Exam 2 Flashcards
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
bilabial
lower lip + upper lip
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
labiodental
lower lip + upper teeth
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
interdental/ dental
tongue behind upper teeth (or between upper and lower teeth)
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
alveolar
tongue tip + alveolar ridge (place after the teeth)
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
alveopalatal
front of tongue + front of hard palate
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
velar
back of tongue + velum
explain what happens during this place of articulation:
glottal
glottis
explain the manner of articulation:
stop
complete close w/ burst
explain the manner of articulation:
frictive
incomplete closure w/ friction
explain the manner of articulation:
affricate
stop followed by a fricative
explain the manner of articulation:
nasal
velum lowered to open nasal tract
explain the manner of articulation:
liquids and glides
articulators get close, but do not create turbulence
explain source filter theory
sound prodution place in 2 stages: sound generation stage, and filter stage
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
Θ
theta, “th” sound, like think
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ð
eth, “th” sound, like this
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ʃ
sh, “sh’ sound, like shoot
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ʒ
zh, “zh” sound, like asia
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
tʃ
ch, “ch” sound, like church
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
dʒ
ju, “ju” sound, like judge
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
j
yu, “y” sound, like you
what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ŋ
engma, “ng” sound, like bing
define voiced vs voicelss consonants
voiced: produced w/ vocal cord vibration
voicless: produced w/ out vibration
which has a long VOT: voiced or voiceless
voiceless
define a morpheme
smallest meaningful unit of language
what are the first 3 hypothesis in mental lexicon
1: list of word
2: list of morphemes
3: list of morphemes + rule for combinations
what is bound inflectional morpheme
only suffixes
grammatical function that marks:
- tense: -ed, -en, -ing
- possession: -‘s
- pluality: -s, -es
- comparatives: -er, -est
what is bound derivational morpheme
- changes the meaning of a word
- both prefix and suffix
what is free functional morpheme (examples, class, and definition)
- words that have grammatical function
- hard to define
- ex. and, on, the, she, him
- closed class: new ones can not be invented
what is free lexical morpheme (definition and class)
- easy to define
- everyday words that are major part of vocab
- open class: invent new ones all the time
what are the two categories of free and bound morphemes
free: lexical and functional
bound: derivational and inflectional
what are two types of morphemes
free and bound
what is masked priming
testing fake morpholgocial relationships
what is morpholigal priming
if words are related that are identifies faster
what is sesmatic priming
faster response time for related words and slower response time for non-related words
what is priming effect
presentation of word effect processing of target word
what is word frequency effect
more frequent word more rapidly recognized
what is the final mental lexicon hypothesis (the fourht one)
list of morphemes rules for combination and exceptions
what is mental lexicon
knowledge of words
break down into morphemes:
student’s
student- free lexical
‘s- bound inflectional
break down into morphemes:
terrorizes
terroriz: free lexical
-es: bound inflectional
when do babies lose ability to be universal listeners
within the first year
w
what is the term that refers to infants ability to distinguish pairs of sounds
universal listeners: ablity to distinguish all speech sounds
what does sucking proccdure in babies tell us about infants linguitic perception
they are able to tell the difference in sound since their sucking becomes faster for new words and stays the same/slows with the same repeated word
name the experimental method using infants and binkies
high amplitude sucking procedure
at VOT gradually increased do we gradually hear something different or a different pattern
If VOT is gradual, our perception of sound is categorical and drops off quickly not gradually
what do we mean when we hear in cetegories
we hear sounds categorically and can percieve changes between categories much better then within categories
what is VOT
Voiced Onset Time: period of time between release of stop and onset of voicing
what manner of articulation do these sounds have in common:
- [j] [w]
- [t] [d] [p] [g] [k]
- [n] [m]
- [f] [s] [z]
- [j] [w]: slides
- [t] [d] [p] [g] [k]: stops
- [n] [m]: nasals
- [f] [s] [z]: fricatives
explain aspiration in english
phonological rule: aspirate vioceless stops word initially
what is minimal pair and is “tip” and “dip” an example of it
yes since only differ by one sound
what is an example of contrastive disribution
different mental representation to native speakers are two completete different sounds
what is an example of complementary distribution
in koren [p] and [k] occur in differnet contexts
define contrastive distribution
two sounds belong to differnet phonemes
define complementary distribution
two sounds belong to different allophones but same phoneme
what is an example of allophone in english that are seperate phonemes in another language
in english t is the same meaning and sound but in thai it is completely differnt sound and meaning
define phoneme
mental representaiotn of distinctive sounds, represented by / /
define allophone
physical prnounciation of phoneme, represented by [ ]
lable to articulatons in the following view of the vocal tract
(picure on other tab DO NOT CLOSE)
- alveolar ridge
- nasal cavirt
- palate
- velum
- uvula
- pharynx
- larynx
- vocal cords
- tounge
what are the three features to describe consonants
- place of articulation: llocation of obstruction of air flow
- manner of articulation: extent of obstruciton of airflow
- voicing: presence of absnece of vocal cord vibration
why do linguist need an IPA chart
- no one-to-one correspondence between orthography and sound
- things nor pronounced as they are spelled
- same symbol represent multiple sounds
- different pronunciations depending on speakers dialect
did washoe show creativity
no
explain chaser the dog
- knew 1,000 differnet names for toys
- used inference when introduced to new toy he didnt know
- conprehends isolated words
exlpain Kanzi and is there was clear evidence of structed based rules of english
- bonobo
- cognitve and behavioral studies
- used keyboard communication
- understands english and how combined but not clear understanding of word order
- actions had been practiced so not reliable
explain Nim Chimpsky and the conclusiton
- chimp
- taught sign language and adopted into family at newborn
- used symbolic language but not rule governed since signing was random and not sentence
explain the clever hans effect
- uncounsious cueing
- animals pick up on signals when testing even though the human is doing it unconsiously
what are paralles between the birdsong and human lanugage
they are both innate and require input from environment
what are the 3 properties for the bee dance
- direction- round- 5 meters, sicle and tail wagging- respect to the sun
- quality- amoung og wags and intensity shows how good the source (more intense, better source)
- distance- round dance 5 meter, sickle dance 5-20m, tail wagging >20m (wag length tells how far)
do other species experience critical period and what is it
critical period is period when after it is over it is harder to master native lanuage
- also expienced by birds
what are the 3 properties used to define language
symbolic system, creativity, rule governed
