from cytochromes and is specialized to generate heat
Lance Armstrong
doped with EPO
If a marrow cavity of the bone is active it is referred to as ___marrow. If the marrow is inactive, it is referred to as___marrow.
red (activated in kidneys); yellow
What is surfactant, and explain its significance within the body?
surface active substance- has the same charge, so it repels itself helping to keep alveoli open, lines alveoli, forms in utero
Defenses
Start out being beneficial up until the point where they’re not. If vomiting and diarrhea continue for instance, dehydration occurs which leads to other problems
what are the vertebral regions
-cervical:7
-thoracic: 12
-lumbar: 5
-sacral: 5
-coccyx:4
Insterstitium
space between cells
List the hormones in bone regulation
- Estrogen
- Calcitriol
- Calcitonin
- Parathyroid
Estrogen
inhibits (-) apoptosis of osteocytes
Osteoporosis and diagnosis
holes in the bone/ bone scan->bone density
Osteoporosis+treatment
a) increases of Ca2+
b)Estrogen replacement therapy
c) low weight exercise
d) Pulsitile PTH (negative feedback)= PTH lowers= osteoclast activity lowers
Menopause
Estrogen (E2) levels lower –> osteoporosis
PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
*stimulates osteoclasts
* higher blood Ca2+
*Parathyroid
Calcitriol
*stimulates osteoclasts & GI/renal
* higher blood Ca2+
*skin (cholicaciferol—uv radiation)
Calcitonin
*inhibits osteoclasts & GI/renal
* lowered blood Ca2+
*thyroid cells
What are oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells? what is their function and what is the difference between them? Explain the function of myelination
Glial cells=
*Oligodendrocytes myelination (increases A.P and makes it faster to travel down axon)
*Scwann cells: myelination in PNS
What is EPO?
Erythropoetin-made in kidney: binds in receptros in bone marrow cavities (includes red blood cell reproduction)
What is EGF?
epidemial growth factor
Explain the significance of mast cells and histamine
Mast cells= degranulate & releases histamine (causes inflammation)
Interstitium
space between cells
Cystic fibrosis
cystic= sac
fibrosis= scar
genetic disorder characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus
Synovial fluid is rich in
Hyalouronic acid (retains water)
Different types of blood cells
Erythrocytes: red
Leukocytes: white
Thrombocytes (platalets): fragments
What are the five major type of bones
short, flat, irregular, long, sesamoid
Epiphysis vs Diaphysis
Epihysis: the end of bone
Diaphysis: shaft
Where are trabaculae found?
Spongy bone
Concentric vs interstitial lamallae
concentric: within osteon
interstitial: btwn osteons
What is hyperplasia and what is hypertorphy?
Hyperplasia: cell division (mitosis)
Hypertrophy: inc in size
Tow central/ haversian canals of adjoining osteons would be referred to as…?
Volksman canal
The hormone from thyroid c cells that lowers serum Ca2+ by inhibting the___?
Osteoclasts, Calcitonin
The area of the epiphyseal growth plate of bone that has the most apoptosis is the zone of___
calcification
If you are lying flat on the couch, you jump too fast, you may feel lightheaded.___may detect a____(high/low) intracranial blood pressure and an increase in heart rate and general systemic___(vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
baroreceptor; low; vasoconstriction
Where would you find hematopoietic tissue? What hormone plays a role in hematopoiesis?
bone marrow; EPO
One of the functions of the skeletal system is marrow cavities. Why?
- red blood cell production
- movement, structure, K+/Ca2+ storage, protection
What is an example of the musculoskeletal system we discussed?
blood pressure
The sternum is an example of a ___bone
flat
Ischemia?
*No O2
* Angiograph
___glands tend to secrete more sebum, whereas ___glands tend to be pinched off in fragments
Holocrine; Apocrine (mammary)
What is the endosteum?
Lines medulla cavity
What difference would you observe if you looked at an epiphyseal line and a epiphyseal plate through radiography?
Epiphyseal line would be thinner and closer to epiphysis
Difference between mammary glands and breast tissue
All mammals have mammary glands but only primates have breast tissue (adipose tissue)
What is the overall cell distance that O2 can diffuse to tissue
6-8 cell layer
The muscles that connect to the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon are?
*plantaris
*gastrocnemius
*soleus
What does keratin do? Where is it found?
- structure & protein of epithelial cells
- found in hair, nails, oouter layer of skin
*helps protect againts abrasions, forms a barrier against infection
spongy bone vs compact bone
spongy bone:
-located in Epiphysis
- has trabeculae
strong but not very dense
-in living bones, the space btwn trabeculae is filled with marrow
covered with endosteum
compact bone:
-located in Diaphysis
- More mineralized
- Dense
Cartilage types- where is articular cartilage?? how fast does cartilage heal and why?
Types (ALL AVASCULAR)
-Hyaline: allow for articulation
-Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs
-elastic: return to original shape after being stretched
Articular cartilage is located at the ends of bones and is a form of hyaline cartilage, heals very slowly because it is avascular
Periosteum vs endosteum
Periosteum: covers outer layer of bone and consists of two layers
Endosteum: covers spongy bone, lines central canal (haversian) and is a single layer
Embryonic layers
- Endoderm (inner skin)
-forms lining of digestive tract - Mesoderm (middle skin)
-form tissues such as muscle, bone, blood vessels - Ectoderm(outer skin)
-neural crest cells give rise to peripherla nerves, skin pigment cells, medulla of the adrenal gland, and face tissue
What is living and nonliving tissue when looking at a person, what are the advantages of non-living tissue
*skin, hair, nails are NOT lving
*eyes, teeth are living
Non-living skin provides protection, helps regulate temp, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
Defenses….mucocilliary escalator….stomach acid…. Are
these defenses ALWAYS positive in terms of our
physiological responses?; Medical condition and diseases
Mucocilliary escalator=
-uses cilia to move mucus across the surface of the cells
-up the trachea and bronchi
Stomach acid=
helps maintain neutral pH
these defenses are not always positive, excess mucous can lead to cystic fibrosis
Sebum? Where?
group of oils and triglycerides
-lubricates and protects skin
*where: sebaceous glands (holocrine)
Cerumen? Where?
Earwax
Where: ceruminous glands (apocrine)
merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine
All modes of exocrine gland
Merocrine (sweat/salvary glands)
- exocytosis
Apocrine
- pinched off fragments of gland cells; mammary glands and ceruminous glands
Holocrine: (zits/pimple)
- shedding of entire cells, sebaceous glands
Local injury….histamine…..vasodilation. Why??
When injured capillaries get wider
Histamines: causes inflammation
Vasodilation: blood vessels get wider allowing for more blood to flow through
Histamine and vasodilation aid in the repair process
hyaluronic acid
Polysaccharide, good lubricant, helps retain water in the skin
- Hydrophilic
Synovial membranes produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid
Elastic cartilage location
external ear, epiglottis
Lipid….fat….triglyceride….categorization
Lipid is a macromolecule, fat is a type of lipid and triglycerides are the most abundant fat in humans
Decreased friction membranes
Mucous membranes
- line cavities open to outside of body
- secrete mucus
- contains epithelium with goblet cells
Serous Membranes
- simple squamous epithelium called mesothelioma, basement membrane, thin layer of loose C.T.
- lines cavities not open to exterior]
- Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
Synovial Membrane
- line freely moveable joints
- Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid
What is EGF?
Epidermal Growth Factor Protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by bind to its receptor
differentiation: cell knows what to become
Functions of bone
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation, Energy source
Types of bone- shape and composition
Long bone, short bone, irregular bone, flat bone and sesamoid bone
compact bone: strong, dense, mineralized
Spongy bone: not very dense, but strong, and has trabeculae
Types of muscle; voluntary; what is the nexus btwn skeletal muscle and blood pressure??
Every time skeletal muscle is flexed it causes a jolt of pressure
What is fontanelle? significance?
Fontanelles are soft spots in a newborns cranium
- 2-6 depending on age and how they are counted
- allow for contortion
Apical vs Basolateral Surface of cells
Apical surface is typically the surface closest to the lumen of a vessel
Basolateral surface are basal surfaces and lateral surfaces
Effect of aging on tissue
Cells divide more slowly (ironically more cancers are in elderly)
Collage fibers become more irregular in structure
Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile
Angio?
vessel
Ischemia
Low blood flow
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
CO2 vs pH, relationship between the two
CO2 and pH are inverse
Visceral vs Parietal
visceral: organs, deep
parietal: lining of some sort of cavity
where are osteocytes found
lacunae
Questions we ask in physiology
- What is it made of
- How it looks functioning properly
- How it looks when functioning improperly
- What type of pharmacology or procedures can we use to fix it
- Overtime things tend to breakdown
