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LING 110 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
bilabial

A

lower lip + upper lip

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2
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
labiodental

A

lower lip + upper teeth

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3
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
interdental/ dental

A

tongue behind upper teeth (or between upper and lower teeth)

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4
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
alveolar

A

tongue tip + alveolar ridge (place after the teeth)

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5
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
alveopalatal

A

front of tongue + front of hard palate

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6
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
velar

A

back of tongue + velum

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7
Q

explain what happens during this place of articulation:
glottal

A

glottis

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8
Q

explain the manner of articulation:
stop

A

complete close w/ burst

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9
Q

explain the manner of articulation:
frictive

A

incomplete closure w/ friction

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10
Q

explain the manner of articulation:
affricate

A

stop followed by a fricative

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11
Q

explain the manner of articulation:
nasal

A

velum lowered to open nasal tract

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12
Q

explain the manner of articulation:
liquids and glides

A

articulators get close, but do not create turbulence

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13
Q

explain source filter theory

A

sound prodution place in 2 stages: sound generation stage, and filter stage

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14
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
Θ

A

theta, “th” sound, like think

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15
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ð

A

eth, “th” sound, like this

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16
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ʃ

A

sh, “sh’ sound, like shoot

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17
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ʒ

A

zh, “zh” sound, like asia

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18
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
tʃ

A

ch, “ch” sound, like church

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19
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
dʒ

A

ju, “ju” sound, like judge

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20
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
j

A

yu, “y” sound, like you

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21
Q

what is this symbol on the IPA chart:
ŋ

A

engma, “ng” sound, like bing

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22
Q

define voiced vs voicelss consonants

A

voiced: produced w/ vocal cord vibration
voicless: produced w/ out vibration

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23
Q

which has a long VOT: voiced or voiceless

A

voiceless

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24
Q

define a morpheme

A

smallest meaningful unit of language

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25
Q

what are the first 3 hypothesis in mental lexicon

A

1: list of word
2: list of morphemes
3: list of morphemes + rule for combinations

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26
Q

what is bound inflectional morpheme

A

only suffixes
grammatical function that marks:
- tense: -ed, -en, -ing
- possession: -‘s
- pluality: -s, -es
- comparatives: -er, -est

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27
Q

what is bound derivational morpheme

A
  • changes the meaning of a word
  • both prefix and suffix
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28
Q

what is free functional morpheme (examples, class, and definition)

A
  • words that have grammatical function
  • hard to define
  • ex. and, on, the, she, him
  • closed class: new ones can not be invented
29
Q

what is free lexical morpheme (definition and class)

A
  • easy to define
  • everyday words that are major part of vocab
  • open class: invent new ones all the time
30
Q

what are the two categories of free and bound morphemes

A

free: lexical and functional
bound: derivational and inflectional

31
Q

what are two types of morphemes

A

free and bound

32
Q

what is masked priming

A

testing fake morpholgocial relationships

33
Q

what is morpholigal priming

A

if words are related that are identifies faster

34
Q

what is sesmatic priming

A

faster response time for related words and slower response time for non-related words

35
Q

what is priming effect

A

presentation of word effect processing of target word

36
Q

what is word frequency effect

A

more frequent word more rapidly recognized

37
Q

what is the final mental lexicon hypothesis (the fourht one)

A

list of morphemes rules for combination and exceptions

38
Q

what is mental lexicon

A

knowledge of words

39
Q

break down into morphemes:
student’s

A

student- free lexical
‘s- bound inflectional

40
Q

break down into morphemes:
terrorizes

A

terroriz: free lexical
-es: bound inflectional

41
Q

when do babies lose ability to be universal listeners

A

within the first year

42
Q

w

what is the term that refers to infants ability to distinguish pairs of sounds

A

universal listeners: ablity to distinguish all speech sounds

43
Q

what does sucking proccdure in babies tell us about infants linguitic perception

A

they are able to tell the difference in sound since their sucking becomes faster for new words and stays the same/slows with the same repeated word

44
Q

name the experimental method using infants and binkies

A

high amplitude sucking procedure

45
Q

at VOT gradually increased do we gradually hear something different or a different pattern

A

If VOT is gradual, our perception of sound is categorical and drops off quickly not gradually

46
Q

what do we mean when we hear in cetegories

A

we hear sounds categorically and can percieve changes between categories much better then within categories

47
Q

what is VOT

A

Voiced Onset Time: period of time between release of stop and onset of voicing

48
Q

what manner of articulation do these sounds have in common:
- [j] [w]
- [t] [d] [p] [g] [k]
- [n] [m]
- [f] [s] [z]

A
  • [j] [w]: slides
  • [t] [d] [p] [g] [k]: stops
  • [n] [m]: nasals
  • [f] [s] [z]: fricatives
49
Q

explain aspiration in english

A

phonological rule: aspirate vioceless stops word initially

50
Q

what is minimal pair and is “tip” and “dip” an example of it

A

yes since only differ by one sound

51
Q

what is an example of contrastive disribution

A

different mental representation to native speakers are two completete different sounds

52
Q

what is an example of complementary distribution

A

in koren [p] and [k] occur in differnet contexts

53
Q

define contrastive distribution

A

two sounds belong to differnet phonemes

54
Q

define complementary distribution

A

two sounds belong to different allophones but same phoneme

55
Q

what is an example of allophone in english that are seperate phonemes in another language

A

in english t is the same meaning and sound but in thai it is completely differnt sound and meaning

56
Q

define phoneme

A

mental representaiotn of distinctive sounds, represented by / /

57
Q

define allophone

A

physical prnounciation of phoneme, represented by [ ]

58
Q

lable to articulatons in the following view of the vocal tract

(picure on other tab DO NOT CLOSE)

A
  1. alveolar ridge
  2. nasal cavirt
  3. palate
  4. velum
  5. uvula
  6. pharynx
  7. larynx
  8. vocal cords
  9. tounge
59
Q

what are the three features to describe consonants

A
  • place of articulation: llocation of obstruction of air flow
  • manner of articulation: extent of obstruciton of airflow
  • voicing: presence of absnece of vocal cord vibration
60
Q

why do linguist need an IPA chart

A
  1. no one-to-one correspondence between orthography and sound
  2. things nor pronounced as they are spelled
  3. same symbol represent multiple sounds
  4. different pronunciations depending on speakers dialect
61
Q

did washoe show creativity

A

no

62
Q

explain chaser the dog

A
  • knew 1,000 differnet names for toys
  • used inference when introduced to new toy he didnt know
  • conprehends isolated words
63
Q

exlpain Kanzi and is there was clear evidence of structed based rules of english

A
  • bonobo
  • cognitve and behavioral studies
  • used keyboard communication
  • understands english and how combined but not clear understanding of word order
  • actions had been practiced so not reliable
64
Q

explain Nim Chimpsky and the conclusiton

A
  • chimp
  • taught sign language and adopted into family at newborn
  • used symbolic language but not rule governed since signing was random and not sentence
65
Q

explain the clever hans effect

A
  • uncounsious cueing
  • animals pick up on signals when testing even though the human is doing it unconsiously
66
Q

what are paralles between the birdsong and human lanugage

A

they are both innate and require input from environment

67
Q

what are the 3 properties for the bee dance

A
  1. direction- round- 5 meters, sicle and tail wagging- respect to the sun
  2. quality- amoung og wags and intensity shows how good the source (more intense, better source)
  3. distance- round dance 5 meter, sickle dance 5-20m, tail wagging >20m (wag length tells how far)
68
Q

do other species experience critical period and what is it

A

critical period is period when after it is over it is harder to master native lanuage
- also expienced by birds

69
Q

what are the 3 properties used to define language

A

symbolic system, creativity, rule governed

LING 110 (4 decks)

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