exam 4 Flashcards
what evidence is there that language is not matter of general intelligence and that it is innate
- chomsky universal grammer and genetic hypothesis shows to children are predisposed to learn grammar
- there is already an ability to learn in all humans
what does uniform acquisition refer to
language is acquired by all children
how did genie develop when she was exposed to language
- she was isolated for 12 yrs
- entered at 15 mo cognitive development andi ncreased to 42 mo
- sentences were childlike, simple, no function words
- maybe performance defict, hard to asses is comprehension is intact
during language development, what is the one word stage? what is the two word stage?
- one word stage: producing single words with nouns; first half of first yr
- two word stage: two word sequences with verbs; second half of first yr
explain “u-shaped” development and way children develop language
- over generalization verbs
- first imitation what they hear, applying rule, then learning exceptions
what is babbling? when does it happen and what is it like? how does babbling change over course of language acquisition
- babbling is speech production from 0-12 mo
- includes: pre babbling (cries), univsersal babbling (syllables, then repeating syllable, then varied syllables)
how is universal grammar used to explain how children learn language
they are biologically predisposed to learn language
what did crain and nakayama find regarding childrens acquisition of syntax
- tests 3-5 yr olds with Jabba the Hut and asked children to pose question for him
- found they skip easier hypothesis and use structure dependent hypothesis
johnson and newport had non-native english speakers complete grammaticality judgment task: what was the native langauge of participants
spanish and learning english
johnson and newport had non-native english speakers complete grammaticality judgment task: describe pattern of results. do they support critical period in SLA where native like proficiency is impossible after certain age?
- fuond that if they arrived before puberty, had more accuracy with judgment task
- if arrived after puberty struggled little more with older the age
- confirmed maturational hypothesis showing they can reach native like proficiency after certain age
What are positive and negative transfer in SLA
- Positive: properties for L1 help learn similar properties of L2
- Negative: properties of L1 interfere with learning different properties of L2
What are forward and backward transfer in SLA
- Forward: effect of L1 on L2
- Backward: effect of L2 on L1
What are the result of Flege and what do those results suggest about L2 influence on L1
- Fledge tested english and french speakers in different environments
- English should have longer VOT then French /t/
- Should negative transfer way since French pronounced it English /t/
- Found L1 impacts your L2: English VOT makes hard to learn French VOT
- And the L2 impacts L1: Learning enough French VOT makes shift English VOT
What kind of executive function that bilinguals show advantages than monolinguals
Bilingual outperform monolingual children on tasks requiring controlled attention
What is stroop task and how does this task measure inhibitory ability
- Stoop is a color task where name of color of font is written is ignored the actual word meaning
- Tested congruent, neutral, and incongruent
- Should that usually printed word does not correspond to font color they struggled, but some able to ignore irrelevant info and focus on relevant info (color) (bilingual less interference than monolingual)
What are g-dropping and r-deletion feature
- G-deletion is usually poorer ppl and casual events
- R-deletion is usually poorer ppl delete it but in careful conversations
How are these two features related to socioeconomic levels
Related to status since it is showing that the rich are more careful with their language and do not drop things
What is dialect shifting and how do politicians use this
- Dialect shifting is changing to fit in with a group
- Politicians do this to like fit in with poorer groups when talking with them to fit in and connect to them more
What are the results of Labov
- Found that the frequency of r-deletion was different based on levels of prestige and economic status
- R- used more in high economic and deleted in low
Provide an example for each dialect variation: phonological, lexical, and syntactic variations
- Phonological: when ppl try to talk like they are from another place and change their sounds
- Lexical: regional dialects vary in vocab
- Syntactic: parts and order of sentences change
Williams Syndrome (WS)
- Poor cognitive abilities but good language ability
- Chromosome 7 deletion, gene deletion
- Good language, music, social
- Tested copying and describing pictures
Specific language impairment (SLI)
- Developmental language disorder
- Normal cognitive abilities, impaired language ability
- Genetic disorder
- Deficit for language with other cognitive abilities fine
Critical period
Before puberty it is acquired effortlessly, after it is more effortful
Structure dependent hypothesis
Move topmost auxiliary in hierarchical structure of declarative sentence to front of sentence
Structure independent hypothesis
Move first auxiliary you find to front
First language acquisition
- 0 months- 12 months
Speech perception: Universal Listeners
Speech production: Babbling - 12 months- 24 months
Speech perception: narrowing in on native language contrasts
Speech production: first words produced - 24 months-36 months
Speech production: emergence of multi-word sentences and use of grammatical morphemes
You cant correct a toddler
- They are not making mistakes, they are learning rules
- Not just imitating what they hear
Different between FLA and SLA
- Already language in place
- SLA happens later in life making it highly variable
- Different learning environment
- Amount of exposure
- Brain plasticity
- Individual differences
Korean and english stop sounds
- Positive transfer
- Features in first lange make easier to learn in second language
English vs spanish subjects
- Negative transfer
- Features in first language make harder to learn in second language
L1 influences your L2
Bilingual children
- Fewer words in vocab of each two language
- vocab considered together they have many more words
- Not at disadvantage as compared to monolinguals
- Stronger executive function
- One language is in use other must be inhibited
Critical period prediction
- Clear cut after brain maturation
- Learning L2 after puberty not native like: But before could have native like
Maturational hypothesis
- No critical period
- Age across lifespan effects
- No clear cut after brain maturation just slow decrease
Stroop task bar graph
Congruent (color = word) they are faster (lower bar) (400 ms) than incongruent (color does not = word) they are slower so higher bar graph (700ms)
Dialect
- Variation of language spoken by group of ppl
- Region, social class, gender
Covert prestige
- Politicians show this
- Positive value with dialect
Everyone speaks a dialect
Speaker shift speaking style from casual to more standard depending on context variable
